SOC 170 EXAM 1 LECTURE

premodern population beliefs

"be fruitful and multiply" -larger family size granted better old age security because children can take care of you. -children are form of labor and can increase wealth -lacked knowledge and ability to control fertility... God's will!

old-age dependency ratio (OADR) -support ratio? -argument pertaining to age cutoffs? Implication? -total dependency ratio? -child dependency ratio?

# of old age dependents (>64) / # of supporters (14-64) -inverse of old age ratio! # of supporters (14-64) / # of old age dependents (>64) -people are living longer and therefore the age cutoffs should be increasing for this equation because people do not become dependent until later in life +old people --> can keep working longer -total dependency ratio -> hybrid of old age and child dependency ratio # dependants (0-14) & (>64) / # supporters (14-64) -child dependency ratio # dependant child (0-14) / # supports (14-64)

General Fertility Rate (GFR) -still crude aspect?

(# of births in a given year) / (# of women ages 15-49 in a given year) -still crude! -> not all women are at risk of giving birth for various reasons (can't, don't want to. etc....)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) -equation? -why crude?

(# of births in a given year) / (mid-year population in a given year) -crude -> includes many people who are not at risk of giving birth

Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR) -pertains to which other fertility rate? -highest when? -trend with birth cohorts?

(# of lives births to women of given age in given year) / (# of women of given age in given year) -pertains to measurement of total fertility rate --> vertical column in Lexis spread diagram -highest from ages 25-30. -birth cohorts are moving births to later in life (Lexis spread diagram angles up over time)

Unmet Need

(women not using any method of contraception) / (women wanting no more children or wanting to delay the next birth (delay atleast 2 years) ) -number of women who want to use contraception but don't have access to it

Main ideas?

- Health disparities describe health differences across groups. Health inequities are disparities with social origin widely understood to be preventable and unjust - Health is patterned by income beyond education --> various aspects of SES work together to have a large effect on health, not just education! - Gender gaps in survival are larger at low incomes. The income gradient (with health) for men in steeper than women. +income gradient (with health) also changes by place (ex: NY had flatter and less income inequality than Detroit) - The U.S. has high income inequality and extremely high wealth inequality. Consider both absolute versus relative income effects on population health! Next week: Stress as a mediating mechanism for both types of income effects.

Key ideas? -social institutions shape? -institutional racism? alongside? -structural racism? -experience of hurricane Katrina? -colorblind racism ideology supports?

- Social institutions shape experience and opportunity -Institutional racism: policies, laws, and institutional interaction that reproduces inequality. Can exist alongside interpersonal racism (may occur in varying strengths with one another) -Structural racism: links across institutions (many links that reinforce!) -The experience of Hurricane Katrina: powerful example of ways these institutions are linked and operate in tandem to exacerbate inequality +ex: black houses destroyed reveals implication of housing and systems idea -Colorblind racism ideology supporting racial apathy +easily exist without disaster (disasters may just reveal them) --> show form of increasing inequality

Birth rates and times in US -unique period of 1940's and 1950's vs normal trend? -mothers after baby boom era? -decline after 2008? why?

-1940's and 1950's unique because women have births at earlier age than previous generations... different than trend of generations pushing back births (mothers of baby boomers) -post baby boom moms -> fertility more even across ages with increasing fertility rates after age 35 -ASFR's of 15-19 and 20-24's decreases faster after 2008 because of programs in place, IUD's, and LARC's

Disparities in health in US (graphs) -relation to % of federal poverty level? -relation of education and heart disease? -how clear are each? hispanics? -disparity with education and idea? -big idea?

-Clear example: across ethnic groups, people higher above the poverty level live longer than people are or below it; Hispanics --> health of people just above or below the poverty level is similar (likely because Hispanics in US include many migrant populations that have better health than US population)... Latino health advantage -Less clear: rates of CHD tend to decrease as education increases but vary more; people with no HS in US tend to have more CHD than people that graduated high school (most prevent in whites and blacks)... Hispanics have no disparity again between HS and non-HS groups --> less clear relationship -smaller disparity between people of same education and different SES --> SES relies on many things to produce health disparities (health is patterned beyond education) -gradients show up across only certain metrics and health outcomes shown can be clear or unclear

Gap between US and other countries -single cause? # of main domains where US fairs worse than other wealthy nations? +main causes for the discrepancy in life expectancy for men and women vs men and women in other wealthy countries? -US vs other countries in heart disease and cancer? -US and firearm death compared to other wealthy countries? implication? -US maternity deaths compared to other countries? race? -Health and SES between Europe and US?

-NOT a single cause --> many factors for men and women; 9 main domains where US fares worse in health than other wealthy nations +men --> homicide, traffic accidents, other (ex: OD) +women --> noncommunicable disease, perinatal conditions, and traffic accidents -US is declining much more slowly than other wealthy countries in heart disease; US declines at similar rates to other countries in cancer -US has much higher rates of firearm death than other wealthy countries (homicide and suicide) --> contributes to more premature death before age 50 -US maternity death is increasing and much higher than in other wealthy nations; disproportionately higher among black women but higher in all race than in other countries -Americans at all SES levels have worse health then their European counterparts; differential is larger for lower SES Americans; some conditions are same risk for wealthy and poor and others are not! +wealth gradient (lower health at lower SES) occurs in Europe as well but to lower extent.

Key ideas -racial categorization is? -racial identification is? -in and out category diversity? -racial ideologies support? -US have moved from what to what as racial country? -socially constructed categories have what?

-Racial categorization is social and political; nothing is inherent about it! -racial identification is fluid and changes -within category diversity FAR EXCEEDS across category diversity -racial ideologies support hierarchies -US have moved from biological racism --> cultural essentialism and colorblind racism (most prevalent now) -socially constructed categories have real impact on life chances and experiences

Social determinants of health -type of model? -contribution of various pieces vary based on what? -SES effects?

-biopsychosoical model --> on pic -contribution of various parts of the model vary across different people's lives, parts located within time and age... consider how things come together at different levels -SES can get under skin and have biological effects on health; institutions shapes why SES is relevant to us

Coercion in family planning -main question? -family planning and population control idea? -funding if coercion? Evidence of coercion? -5 big ideas? ex? -balance?

-do people want to use family planning methods? -family planning does not equal population control -USAID policy to not fund programs with evidence of coercion. +study found various types of evidence of coercion such as not offering all contraception options, scare tactics, and not taking IUD out. China One child policy (leads to sex ratio skew). D-FIIP 1. Disproportianely affects women of color -Higgins and African women responses 2. Forced sterilization -1927 supreme court decision: Buck vs Bell ->allowed forced sterilization of people with mental or physical disabilities...affected atleast 70,000 people (probs more) -Native American forced sterilization between 1973 and 1976. -1975 class-action lawsuit: Madrigal vs Quilligan (UCLA) -> sterilization of immigrant women following delivery 3. Implant incentives -use contraception to reduce underclass and increase population control -bills passed with norplant (women must get it in 1963 in SC after 2 births to get welfare) 4. IUD's in delivery rooms -women during labor process is not in good state of mind to make decision about getting and IUD... often pressured into it. 5. Practitioner pressure to use long-acting methods -prevalent for young women -Higgens --> pressure to use LARC (long-acting reversible contraception in young women) -doctors may be hesitant to remove LARC and pressure blacks into it more DELICATE BALANCE: ACCESS VS. COERCION

Income inequality in the US -increased or what since mid 20C? -what groups? most prevalent? -share of income held by top 1% over time? -wealth holdings of top 1% vs bottom 50%? +top 20% vs bottom 40%? study? implication?

-has increased a lot since mid 20 C (50 years ago) -increased in all racial groups but most prevalent in Asians and whites -share of income held by top 1% has increased over time from 7-11% to 12-20% -wealth holding of top 1% (atleast 4 million) dwarfs the bottom 50% and gap is increasing over time! +top 20% own majority and bottom 40% hold almost nothing... disparities underestimated by people in Harvard Business School Study... Massive wealth inequality in the US

Main ideas -US life expectancy (LE) in 1980? -US life expectancy trails other wealthy nations by how much? time gap? -fraction of gap due to deaths before age 50 for men and women? -due to health among which education/SES groups? -what explains part of it? +other relevance?

-in 1980, US life expectancy on same trajectory as other (wealthy) populations -Life expectancy in US trails other high-income nations by 2-3 years. Equivalent to LE in other countries in 1990 (20-30 yr gap) -2/3 of gap due to deaths before age 50 in men and 2/5 of gap due to deaths before age 50 in women -due to health gaps among all SES and education groups; most prevalent gap is between the poor -accessible healthcare explains part of problem but not all! +also relevant: gun deaths, overdose deaths, etc... (also Covid-19 now)

Dynamics of institutional racism -systemic racism? -structural racism?

-systemic racism--> daily set of practices: microagressions and anti-black ideologies; individual level -structural racism --> between-institution interactions (including over time) that reproduce racial inequality; societal level +ex: blacks live in low-income neighborhoods --> worse schools --> worse jobs and lower incomes --> worse houses and cycle

Development and Sustainability -tension? -aligning? -Harvey further questioning? -triangle ?

-tension between promoting economic development and limiting human impact on environment -slowing population growth (reducing fertility) and investing in technology that facilitates sustainable consumptions are factors that can align goals of development and sustainability -Harvey questions distribution (of goods) -> how can certain luxuries (ex: washing machine or car) be denied to so many people? -triangle of equilibrium between population, consumption, and environment

Covid-19 effects on income inequality -who is hurt the most? -exposes what? -effect on very wealthy? -brought out what? -this year? -covid also increases?

-those struggling are hurt the most (lowest SES); 39% of people in US say they could not cover a $400 expense. 38 million in poverty and 54 million have food insecurity. 29 million collect unemployment now -exposes income inequality in the US. 2/3 of wealth is owned by top 5% in US. -very wealthy billionares increase their net worths by nearly 20% in US during pandemic -Covid brought out the pre-existing racial systems in place in the US (like hurricane katrina)... stress on system exposes nature of the system, and show racial disparities (blacks affected most) --> could lead to change +could income inequality be good because it allows rich to start new companies and thus provide jobs and feed money back to the poor -this year --> added many jobs and unemployment fell below 10%. Large government deficit from stimulus tho (trillions!) -covid also increases (and exposes) other types of inequality as well!

Race Discrimination system (Reskin) -idea? reciprocal? -3 tenants? -what is system? -effective change would be?

-various institutions (healthcare, criminal justice, credit, etc...) of discrimination that are all interlinked and reinforce one another; reciprocal causality of disparities across spheres (arrows point both ways and institutions both reinforce one another) 1. disparities systematically favor certain groups 2. disparities across subsystems are reinforcing (hard to overcome with simple policies because other reinforcing racial institutions are overbearing) 3. One source of within subsystem disparities is discrimination -system --> culmination of reinforcing racial institutions whose effect is greater than sum of parts -change must be multi-system to be effective due to reinforcing nature

2 income hypothesis -graphs for each? -relations to health dispairities?

1. Absolute income hypothesis = an individual's health depends on their own (and only their own) level of income; health is linked to individual units of income and allow for better food, leisure, exercise, nutrition, healthcare, etc.... -graphs with same slope and green dots at various points show this idea because only own income is affecting health disparity (difference between 10% and 90% on graph)... show compositional effects that produce health disparities; people gain less health advantage at higher incomes and graph levels out (logarithmic) -compositional, higher incomes could grow health disparities because higher income translates to better health outcomes 2. Relative income hypothesis = health depends not just on one's own level of income, but also on the incomes of others in society; distribution of income in society affects health (relative effects); change health disparities via income distribution and other mechanisms... health matters in relation to where they fit in income distribution... leads to feeling poor due to large wealth gaps in socieity -slope of graph may entirely change based on how much the wealthy decides to support in society... -structure inequality affects people's health because of how they may perceive (health effects like stress) or experience living in those societies... consider distribution of societies resources (healthcare, education, housing, transportation, etc...)... feeling poor and being made to feel poor

Discussion: Central Frames of Colorblind Racism (4)

1. Abstract liberalism: using ideas associated with political liberalism (e.g. "equal opportunity," the idea that force should not be used to achieve social policy) and economic liberalism (e.g., choice, individualism) in an abstract manner to explain racial matters. -use abstract concepts to explain racial disparities ex: people are free to do what they want 2 Naturalization: a frame that allows whites to explain away racial phenomena by suggesting they are natural occurrences. -explain separation of races that give rise to racial disparities as natural occcurnces and the way people want it to be, ex: blacks want to live with other blacks 3. Cultural racism: relies on culturally based arguments such as "Mexicans do not put much emphasis on education" or "blacks have too many babies" to explain the standing of minorities in society. -attributing racial disparities to cultural and behavioral differences between the races ex: blacks are more poor because they have a broken family structure and are lazy 4. Minimization of racism: suggests discrimination is no longer a central factor in affecting minorities' life chances. -acting like discrimination does not affect opportunities that minorities have in life. ex: affirmative action... quotes and examples for all of these!

How the US government defines race/ethnicity (OMB 1977) -main groups? points to consider? -groups changed over time?

1. American Indian or Alaska Native --> must maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment and thus race category depends on behavior 2. Asian 3. Black or African American 4. Hispanic or Latino --> says regardless of race so emphasizes group ethnicity 5. Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 6. White --> any original people of Europe, Middle East, or North Africa (changed to include Middle East and North Africa over time!) *available groups to choose from changed a lot over time and now in 2020 includes a fill in your own group option

How do we construct race in everyday life? -main ways? Where do these constructions come from? -our own concept of race? -what we know? -categories we use are? +fitting ideas together? Contingencies of constructing race idea? -ex? -code switching? -whose definitions matter comparison? -racial classification depends on?

1. Ancestry, DNA, Unaltered body, altered body, reflected race (constructed by others), SES or culture, Feeling about race 2. Schemas! --> frameworks we use to make sense of the world around us -our own concept of race = one way of making sense of the world -what we know is product of social life -categories we use are the product of social interactions and collection of construction of meaning +way we fit schemas together is not universal! 3. Under what circumstances do we use what criteria to define race -ex: ancestry --> "one drop rule" and blood quantum -code switching --> moving across racial categories by drawing from different criteria in different context -self-identity vs reflected race and genetic ancestry vs tribal definitions of identity -positionality matters when attributing race to others (different positions in social world play role in determining how we label others race)

3 Main racial ideologies in America?

1. Biological Racism 2. Cultural Essentialism (racism) 3. Colorblindness

3 main racial ideologies in America? -which one will we focus more on now?

1. Biological racism 2. Cultural essentialism 3. Colorblindness --> will focus more on now

Social construction of racial ideology; 3 parts? -shaped what? ex?

1. Divides people into racial groups 2. Serves the interest of one group 3. Reflect a perceived racial hierarchy; racial groups are seen as ranked -shapes policies and social institutions: segregation, Jim Crow laws, anti-miscegenation

Malthus 2 fundamentals of populations -quote and relative growth of food vs population and intersection point?

1. Food is necessary for existence of man 2. passion between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state -"The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the Earth to produce substinence for man." + food grows in linear fashion + population grows in exponential fashion +point where food amount and population intersect will lead to poverty, famine, and war as population size exceeds food capacity

Health inequality vs Health inequity? -ex?

1. Health inequalities are measurable differences in the distribution of health among persons or groups within a population. Often used interchangeably with the term health disparities. -often thought of as not modifiable, facts that disparities exist; ex: women live longer is mostly biological and cannot be modified 2. Health inequities are a subset of health inequalities that are modifiable, associated with social disadvantage, and deemed to be unfair or stemming from some form of injustice. Can be linked to forms of disadvantage due to poverty, discrimination, and lack of access to services or goods. -thought of as modifiable, judgment that disparities are unjust and do not have to exist; ex: differences in health across education groups

2 styles of approach to support health in US; what does each emphasize? -what income hypothesis do they correlate with?

1. Individual approach --> focus on individuals to support health and emphasize healthy eating, exercising, lower stress, etc... -absolute income hypothesis 2. Collectivist approach --> emphasizes structural factors and distribution of resources to support health -relative income hypothesis

3 main factors contributing to population aging? -more important 2? -global population trend? -where is population aging drastic?

1. Longevity --> people are living longer and population gets older 2. Fertility rates --> people are having less kids and therefore population is higher percent old people; very important factor! 3. Migration --> young people often migrate the most -2 main ones --> fertility and migration -global population is aging across the board -often lots of population aging in emerging market countries. ex: S. Korea (also from low fertility)

What explains difference in life expectancy between US and other wealthy nations/Europe? -3 ideas? -what makes a difference medically? +doctor density and visits? +access to healthcare in US often depends on? -medicaid expansion? +impact of ACA (affordable care act) Medicaid expansion on health status and health care of low income Americans? eligible?

1. NOT explained by exposure to risk factors -current smoking more prevalent in Europe -Obesity more prevalent in US --> does not explain different (BMI is bad indicator of health) 2. Potential role of policy difference -social safety nets and public health expenditures (more coverage and insurance in other wealthy nations than in US) 3. Primary care (Europe) vs specialist orientation (US) -US focuses on treatment and others focus more on prevention -many things make difference medically: access to medical care, health insurance coverage, health care affordability, access to clinicians, physician density, primary care, access to health care facilities, and timeliness of care +less practicing positions per 1000 people in US and less annual physician visits by people in US than in most other wealthy nations +access to healthcare in US is much more highly dependant on personal resources than other countries; large importance of individual to be able to pay for their own care (especially with specialists) -medicaid expansion has lead to much lower rates of people without health insurance in states that accepted it; helps provide healthcare to poor and many people in US who don't have insurance! +access to Medicaid expansion significantly improved the affordability of care and increased regular care for adults with chronic conditions; also significantly improved self-rated health; eligible if income is less than 138% of poverty rate

Technological critiques of Malthus (2) -connect with inequalty critique?

1. Perceives people as resources - more people leads to better technology leads to better food production 2. Population density as incentive for intensification -if people need food... will invent technology to produce it -connection with inequality critique: inequality limits innovation. population density does not equal population growth

Demographic Critiques of Malthus (2)

1. Population growth rates vary over time as modernization progresses -fertility rates will eventually decrease naturally; children go from economic assets of household to expensive burdens (limit children with time) 2. demographic transition - generic model of sequential changes in mortality and fertility over time -assumption that these changes correspond to modernization/development.

How did Malthus think population problems/overgrowth could be prevented? -2 types of checks?

1. Positive checks --> disease, starvation, and war 2. Preventative checks --> abstinence, delaying age of marriage, and restricting marriage for the poor.

Disparities in Katrina storm damage -3 ways?

1. Race --> Damaged areas were 45.8% black, compared to 26.4% in undamaged areas. -more blacks in damaged neighborhoods -black areas affected more and flood hit them harder (less protection and assistance from government) 2. Housing Tenure --> 45.7% of homes in damaged areas were occupied by renters, compared to 30.9% in undamaged communities. -more people renting homes lived in damaged areas 3. Poverty and unemployment rate --> 20.9% of households had incomes below the poverty line in damaged areas, compared to 15.3% in undamaged areas. 7.6% of persons in the labor force were unemployed in damaged areas (before the storm), compared to 6.0% in undamaged areas. -more poor and unemployed people lived in damaged areas

Race vs ethnicity video -race vs ethnicity? key ideas with each?

1. Race --> externally imposed categorization based on certain physical features such as skin color or hair texture, common ancestry, and moral/cultural attributes. -derived from previous European science ideas often which focused on race because of the low skin color diversity in Europe -gives rise to hierarchies -based on an understanding of others -important for policy making 2. Ethnicity --> group identity based on native and shared history, culture, and kinship -does not imply hierarchy -based on self-identity -layered and relational --> depends on who you talk too! +ex: African American in US and American in France

Population pyramids can ?? -world population pyramid? -ex: sierra leone and Italy +crude death rate? +does not?

1. See past population trends: birth control, population booms, and population losses. 2. Help predict future demographic trends -show insight about past and predictions about future ex: Germany in 2006 and baby boom in US -world population pyramid is getting fatter and projected to get fatter due to overall population increase -italy and sierra leone have same CDR (10.4 per 10,000) because although Italy has a much older population, sierra leone has a much lower life expectancy and higher infant mortality rate.... pyramids does not show level of mortality at different ages + crude death rate is # of deaths / person years lived in population over given time. Sensitive to age structure of population and age pattern of mortality + does not reflect age-specific mortality rates

1. Social institutions? 2. Racialized institutions? 3.Institutional racism? -interaction of institutions to form?

1. a system of behavioral and relationship patterns that order and structure the behavior of individuals in core areas of society (e.g. marriage/family, education, the economy, government) 2. ones where experiences differ based on people's racial categorization 3. policies, laws, and institutions that reproduce racial inequalities -institutions interact with one another in a system

Colorblind racism Video -colorblind racism? -naturalization? -cultural racism? -minimization of racism? -Eduardo Bonilla Silva?

1. colorblind racism --> racial ideology that rationalizes racial inequality using non-racial language -ex: segregation in schools and neighborhoods --> because they want to be like that (looks at people on individual level); whites leave when blacks come to towns, blacks have 1/10 money of white on money, blacks sentenced more harshly than whites 2. Naturalization --> people explain racial dynamics as natural/normal; people just prefer to live by their own race....etc 3. cultural racism --> blaming racial disparities on cultural differences; blacks are poor because they have poor work ethic in culture 4. Minimization of racism -> whites say that racism does not play a role in creating racial inequality because most people are not racist 5.Eduardo Bonilla Silva -> whites have developed concealed ways of expressing racial views and reproducing racial inequality (colorblind!) --> racial inequality persists and increases because we believe there are not many racists and disregard other factors?? -say racist things in a non-racist way!

Social construction of racial ideology -3 main things? -shape what and ex?

1. divides people into distinct racial groups 2. Serves the interests of one group 3. Reflect a perceived racial hierarchy; racial groups seen as ranked -shape policies and social institutions +ex: segregation, Jim Crow Laws, and Anto-miscegenation laws

Inequality critiques of Malthus (3)

1. poverty and hunger (not population growth) cause environmental degradation (and potentially population growth). -ex: people with stored food can rotate crops and preserve land; whereas, people facing hunger must continuously use and abuse the land for food. 2. Economic inequality as product of histories of development... caused in part by colonial invaders 3. Food shortages as problem of access and overconsumption (not from limited amount of food) -Amatyra Sen (Poverty and Famines book in 1983) - "what is needed not ensuring food availability but ensuring food entitlement" -calorie production has increased over time but distribution is very unequal. ex: Platform movie netflix

Race formation theory Video -racial formation theory? +by who? +need what to do this? -racial project? +when does it become a racist project? -US transition in racism?

1. socio-historical process by which racial identities are created, lived out, transformed, and destroyed; always happening -Omi and Winant in 1986 book -need power to create these categories --> government can (effects can be good or bad) 2. Racial project --> effort to organize and distribute resources along particular racial lines; can be good or bad +becomes racist project is organizing and distributing resources is done with intention of reinforcing existing racial disparities; unfair distribution! -US transitioned from: racial dictatorship/domination (racial inequality in laws and by coercion) to racial democracy/hegemony (racism persists but not in laws, by coercion and consent now)

Global Warming -caused by? Agreement on this? -effects ? -fixable? -how much of increase by 2100? -does size of human population matter?

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes) -caused by HUMANS -> over 97% of scientists agree on this -effects: floods due to ice caps melting and droughts -we can change and help this tho by reducing greenhouse gas emission! -likely to see increase of 3 C by 2100 if trends continue but could be decreased to only increase of 1.5 C if we change how we act. -debated if size of human population matters for global warming and environmental degradation! Other factors at play like economic growth and energy use and style of living

Why do we count populations ?

CARE -constitutionally mandated -apportionment --> number of congressional seats in house of reps is determined by population size (set at 435 total but can vary by state) -Resource distribution --> where to build roads, hospitals, and schools (urban and rural) -Estimates of other things like poverty, fertility, and employment depend on it!

Life expectancy and CDR apparent contradiction? -explain why relative rates do not contradict one another!

CDR can be decreasing at an increasing rate while life expectancy is increasing at a decreasing rate -this occurs because of the age of people that are being saved as reflected in the CDR; based on what age group of people is dying less -ex: first part of 20th century in US -> many infants were saved and therefore CDR decreased but life expectancy increased at a fast rate because infant deaths were not dragging it down as much +second part of 20th century US -> many old people were saved and CDR decreased a lot but life expectancy did not rise that much because old people only ended up living a few years longer and did not have big effect on life expectancy (like saved infants did).

Where does population data come from?

CIVIGS -census -indirect techniques -vital registration systems (birth and death certificates) -interpolation (estimating based on years around it) -general immigration records (visas granted and official entries) -surveys

Data can be ?? (5)

DR. PIM -political --> numbers are not necessarily neutral; who is counted and left out? how do we count and categorize people? why do we track populations? -incomplete and messy --> especially historical data; data quality depends on available infrastructure (records, files, etc...). ex: fire in January 1921 destroyed almost all record of the 1890 census -who determined data and how reliable was the collection??

How many people can earth support? -Cohen? -different questions in regards to topic? -Harvey and 4 ideas? Needs -> Malthus and Marx?

Debated with different perspectives -Cohen -> cannot be predicted with math, includes natural constraints and choices people will make. -how long? What level? With what vulnerability? With what risk? With what technology? With what political institutions and demographic arrangements (public safety need? With what distribution? -Harvey -> Malthus and Marx agreed that needs could be created and sustenance is a relative idea (disagree on other ideas). ENAN 1. change Ends we have in and alter social organization of scarcity 2. change appraisals of Nature 3. change views on things we are Accustomed to 4. seek to alter Numbers -must use all 4 ideas and not just number 4 like people usually do! (Sweden conference and crazy Asian thoughts...?) -questions distribution of basic luxuries (ex: car or washing machine), how can these not be given to so many?

Is family planning effective? -mix of what? -correlation between? -variation in fertility rates and contraception prevalence is? -reasons for not using contraception? not a good reason? unintended pregnancies and trend? -Motlab study? Where and importance? -two most important factors?

Debated! -mix of access to contraception and people's desires -correlation between amount of contraception available and lower fertility rates -> not causation tho! -nonlinear! high contraception prevalence (CP) can have low unmet need but low CP can also have low unmet need because people want to have kids -reasons: opposition to use and health. Reasons are rarely cost or accessibility -unintended pregnancies are pregnancies that were not planned for and tend to increase with increasing income -Motlab study -> showed strong relation between contraception prevalence and fertility rates in Bangladesh -two main factors: educate women and provide contraception

Is low fertility a serious population problem? -main ideas? -population momentum incorporation?

Debated! IN AIC 1. Individuals don't realize their family goals -women often say they desire having more kids than they end up having due to delay, divorce, and problems finding a "good" partner for them 2. Negative population growth -> population size decreases 3. Aging population (shortage of workers) -population gets older and there is a shortage of workers to care for the old which is bad for economy and people! 4. Implications for sex ratios -> sex ratios may be skewed and lead to poor fertility. ex: China has 30 million single men as a result of 1 child policy... fertility suffers because optimal pairing does not occur 5. Constructed as a genocide problem by extremist groups -> some groups grow faster and overtake other groups (black and Hispanic growth rates are decreasing faster than whites which is close to constant) -population momentum -> declining number of reproductive age women leads to decline in total births even if fertility rate is constant -can make population decrease faster!

How does fertility decline so low? -postponement transition 3 parts? 4 main reasons for this? -3 broad ideas from chapter summary?

Declining number of births and shift in timing of births. -postponement transition 1. first birth delayed to later ages 2. delayed fertility -> some delayed births never occur 3. Delayed births -> cause a temporary dip in period TFR ("temp effect") -4 main reasons? CUDO 1. Changing values (secularization, individualism, children, and happiness) -> how children are viewed, education, goals, etc... 2. Uncertainty (divorce, poor employment prospects, etc...) -> risky to have kids. ex: rebound in jobs after US recession lead to many more low-income jobs and hollowing of middle-class jobs. 3. Differential levels of gender equity in the family and marketplace -> women gain more rights and go out to do more 4. Opportunity cost of women's -> having children "costs" more for women because she misses out on other stuff -increasing educational attainment and labor force participation of women. -sources of fertility decline -> attitudes, financial support, and migration.

Title X program -when?

Domestic US policy; Provides contraceptive access and support for low income families and treatment for STI's, breast/cervical cancer, and support for infecundity too (can help people have kids) -1970's - present

Affordable care act -exception?

Domestic US policy; came with contraceptive mandate that makes employers provide insurance that covers contraception -challenged-> not all places want to support contraception, certain exceptions and not always enforceable

Elliot and Pais; Race and class and hurricane Katrina -4 discrepancies? -all show what?

EHEM 1. Evacuation --> whites more likely to evacuate because of help from governement 2. Housing --> people pushed out of area more if they had bad house because it was destroyed and they could not return (does not vary by race as much) 3. Employment --> blacks lose more jobs than whites 4.mental health --> affects all but highest among blacks -RACE and CLASS matter in response to disaster... lower SES groups are affected worse!

What have countries done to boost their fertility rates? -main ideas? -covid effects?

ForWard BM 1. Financial incentives for child bearing -> subsidies to encourage child birth. Pronatalist programs in place 2. Work and family balance initiatives -lenient policies to encourage time off work for child bearing couples 3. Broad social change supportive of parents/childrens/families 4. Migration -increases population numbers and have increased US birth rate because immigrant birth rate is higher than native population birth rate (slight increase) -covid -> ongoing fertility decline or? data is still coming out

What was population growth driven by from 1950-2015 and what will it be driven by from 2015 to 2100?

From 1950-2015: population growth was driven by growth in ASIA -from 2015-2100: population growth will be driven by growth in AFRICA (less so by Asia).

US family planning in 2017 (Trump) -difference from previous family planning policy?

Global US policy; extended restrictions on abortion counseling to the broader group of organization supported by US global health funds (Trump) -previous policy was limited to family planning non-governmental organization. +shifted affected budget from 575 million to 8.8 billion -any global health services from US cannot perform or counsel on abortion (including organizations for nutrition, maternal/child health, HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, infectious disease, water, and sanitization

Helm's amendment to foreign assistance act of 1973 -key change? -put strict limits on?

Global US policy; no foreign assistance fund may be used to pay for the performance of abortion as a method of family planning or to motivate/coerce any persons to practice abortion -key change to US support to family planning abroad -put strict limits on how US funds could be spent abroad

Mexico City Policy 1984 -sometimes called? -specificity and differs based on?

Global US policy; nongovernmental organizations receiving US family planning assistance cannot use separately obtained non-US funds to inform the public or advocate to their government on making safe abortion available, providing legal abortion services, or provide advice on where to get abortion -sometimes called "Global Gag Rule" -broad and differs based on political party in white house

Differences in populations may be due to ?? -3 different effects?

Help us understand the differential impact of macro-level changes on a population 1. age effects - something that happens to people at the same age across time -ex: drinking at 21, starting high school, vaccinations, and gut nutrition (young age vulnerability) 2. period effects - something that happens to all age and birth cohorts in given moment of time -ex: tornado or hurricane or natural disaster 3. cohort effect - something that happens to a specific cohort (group of people) -ex: birth cohorts for some years decreased in response to increase in zika virus.

Social alienation/deaths of despair; who coined each term? -what happened in late 1990's? clustered at what age? +most deaths came from? +3 potential causes? stages within one stage and geography there? +3 potential cures?

Horiuchi --> social alienation Case and Deaton --> deaths of despair (evidence below based on C&D research mostly) -in late 1990's, mortality of white non-Hispanics in US did not follow decreasing trend but instead increased; different from trends in other races and in other countries; clustered among whites age 40-50. +most deaths came from suicide, overdose on alcohol or drugs (poisoning) and also liver disease. -3 potential causes 1. oversupply of opioids --> 3 stages; 1. increase in prescribed opioid deaths; 2. increase in heroin deaths;3. increase in synthetic opioid deaths (ex: fentanyl) which is the highest increase because these strong drugs are easy to OD on. -geography --> opioids deaths centered on East US coast because many big Pharm D's cell them there and is also linked to areas with decline in manufacturing jobs 2. Morbidity increases with mortality and can lead to more depression due to decreased quality of life and thus more suicide and death 3. Other distal causes --> eroded living conditions (disease, morbidity, depression, economic troubles, recessions, and many other causes) can decrease quality of life and contribute to more deaths -3 potential cures? 1. Prescription drug monitoring programs --> help decrease number of opioids prescribed and decrease the number of people getting prescriptions for many other people 2. Legal action taken against big PharmD's for oversupplying opioids 3. Make mental health a more common subject to tail about and expand healthcare for it +affordable care act --> significantly expanded coverage of mental health and addition treatment support.

Biological racism? used to? -accepted or rejected? why? main critique?

Idea that one racial group is genetically superior to others; used to justify discriminatory laws and policies -idea has been widely rejected based on decades of research +Genetic variation is large, subtle, and complex; idea of a few "natural" categories is overly simplified +main critique --> Biological explanations of differences ignore social structure

I=PAT -by who?

Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology I = human impact on the environment P = population size. I often rises as P rises A = affluence (per capita consumption) I increases as A rises T = technology . I often decreases as T rises -Ehrich and Holdren

Bongaarts analytic framework -fertility is intersection of ?

In picture! -top is about view of children -bottom is about ability / effectiveness of contraception -fertility -> intersection of contraceptive technology and attitudes (often about children and socioeconomic status idea)... mix of both!

Racial classification; is a what? -racial classification? +defining feature? changes? +what shapes possible identities? -ex with Hispanics? +selected races? implication? change? -ex: Minnesota study?

MOVING TARGET -racial classification --> complicated social and political process rather than a "natural" biological one +classification is fluid; changes in response to social and political factors +social context shapes what racial identities are possible and reasonable -ex: Mexicans in the US Census -> "Mexican" in 1930 and then white from 1940 to 1970 and then Hispanic question added to 5% of census (long form version) in 1970 and then Hispanic remains as ethnicity question since 1980 +Hispanic is ethnicity (as of now) --> Hispanics selected wide range of races on census and shows that self identity does not always neatly fit the available racial categories; Hispanics also changed race a lot from 2000 to 2010 -ex: Minnesota study --> University of Minnesota team successfully linked 162 million people's 2000 census records to their 2010 census records; nearly 10 million people reported a different race in 2010 than in 2000

U.S. Investments in family planning -1960's and 1970's ? -global? -domestic?

Many! -1960's and 1970's -> family planning develops and is funded by the united nations -Global: Helm's amendment, Mexico City policy, Trump's 2017 acts -domestic: title X, affordable care act, 2010-2015 CDC programs, 2018 federal administration programs, covid.

Demographic transition -5 stages -speed and length of stages ?

Model showing population growth over time -does not take migration into account, just birth and death rates! Stages 1. B=D - many people die and many are being born; stable population 2. B > > D - medicine gets better (death rate decreases) but people still have a lot of kids; population increases a lot 3. B > D - birth rates decrease but population still increases (believe children will survive and reproduce) 4. B=D (close) - birth rate decline a lot and population begins to stabilize (children are economic burden) 5. B < D - Deaths exceeds births and population begins to decrease slowly. -ex: US and Japan in stage 5 stages can occur at different speeds and various lengths. ex: Mexico followed this trajectory in about 50 years wheres Sweden took about 265 years

Can problems with healthcare in the US explain the whole difference between US health and other wealthy nations? -other factors?

NO! Problems with healthcare can only explain part of the difference -some causes of death implicated in the US disadvantage are only influenced to a small extent by healthcare. ex: homicide and suicide +factors more heavily influenced by healthcare have better survival rates in US. ex: heart attack and stroke -conditions that are treated by medical care have origins in social and economic conditions +ability to go to doctor and encouragement to go?

Oepen and Vaupel 2019 -limit to life expectancy as of right now? why? -how long people expect to live and how long they actually live? implications?

No indication that people are approaching there maximum life expectancy as of right now. Best-case life expectancy in countries is increasing linearly and not approaching a limit as evidence. -people tend to live longer than they expect to live (same idea as period life expectancy underestimating actual cohort life expectancy). +implications -> people and government need to plan and prepare for these increases in life expectancy! +believing there are limits -> can have individual and social costs! +may be limit to lifespan but we have not reached it!

4 main considerations/challenges about solutions to population aging and supporting the old? -main ideas with each? 1. varies based on what 2 things? 2. age groups move from where to where? 3. policy affect different what differently? -long-run and short-term? -ex? -consistent favoritism and ex? result? -voting discrepancy? -counterpoint? 4. contributes to what of policy change; ex?

PeGGS 1. Pace -> pace of needed implementation varies based on how fast the population is aging (result of speed of fertility transition and very low fertility); must happen faster with lower fertility because population is aging faster! -natural decrease -> deaths exceed births (growth balance equation) -pace depends heavily on immigration -> more young immigrants can help support the old for longer! 2. Geography -> young tend to move from rural to city and old tend to move from city to rural -rural counties are aging fast (medical implications) 3. Generational equity -> in given time period, enactment of age-specific policies affect specific birth cohorts differently -> creates political challenges to enacting policy! -age-based policies implicitly redistribute public good from one cohort (generation) to another -can be difficult for one cohort in short-term but effects even out in the long-run -ex: taxes on young to support old with SS; short-run increases burden on the young but long-run leads to young receiving SS at old-age and benefitting -if policies change, policy can consistently favor and harm specific groups; ex: New Zealand favored the young and then later favored the old +different populations bear environmental impacts more or less (young will bear more over time likely) -decisions about redistributive policy are also age patterns in voter turnout; many more old people vote than young and thus young populations interests are evened out because lower % of large young base votes and higher % of small old base votes +old populations can dominate and drown out opinions of young if population itself is old +more young people are voting at time goes on -age-based policies are not necesssarily exclusively beneficial to one age group; ex: old can receive SS $$ and share it with there children -> more generous caregiving from old 4. Socioeconomic inequality -> contributes to degree of need for policy change; ex: SS is major source of income for many old Americans and is keeping them out of poverty

Neo-Malthusians

People who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources... may lead to poverty and war -world grows too fast and is not sustainable (with food) -fear poverty, famine, and war will follow the high growth rates of populations

Why do populations continue to grow when fertility rates decline ? -lag and implication? -world example?

Population momentum - dynamic latent process of population growth that continues even after birth rates fall... "apply breaks to fast-moving train" -when a large proportion of women are in the childbearing years, the total number of births can still increase even when the rate of childbearing falls per women... a portion of future population growth is already determined by today's age structure. -less children/women --> lots of women --> more overall births -fertility shapes a population age structure, the age structure shapes the size of the subsequent birth cohort (apart from fertility rates) Time Lag - momentum keeps populations growing for many years after fertility decline -implication --> population policy needs to act now to achieve desired growth in 60-70 years. -ex: rate of population growth peaked in the early 1960's but the largest number of people was added to the world population in the late 1980's because a lower rate was applied to a larger base population. ex: baby boom echo

Growth balance equation -natural increase? -net migration?

PopulationT2 = PopulationT1 + (B - D) + (I - O) PT2 = PT1 + (births - deaths) + (in migration - out migration) -natural increase --> births - death -net migration --> in migration - out migration

4 main causes of infectious disease re-emerging? -main ideas with each?

SANV 1. Shifting zones and disease transmission and exposure; infection outbreaks return as large population interact and spread disease fast. ex: Zika went from Polynesia to Brazil and then spread fast 2. Antibiotic resistance/pathogen evolution --> diseases can mutate and gain resistance to medicine. ex: MRSA and VRE 3. New infectious disease --> new infections can emerge that devastate populations because we don't have medicine developed yet to deal with them. ex: HIV/AIDS in Botswana 4. Vaccination coverage / loss of herd immunity --> not enough of population is vaccinated to prevent outbreak of disease! ex: measles -herd immunity --> sufficient % of population is immune (previous exposure or vaccination) to disease to prevent an outbreak; different thresholds for different diseases --> vaccination coverage threshold required to achieve herd immunity -could still be outbreaks in small communities even if large state or national population as whole are safe +ex: small communities that choose not to vaccinate kids could have an outbreak

Race is what? -people believe? -what is downplayed? -physical differences assumed to be? -racial groups seen as? -what is the social construct? implication?

Socially constructed! -people believe there are distinct non-overlapping races with well-defined differences -reality of mixed ancestry and within-race diversity is downplayed -physical differences are assumed to be the cause of cultural/behavioral differences -racial groups are seen as ranked (legacy of colonialism, justification for enslavement and displacement of other) +hierarchies develop! -idea that race is biological is the social construct -> things that are believed to be real have real social, economic, political, and health consequences

2018 federal administration fertility program -saying? -effects? -covid pandemic effects on fertility? -US fertility since great recession?

US domestic policy; organization that provide abortion/counseling cannot receive title X funds -"puts mexico city policy on title X" -applies to many more organizations now and shapes access to reproductive healthcare across US -abortion clinics close and some populations need to travel far for abortions -covid -> reproductive healthcare services have changed; harder to access contraception and abortion (keep eye on!) -US fertility has fallen below replacement since great recession.

US is falling behind in? compared to? -compared to Western Europe? -is life expectancy currently declining? -where is gap most prevalent? least prevalent? +when is life expectancy decline occurring for men? -US compared to others in best case life expectancy? -men vs women odds of surviving to 50? +fractions of disadvantage in life expectancy occurring before age 50 in males and females?

US is falling behind in life expectancy compared to other wealthy nations. -about 2-3 yr lower life expectancy than Wester Europe which shows about a 20-30 yr time gap -overall life expectancy in US is currently declining for both men and women -gap is most prevalent at middle ages and is least prevalent (almost same) at old ages for both males and females +for men, life expectancy decline occurring between ages 0-65. -US falls behind a lot in best care life expectancy for men and women. (Japan leads women and men switch between countries) -men have much greater chance of surviving to 50 then women do; both are lower than in other countries -2/3 if disadvantage in life expectancy for men and 2/5 of disadvantage in life expectancy for women occurs before age 50.

Population aging: potential costs -economic and non-economic? -when are costs significant?

USE LW -economic 1. Unfunded support for the elderly 2. Slow economic growth 3. Economic burden on the young -non-economic 4. Less innovation due to higher risk aversion among the old 5. Weaker security relative to younger nations due to larger number of old people that cannot help us defend the country well -also large age discrepancies in the work place -economic costs of aging are significant if not mitigated by changes to structure of public support +significant if effect policy is not started

Potential solutions to population aging ?

