SOC 101- Ch. 4 Vocab

Looking-glass Self

Charles Cooley's notion that the self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us

Status

a position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations

Saturated self

a postmodern idea that the self is now developed by multiple influences chosen from a wide variety of media sources

Achieved status

a status earned through individual effort or imposed by others

Embodied status

a status generated by physical characteristics

Master status

a status that is always relevant and affects all other statuses that we possess

Ascribed status

a status that is inborn; usually difficult or impossible to change

Id, Ego, and Superego

according to Freud, the 3 interrelated parts that make up the mind and keep an individual mentally balanced ○ Id ○ Ego ○ Superego

Definition of the Situation

an agreement with others about "what is going on" in a given circumstance; this conscious allows us to coordinate our actions with others and realize goals

Dramaturgy

an approach pioneered by Erving Goffman in which social life is analyzed in terms of its similarities to theatrical performance ○ Front ○ Region ○ Personal Front ○ Backstage ○ Frontstage ○ Social Construction ○ Cooling the Mark Out

Cooling the Mark Out

behaviors that help others to save face or avoid embarrassment, often referred to as civility or tact

Thomas Theorem

classic formulation of the way individuals determine reality, whereby "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"

Id

consists of basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy

Role-taking emotions

emotions such as sympathy, embarrassment, or shame that require that we assume the perspective of another person or group and respond accordingly

Role strain

experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role

Role conflict

experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory experiences

Expressions given

expressions that are intentional and usually verbal, such as utterances

Copresence

face-to-face interaction or being in the presence of others

Psychosexual Stages of Development

four distinct stages of the development of the self between birth and adulthood, according to Freud; personality quirks are a result of being fixated at any stage

Superego

has 2 components- (the conscience and ego-ideal) and represents the internalized demands of society

Feral Children

in myths and rare real-life cases, children who have had little human contact may have lived in isolation from a young age

Front

in the dramaturgical perspective, the setting or scene of performances that helps establish the definition of the situation

Total institutions

institutions in which individuals are cut off from the rest of society so that they can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of systematically stripping away previous roles in order to create new ones

Stereotyping

judging others based on preconceived generalizations about groups or categories of people

Feeling rules

norms regarding the expression and display of emotions; expectations about the acceptable or desirable feelings in a given situation

Expressions given off

observable expressions that can be either intended or unintended and are usually nonverbal

Expressions of Behavior

small actions such as an eye roll or head nod that serve as an interactional tool to help project our definition of the situation to others

Agents of Socialization

social groups, institutions, and individuals (especially the family, school, peers, and the mass media) that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place

Agency

the ability of the individual to act freely and independently

Region

the context in which the performance takes place, including location, décor, and props

Impression Management

the effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation; the use of self-presentation and performance tactics

Preparatory Stage

the first stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children mimic or imitate others

George Herbert Mead's Theory of the Development of the Self

the idea that we all act like mirrors to each other, reflecting back to one another an image of ourselves ○ Preparatory Stage ○ Play Stage § Particular or significant other ○ Game stage § Generalized other

Dual Nature of the Self

the idea that we experience the self as both subject and object, the "I" and the "me"

Self

the individual's conscious, reflexive experience of a personal identity separate and distinct from others

Nature vs Nurture Debate

the ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits

Personal Front

the performance tactics we use to present ourselves to others, including appearance, costume, and manner

Generalized Other

the perspectives and expectations of a network of others (or of society in general) that a child learns and then takes into account when shaping his or her own behavior

Particular or Significant Other

the perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a child learns and internalizes

Frontstage

the places where we deliver our performances to an "audience" of others

Backstage

the places where we rehearse and prepare for our performances

Social Construction

the process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that it exists

Emotion work (emotional labor)

the process of evoking, suppressing, or otherwise managing feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotions

Socialization

the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society

Role exit

the process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy

Resocialization

the process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life

Ego

the realistic aspect of mind that balances the forces of the id and superego

Play Stage

the second stage in Mead's theory of the development of the self wherein children pretend to play the role of the particular or significant other

Role

the set of behaviors expected of someone because of their status

Game Stage

the third stage in Mead's theory of development wherein children learn to play organized games and take on the perspective of the generalized other

Hidden curriculum

values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling