SOC 113 LEAKE final: African American Takaki

"Sambo" stereotype

- "To many white southerners, slaves were childlike, irresponsible, lazy, affectionate, and happy . . . "the sambo" - If they believe slaves never really grow up then it is more conscious-able - Many stayed docile to stay on masters good side- Symbolic interactionism

Benjamin Banneker

- Challenged Jefferson's opinion of black intellectual inferiority - Black mathematician, sent almanac to Jefferson to prove capability - Challenged the idea that black people weren't smart

Great Black Migration

- Effort to escape racism and seek economic opportunities in northern industrial cities. - Rapid growth in New York, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, etc. - Companies recruited labor from south; railroad paid travel expenses in exchange for labor - Overall, large movement of more than 7 million African Americans from South to North: push: boll weevil destroyed cotton crops in South; racism in south. pull: industrialization in North and WWI and WWII demand for labor at vacated factories

Frederick Douglass

- Mullato child raised by his grandparents and another master - Learned to read, fought his slave breaker, became an intellectual force against slavery - Issues he faced: socialization, confrontation, power of the "pen and the podium", social identity, paternity, race, black separatism and assimilation

Sally Hemmings

- One of Thomas Jefferson's slaves - had his son (4 kids total) - 3/4 white, half sister of Jeffersons late wife - Started their relationship in France - promised her children they would be free at 21 years old to entice her to go back to states with him

Martin Delany

- Only African American to attain rank of major in Civil War - Father of black nationalism - Advocate of separatism because of his experience at Harvard Medical School in 1850, black people in America should form their own nation outside of the states because they were not being accepted now

Anthony Johnson

- Prosperous Jamestown settler: owned property and had rights - Black slavery wasn't always the rule, black and white indentured servitude was how it started

Hidden origins of slavery

- Shift from class to race and class system shaped the hidden origins of slavery and the course of American race relations - Anthony Johnson - Initially shared fate of indentured servants (no legal slavery when Africans first arrived) - Tobacco, labor, and Indian removal all linked - Slavery and racism gradually institutionalized - Black and white indentured servants: threat to racial parity, social order

Booker T. Washington

- Success story from poverty in Up From Slavery - Founded Tuskegee school - Powerbroker for Blacks with Whites, represented blacks to the white people based on the idea that would make the whites happy, separatism. - Advocated manual labor of blacks (industry vs. civil rights) - "Separate but equal" --> ghettos and Jim Crow laws

Only "North of Slavery"

- Targets of "virulent racism" in life and death, endured infringements on their right to vote, suffered attacks by white workers, school segregation, job market exclusion - "The North for blacks was not the promised land. Although they were not slaves, they were hardly free." - Stereotypes --> Discrimination --> Segregation --> Degradation --> Poverty

Slavery by Another Name (13th Amendment)

- The re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to WWII - "Resets" our national clock with a singular astonishing fact: slavery in America didn't end 150 years ago with Abraham Lincoln's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation. Based on Douglas A. Blackmon's pulitzer prize-winning book, the film illuminates how in the years following the civil war, insidious new forms of forced labor merged in the American South, persisting until the onset of WWII - Reconstruction abruptly ends - Slavery still persisted: criminal statuses, convict leasing, debt peonage, sharecropping