WRI^5 1. Work later in life - contribute to economy more 2. Reduce pensions - decrease elderly support 3. Increase taxes - support the elderly 4. increase fertility - more kids to care for old 5. increase migration - more young immigrants to care for old 6. increase labor force participation - work later in life 7. incentivize individual saving - elderly can support themselves

Was Malthus right? -3 big ideas

We dont know! just a theory 1. food production cannot keep up with population growth 2. population growth will inevitably produce poverty 3. only preventative measure is "moral restraint"

Men and women health disparities; who lives longer? -2 ideas? -geographic areas? -where do gradients exist?

Women tend to live longer than men 1. Income inequality in life expectancy is larger for men than women; men's graph has steeper line 2. Gender disparities are larger at lower levels of household income between men and women; greater gap between line of men and women at low incomes than high incomes -income inequality varies by geographic areas; ex: has flatter line on graph and thus less income inequality than Detroit --> places impact life chances along with income! -gradients exist across or within racial groups!

World population size over time?

World did not reach 1 billion until around 1800.... since then has grown (exponentially) to around 7.5 billion today. Predicted to be 11 billion by 2100.

population pyramids -types and what they depict (2 main ones) ?

a representation of population structure by age and sex at a given point of time and at a give age -comes from distribution of males and females at various ages 1. pyramid shape --> high fertility and high mortality; population is growing because # of people entering reproductive ages is increasing (more than before) 2. Muffin shape --> low fertility and low mortality; population is shrinking because # of people contributing to births is decreasing every year (lower than before)

Colorblindness? -emphasis? -relies on? -denial that and? -does not recognize? flow? -post-racial society?

acting like there are no races and treating people on individual basis; individual explanations used to explain disparities between people with disregard of race -emphasis on individual rather than group experiences -relies on culturally based explanations rather than structural factors -denial that racism persists and limits opportunities for members of non-white groups -does not recognize how racial disparities are generated and supported by society + "I dont see race" --> "I dont see racism) -post-racial society --> idea that racism is thing of the past and we dont face it as a nation anymore; likely not true!

2 things relevant to the environmental impact of demographic transition? -environmental impact of population size depends heavily on ?

affluence and consumption -social, economic, and political institutions and culture (defining sustenance) and on technology!

Covid-19? mirrors what? -excess mortality process? -mortality ideas?

age pattern of Covid mortality mirrors closely the age pattern of all-cause mortality. -measure age-specific all-cause mortality rates in a given period; usually days, weeks, or months -compare these rates to all-cause mortality rates in previous years during same days, weeks, or months +might have to adjust for changing features of population other than age! compare! -if Covid-19 reaches 1,000,000 deaths in US, it will reduce US life expectancy by 2.94 years +equivalent to combing all US deaths from HIV/AIDS pandemic into a single years +would be smaller mortality shock than 1918 flu pandemic still

Cultural Essentialism (Racism); idea? -main critiques (2)?

attribution of disadvantaged groups lack of prosperity to their behavior and culture; ex: family disintegration, lacking work ethic, culture of poverty. -saying people are poor because they have a lazy culture or behaviors -main critiques +lacking reference to structural factors (history, public policies, racialized institutions) that influence behavior] +victim-blaiming --> life outcomes come from cultural attributes and not social interactions people have had

Life expectancy -2 ways to measure it? -what is common relation between 2 with birth cohort? why? -relation to modal life expectancy? explanation? -trend in US over since 1900? 2 reasons why and more significant reason?

average age of life in a population (same as average at of death in a population). 1. cohort life expectancy -> average age of death in birth cohort -takes a long time to find out (all people in cohort must die to know) -> diagonal on plot 2. Period life expectancy -> summary measure of ASMR's in a give year; hypothetic (synthetic) cohort is exposed to ASMR's in given year and then average age of death is computed -> vertical line on plot -Period life expectancy of birth cohort often underestimates the true birth cohort life expectancy because mortality rates tend to decrease over time and better medicine comes out! -life expectancy IS NOT the modal life expectancy; life expectancy is a mean and therefore is pulled down a lot by deaths at young at. +Life expectancy does not represent the "typical" or modal age at death when child and infant mortality rates are high. ex: most people could live to 88 but average life expectancy could be 74 because many children die. -life expectancy has increased by 30 years since 1900 in US; saving infants and saving the old mainly +saving infants -> leads to larger increase infant death skews life expectancy down a lot

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) -2 types? lexis spread diagram relation and time?

average births per woman in a cohort (typically in child bearing years); # of children that would be born to a women if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with ASFR's of the specified year. 1. cohort -> follows cohorts and measures births from 15-49; con is that you wont know about fertility rates for many years. -combine births over time on Lexis spread diagram (over time) 2. period -> average # of children a cohort of women would have if the cohort experienced period-age specific fertility rates throughout the reproductive period -vertical slice of lexis spread diagram (moment in time)

Replacement level fertility -type of fertility rate? -usually around what and why? -trends with mortality?

average births per women that would be needed for the population to essentially replace itself. -total fertility rate -usually around 2.1 because you need to produce 2 people (one man and one woman) to reproduce and 0.1 because people die before reaching/finishing reproductive years -higher mortality rates -> replacement is 2.5-2.6 (higher) -lower mortality rate -> replacement is 2.1-2.2 (lower)

Healthy life expectancy -morbidity? how is it measured? -compression of morbidity?

average years lived in good health by members of a cohort -morbidity -> prevalence of disease in a population +health measured by: self reporting, disease onset, exposure to chronic disease, and time spent in nursing home -compression of morbidity -> reductions in the proportion of life lived with illness; pushing morbidity to very end of life!

Nonlinearities

because of feedback between environmental systems, future change may proceed in a different trajectory than past change.

Carbon dividend -economists view on C tax and C dividend? -internal C pricing? Incentive ?

carbon tax can correct well known market failure of externality of C footprint -most families would receive more in C dividends than they pay for increased energy prices (from C taxes) -internal C pricing -> guide and anticipate future C taxes; companies use this strategy to manage climate-related business risks and prepare for transition to low C environment. Institution (company or even school/higher level education facility/college) has incentive to decrease C emission to avoid C tax

Social gradients in health? -usually not what? rather is a? ex? -analysis?

classify populations into subgroups, measure health of the subgroups, and then examine differences in health between the subgroups -usually not a 2 category system (gradient is not poor vs not-poor); rather has numerous subgroups and the patterns of health between them +ex: low SES has lower health than high SES and middle SES also has lower health than high SES but higher health than low SES --> shows pattern (linear or non-linear trend) -analysis --> often reveals inequities with resources and plays role in health outcomes

Colorblind racism? -racial apathy? -5 central beliefs of racial apathy?

colorblind racism --> forms of discrimination perpetuated by individuals and groups who "do not see color" that supports the prevailing racial hierarchy; reinforces racism in non-racist ways... individual problems and not structural! -racial apathy --> indifference toward societal racial and ethnic inequality and lack of engagement with race-related social issues... subset of colorblind racism (you dont care)... apathy means lack of interest M RAM T 1. most people do not even notice race anymore 2. racial parity (equality) has for the most part been achieved 3. any persistent patterns of racial inequality are the result of individual and or group-level shortcomings rather than structural ones 4. most people do not care about racial differences 5. therefore, there is no need for institutional remedies such as affirmative action to redress persistent racialized outcomes -prejudice --> can be expressed as failure to help and not just as desire to hurt!

Measuring fertility: Basics -compare what? must consider what? -different tools to measure it? -where did these measurements emerge from and difference with humans?

compare places and times -must consider age structure and size of population 1. crude birth rate 2. general fertility rate 3. Total fertility rate -cohort -period (relation with age-specific fertility rate) -measurements emerged from biological species which have typical binary genders; humans have fluid genders and vary more

Population momentum -implication? -driver of distance and size of age groups in population pyramid? same occurrences with replacement level fertility.... -reasons for population size increasing or decreasing even if fertility rates fall? same occurrences with replacement level fertility.... -part of population growth is built into?

continued population growth that does not slow in response to fertility rates declining -government plans to decrease population size will take years to take effect -mortality and mostly past fertility drive distance between and size of population groups and pyramids. -population may increase even if fertility rates drop because a larger base of women is moving into reproductive years (smaller rate to larger base) -population may still decrease if fertility levels rise because a smaller base of women is moving into reproductive years -part of population growth is built into sex-age structure

Measuring mortality -crude death rate? -age-specific mortality rate? -sierra leone and Italy example of CDR?

crude death rate (CDR) -> (# of deaths in year) / (mid-year population in year) -midyear population multiplied by 1 yr gives an approximation of the number of person years at risk Age-specific mortality rate (ASMR) -> (# of deaths among people in specific age group in given year) / (# of people in specific age group in given year) -Sierra Leone and Italy have the same CDR of 10.2/1000 people --> reasons underlying age structure. +italy has much lower mortality rate but has an older population that is more subject to mortality +Sierra Leone has much higher mortality rate but younger population that is less vulnerable to mortality.

epidemiologic transition? who and when and main idea? country graphs supporting it? -overlaid with? SES growth and mortality and causes? -epidemiology? -4 stages? major causes of death at each and how long people live in general and overlay with DTT? -critique?

degenerative, chronic diseases displace pandemic of infections (and infant/mom death) and the primary cause of morbidity and mortality; Omran 1970 says that distribution of causes of deaths changes as countries shift from high to low mortality rates; England and Wales and Japan graphs show this? -overlaid with demographic transition; as socioeconomic growth occurs --> the mortality causes shift from being centered around infectious disease (and child/mom death) at high mortality to chronic disease at low mortality. -epidemiology --> study of the distribution of disease and their risks 1. Pestilence (disease) and famine --> many die from infectious disease and starving and mom/infant death at birth; many die young; occurs during DDT time of high fertility and high mortality (no growth) 2. Receding pandemic --> more start to die from chronic disease yet still infections and early death; more are living past infancy and childhood; occurs during DTT time of high fertility and lowered mortality (large increase in population size) 3. Degenerative and man-made disease --> most people die from chronic disease (like cancer and heart disease); most live to old enough age to get chronic disease; occurs during DTT time of low mortality but also lowered fertility (slow growth) 4. Hybrid --> delayed degenerative diseases and emerging infections --> most die from chronic disease or re-emerged infectious disease; many live to later in life but some die from re-emerged infectious disease; occurs during DTT time when fertility and mortality are same (no growth) -critique --> shows generic transition of death causes from high to low mortality rates (monotonic), but hybrid state of infectious and chronic disease may lead to higher overall mortality rates and defy the basic downward trends of mortality rates (occurs in high income and transitioned societies often) +re-emerged disease and deaths of despair are not well accounted for; large scale pandemics (Covid) could also disrupt this simple trend

2010-2015 CDC fertility programs

domestic US policy; attempts to decrease teen fertility -partnered with 9 cities/states and early evidence shows plan was effective

Case study: 2005 Hurricane Katrina -effects lasted? -sociological perspective on this disaster?

effects lasted a long time and many lives were changed! -sociological perspective --> disaster is a case study that helps reveal the systems that were in place prior to the disaster; stress system to see how it works... helps us understand how interconnected systems are and how they shape people's lives before, during, and after disaster)

population projection -variants? based on? 3 variants

exercises showing the possible future size of a population -variants-> based on different assumptions of fertility. 1. High variant -> fertility increases by 0.5 births (or same and mortality drops) 2. Medium variant -> continued fertility decline, reaching 2.0 births per women by 2095-2100 (replacement fertility must be reached by 2050 and some places below that). 3. Low variant -> fertility decreases by 0.5 births per women (fertility decreases and environmental chaos... unlikely)

Survival curves -what makes them more rectangular? -ideal?

graph showing the percent of a cohort alive at a given year -become more rectangular when a higher percent of the population lives to older ages -ideal is perfect rectangle in which all people live to max age and then die

World population growth 1750-2100 -growth rate and net people added per year since 1950?

growth rate has decreased since 1950 but the net number of people has increased due to reduced growth rate operating on an overall larger population. -lower rate with larger population --> can lead to overall increase in number of people born.

Wealth/wage gap between races in the US? -whats driving the increasing racial wealth gap? +homes owned?

huge wag gap in the US; white make way more than non-whites (blacks and hispanics) -has grown over time to (dipped slightly during recessions and will covid affect it?) -ICUIH (smallest to largest driving force) --> inheritance (financial support) -> college education -> unemployment -> income (household) -> home ownership (number of years)... home ownership is the major driver! +significantly higher % of whites own homes than non-whites (blacks and hispanics); think about generation pass down and cycle

Mississippi; whites claim most? -3 reasons why apparently? -recovery after Katrina?

in Mississippi...white homeowners constitute the bulk of claimants for state assistance; experience people had was based on housing --> whites had more and better housing and therefore could stay in area to claim assistance -apparently whites are easier to serve 1. Identifiable and easier for authorities to contact (own homes) 2. Home owner policies help cover losses 3. Low density housing in areas --> space for trailer; short loss of power -recovery --> more blacks left and didnt return; policy choices affecting who can return, to which neighborhoods,and with what forms of public and private assistance, +if not people could return to damaged areas than 80% of black population would be lost in NO's

Population composition of New Orleans (NO) after Katrina -blacks? -all groups? Hispanics? -shows what?

largest decrease in people living in NO was among blacks because there houses (lower-end often) were destroyed and they had to move to other places and did not receive help from the government as trailers or assistance; black population has not recovered and whites have taken over highest fertility rates (used to be blacks) -all groups affected but blacks affected the worst (hispanics actually increased) -shows that demography reflect institutional interactions that made it hard for blacks to return

Family planning paradigms and consensus diagram -look at flow and major events over the years

look at pic!

Low and lowest-low fertility rate? why doesn't lowest-low last long usually? -why are they very different? -US and world TFR trend from 1950's to 1980's to 2015? -ex: in S. Europe; delayed births?

low fertility rate - below replacement fertility (TFR<2.1) -lowest-low rate (ultra-low) = period TFR < 1.3-1.5 +countries rarely remain at this level for a long time because lowest-low rates are often caused by delay of births and the birth rates often bounce back when some people have their delayed births. -difference between lowest-low and low is significant because population growth varies proportionately with fertility rates and therefore small changes in fertility rates result in significant changes in population growth levels. -TFR in world and US is high in 1950's -> decreases a bit in the 1980's (especially in S. America and Asia) -> decreases a bit more by 2015 (especially in S. America and Asia... still somewhat high in Africa). -in S. Europe -> all regions below levels of replacement fertility by 1990. Most regions hit lowest-low by 1995. Post-2000 recovery from lowest-low shows that extremely low fertility is temporary and often a result of delayed births; delay births -> TFR falls and then recovers when some of the births are had later.

Diffusion of ideas / Ideation change: main idea? -3 main changes?

must change attitudes of population to accomplish fertility decline -change way people value children (assets vs burdens economically) -change attitudes about ways to stop birth (often viewed to be negative) -change attitudes about secular family life and smaller families

Despite initial optimism of political coalition, what generated conflict? -ex? -whites thoughts on blacks in Katrina?

neighborhood race and class variation and attendant variation in interest lead to great conflict. -institutional failures made it harder for blacks to get recovery -media depicted crimes a lot and didnt show people were doing what they had to for survival -most whites believed blacks were not treated unfairly during hurricane Katrina (colorblind racism!)

Theories to understand fertility decline: idea? -different theories (3 main)? -most models assume? correct and why?

none are necessarily correct; all propose different ideas that likely work together to an extent. -demographic transition theory -Ainsley Coals preconditions -diffusion of ideas / Ideation change -most models assume that pretransitional societies do not use or know/care about population control --> wrong! as is evident by the fact that women don't have the biological limit of 14-16 children. People are abstinent, delay marriage, marry later, breast feed longer, and control populatin size (maybe unknowingly) +timing and pacing varies + pretransitional fertility rates -> unstable! respond a lot to changes in environment like potential environmental crisis

World population living in extreme poverty (adjusted to less than $1.90/day) 1820-2015? -number of people? -% of people ? -# and % of people living undernourished 1990-2016?

number of people living in extreme poverty increased slightly but then decreased overall in later years even as population increased -% of people living in poverty has consistently decreased over years even as population grew -# and % of people living undernourished has overall decreased a lot over the years even though population has still grown.

family planning programs -6 main goals?

organized effort to make effective contraception accessible to those who want to determine the number and timing of pregnancies RRIIES! -1. reduce population growth 2. reduce environmental burden 3. improve maternal survival rates (moms benefits from longer intervals between births) 4. improve infant/child health and survival 5. empower women and improve their welfare (women usually care for children more than men) 6. support people's ability to achieve reproductive goals

land territory distribution and population

population is NOT equally distributed across space! -some maps show more heavily populated areas as fatter -Asia and India have always had high population but have still grown since 1500 -Americas and Africa has grown a lot since 1500

Predicting if population size will decrease is based on ? (2 main) -graph and part to focus on ? Shapes to look for? -age for highest shares of birth in population ?

population momentum and time lag implication -population pyramid: size next 5 year birth cohort and who will produce those births. -ages 25-29 -> highest share of births in population. -if ages 25-29 (and large birth cohorts in general) tend to be increasing in size than the population size will likely continue to grow even if fertility rates decline +shape of population pyramid is a pyramid if fertility decreases and population still grows (likely) because successive 5 year birth cohorts are increasing.

compression of morbidity -scenarios? -when does it occur? -occurring in US? -depiction on survivor ship? gap between morbidity and mortality lines?

reduction in proportion of lifetime lived with illness; pushing disease to very end of life! -scenarios on pic! -occurs when increase in the age of onset of disease is greater than the increase in the expected age of death +ex: life expectancy rises by 10 years but age of onset of disease rises by 12 years and thus people live more life without disease! -NOT occurring in US because life expectancy is increasing and age of onset of disease is stable or increasing slightly and thus more years are being spent in poor health --> longer lives in poor health! -can be depicted on survivorship curve and gap between mortality curve and morbidity curve depicts the number of years lived in poor health.

rectangularization of mortality -what occurs and why? -deaths are concentrated where?

reduction in the inequality of death across ages or reduction in lifespan inequality; only inequality across age NOT social groups -decrease in childhood, adolescent, and young adult mortality that allows the majority of people to survive to older ages and leads to survivorship curve approaching a rectangular shape. -deaths centered at very old ages!

Population and development -relations of what 3 things ? -stance of theories and ideas?

relation between population growth, environment, and poverty (PEP) -theories and ideas do not represent the "right answer" but rather show ideas to consider... many ideas and should know arguments

Diversity in America Graph? -implication?

shows that US is becoming more diverse based on our modern classifications of race -all racial categories on graph were created and endowed upon people by us or those in power and thus it is hard to say it truly measure diversity; interpretation depends on how we define racial categories which is fluid! (only shows 1960 typical race categories)

Externalities -2 main types and examples? -Tragedy of commons?

side effect of an activity that has (+ or -) consequences for others but is not reflected in the cost of the good or service... other people impacted but not reflected in price -Dasgupta and Ehrlich frame the population environment debate around these! 1. Reproductive externality -> individuals or families do not bear the full cost (or benefit) of raising families -ex: families do not pay for the impact that the children have on the environment... people have more children than societally desirable. 2. Consumption externality -> consuming a good has consequences for others that aren't accounted for in the price of the good. -ex: industrial production: C footprint from flying plane or smoking cigarette. -consume good -> impact environment -> impact on environment not factored into good cost. Tragedy of the commons -> shared resources are overconsumed (past point of what is best for overall society) until they are depleted

Social security is a? helps a lot with what? -pension is a? -SS and medicare projections in US? % of GDP? -are men and women working longer in US? -incentive on age to work in US?

social security --> defined benefit; helps keep many old people out of poverty -> decreases poverty rates among the old -pension --> defined contribution -SS and medicare payouts are expected to nearly double by 2050 and account for 12% of US GDP -men and women in US are working longer; women moreso than men -US has a low incentive to retire early in the US -> wants people to work later!

Race is what? -people believe what? -what is downplayed? -physical differences are assumed to be cause of? -what is social construct? +believed things have what? -race and systems and institutions?

socially constructed! -people believe there are distinct non-overlapping races with well defined differences -reality of mixed ancestry and within race diversity is downplayed -physical differences are assumed to be the cause of cultural/behavioral differences -idea that race is biological is the social construct +things that are believed to be real have real social, economic, political, and health consequences! -institutional racism occurs within institutions and these institutions are linked and have many larger impacts (view as linked and not individual for institutions) +ex: disaster (hurricane Katrina in the US)

Different factors that influence mortality risk? -compression of mortality and morbidity?

socioeconomic status is a main one -> more money allows buying of more resources that could extend life... will be more prevalent in future probs. SRIRE -compression of mortality and morbidity are unequally experienced by education, income, race, and regional subpopulations in US.

Differential undercounts

some subpopulations are more likely to be undercounted than others -ex: in US, blacks are consistently undercounted to a greater extent than whites and non-blacks

Thomas Malthus -3 critiques

studied math at cambride university and was ordained in the church of England -in 1798, wrote An Essay on the Principles of Population at age 32... not well received at first but later investigated a lot by scholars -married at 38 and had 3 kids 1. inequality 2. technological 3. demographic

population -technical vs general term?

technical: collection of people alive at a specific point in time who meet a certain criteria. -ex: population of WI on July 1, 2015 general: collectivity of people that persists over time even though its members are always changing -ex: "the population of WI"

Census -who is all included? -problems with questions on it?

the official count of a population -includes children, non-citizens, and everyone in the 50 states and US territories -what questions should be added and which should be changed and why does it change?

Demographic dividend -when does this occur? -idea why this occurs? -facilitates what and how? -demographic implosion? idea? -trend in China?

the period when the labor force grows more rapidly than the population dependent on it; window of opportunity fueling economic growth -occurs when the total dependency ratio is decreasing -idea --> when there are less dependent people to support, more working-age people can venture into jobs that support economic growth! -facilitates economic growth; education, savings and capital, and increase in consumption -demographic implosion -> occurs when the total dependency ratio is increasing; more working-age people are needed to support the dependants and therefore can not participate in jobs that fuel economy in turn leading to slow economic growth. -China --> had demographic dividend as total dependency ratio decreased but not is having demographic implosion as total dependency ratio is increasing

aging -2 types? -plot of mortality across ages? shape? +logged mortality rates?

the process of growing old 1. individual aging -> individual lifespan; morbidity and mortality 2. population aging -> age structure of population -past fertility rates are more important than mortality rates in this regard -plot of mortality across the ages is J-shaped with high death rates at young ages followed by low rates in middle ages followed by high rates at old ages +logged mortality rates are about linear across ages after age 35-40.

Socioeconomic status? -measuring? -categorial vs gradient type? -analysis often reveals? -poverty threshold? absolute number and rate in US? +problems? -UW poverty research?

the social standing or class of an individual or group -education (easy to measure), occupation (easy to ask about and hard to put in hierarchy), income (reported but better if from administrative data), wealth, poverty threshold. -categorical --> above or below a threshold like poverty; could be gradient too with flow between different subgroups -Poverty threshold --> in 1963, US SS administration took US food plan and multiplied by factor (3?) to find minimum amount of money family needs to survive in relation to their household composition (updates over time and adjusted for inflation); over time, poverty rate in US has decreased overall (some changes with recessions) and absolute number in poverty has increased (only because population increased) +problems --> incomplete; does not take into account many costs (like childcare), geographic differences, and variation below the threshold (depth of poverty) -UW --> has only federally funded poverty research center in US (IRP--> institution for research on poverty)

Demographic Transition Theory -3 main tenants?

theory looking at fertility decline that focuses on changes in socioeconomic status, industrialization, and westernization 1. Industrialization -> work opportunities of women -> women get jobs and leave traditional home role -> have less kids 2. Industrialization -> changes how children are viewed (asset idea) -agriculture times -> children are assets because they are labor for farm -industrial times -> children are costly (education costs) 3. Many parents used to have more kids than they wanted because they thought some kids would die -as time progressed and medicine got better -> people had less kids because the odds of their kids dying were unlikely

Enlightment population beliefs

trade increases and authors talk about society life quality increasing -People's will begins to override God's will -people begin controlling family size (ideal size is around 4 people in family) -French look at contraception idea with sex and reproduction and controlling population size

Ainsley Coal's Pre-Requisites to Fertility Decline: basic idea? -3 main points?

understand fertilized transition, not in western sense -> more general! 1. Ready -> fertility must be in calculus of conscious choice 2. Willing -> small families must be advantageous (not in agriculture, but in industry where kids get expensive) 3. Able -> People must have access to effective technologies to decrease family size

Technology? Used to? -optimism and Hans Rosling?

used to produce more goods but it also makes the production and disposal of goods more efficient -includes modes of production, fuel sources, waste/recycle, and carbon capture -Rosling optimism of technology -> Does protecting environment necessarily counter the interest of development? Scarce resources decreases supply which influences demand. Concern for resource availability drives knowledge production. -Rosling argues that economic growth has larger impact than population size

lexis diagram

useful when looking at different age, period, and cohort effects. -time vs age

Affluence -why does it matter? 2 ways?

wealth; richness -as consumption of individuals increases, the total environmental impact increases as well. 1. resources used to produce a growing number of goods 2. waste generated in creating, transporting, and disposing of goods

Health reversal; ex and cause? -2 main causes?

when the health of a population declines (especially when life expectancy begins to decline) or counteracting trends prevent life expectancy from improving; ex: Europe industrialization --> could be man-caused by pollution and what not. -2 --> deaths of despair (social alienation) and re-emerging infections disease -main cause for global health reversal --> HIV/AIDS