SOC 210 Final Exam
In Maryland, to afford a ___ minute phone call to a prisoner, one has to work 1 1⁄2 hours earning minimum wage.
10
Of all factors associated with crime, the age of the offender is one of the most significant. Arrest rates for violent crime and property crime are highest for people between the ages of:
13 and 25
The ___ amendment designated that it was unconstitutional to be held as a slave, with the exception of those convicted of a crime.
13th
In 2014, percent of people lived below the official government poverty level for a family of four.
14.5
Workers average ___________ more work hours per year in 2007 compared to 1973, for a total of 1868 work hours in 2007.
189
Prison population in 2014:
2306200
The U.S. accounts for 5% of the world's population, but __% of the world's prisoner population.
25
About _____ percent of criminal cases are never tried in court; instead, they are resolved by plea bargaining, a process in which the prosecution negotiates a reduced sentence for the accused in exchange for a guilty plea.
90
According to the book and powerpoint, language is dynamic and changes over time, it can also shape our thoughts. Provide an example (in a complete sentence) of a word or phrase that was used in the past, that is no longer common. Explain in a paragraph why this might have changed, and connect back to ideas from the powerpoint.
An example of a word that was used in the past and is no longer common is buss. For example, "She bussed him on the cheek." Therefore buss means kiss. This word may not be common anymore because it doesn't seem to sound right. It slips off the tongue better using the work kiss rather than buss.
Make up the scenario and write a bit to set the scene. 2. Write how you would explain ethnocentrism to them. Be sure to include the definition of ethnocentrism, and how they might have been socialized into an ethnocentric viewpoint. 3. Write how you would help them see the scenario through a cultural relativist perspective. Be sure to include the definition of cultural relativism. Provide an example of the question you might ask to better understand that culture's justification/understanding/reasoning for their practice... and how you might present this to your cousin.
As I was sitting on the couch in my living room watching TV my cousin comes walking in. He is the oldest of all of us and is a bit childish. I had begun to watch a documentary about the the poorest countries in the world. He decides to sit in the chair across from me and we sit their in silence watching the documentary. Later it mentions how most of these countries do not have the luxury of having electricity, that it is when my cousin says, "This is why America is much better than those places I can not live without electricity or TV." I would tell him to put himself in the other person shoes. That it isn't always okay to say statements like that unless he has done that first. I would tell him he has a very ethnocentric perspective, which means he believes and has an attitude that his culture is better than others. I would try to explain to him to not judge another culture and try to understand it by its own terms. I would try to make them realize that electricity isn't as available to everyone as it seems. It all depends where they are and if they have the resources in order to provide it.
__________ is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society.
Gender socialization
__________ seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational or educational training. Based on this approach, offenders are treated, not punished, so that they will not continue their criminal activity.
Rehabilitation
__________ are anything valued in a society, ranging from money and property to medical care and education. They are considered to be scarce because of their unequal distribution among social categories.
Resources
__________ are persons who provide data for analysis through interviews or questionnaires.
Respondents
_____ are rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior.
Sanctions
1. What is the sociological imagination? 2. Provide an example from your own life, or the news, or another person's experiences that you could use the sociological imagination to explain. Write the scenario. 3. Show at least three ways that society is impacting the individual experience, and one way that the individual's actions could shape society.
Sociological imagination is the practice in which we think ourselves away from our familiar routines and look at them fresh. An example of sociological imagination is unemployment. The individual may blame themselves by saying they didn't work hard enough. While others may say that it is the whole world around them and the society. They will point out why it is so hard for other to get a job and not so hard for others, or why unemployment is at its highest. Society impacts the way we view ourselves and self worth. Society also impacts the way we view others and whether they are up to the social norms. Lastly society also impacts what is today's social norms or what is "hip". Us as individuals shape society by following and enforcing society social norms.
In the contact hypothesis, symbolic interactionists point out that contact between people from divergent groups should lead to favorable attitudes and behavior when certain factors such as having equal status and pursuing the same goals are present.
True
Jails and prisons, Military boot camps, and concentration camps are examples of total institutions. In these settings, people are stripped of their former selves-or depersonalized- through a degradation ceremony.
True
Role strain occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies.
True
Scapegoats are often used as substitutes for the actual source of the frustration. For example, members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups are often blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession) over which they have no control.
True
Sociologists often use the term socioeconomic status (SES) to refer to a combined measure that attempts to classify individuals, families, or households in terms of factors such as income, occupation, and education to determine class location.
True
Terrorism is the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective.
True
The first sitting president to visit a prison was President Barack Obama.
True
The sociological imagination helps us place personal troubles, such as losing one's job or overspending on credit cards, into a larger social context, where we can distinguish whether and how personal troubles may be related to public issues.
True
The split-labor-market theory refers to the division of the economy into two areas of employment, a primary sector or upper tier, composed of higher-paid (usually dominant-group) workers in more-secure jobs, and a secondary sector or lower tier, composed of lower-paid (often subordinate-group) workers in jobs with little security and hazardous working conditions.
True
Today, sociologists emphasize that race is a socially constructed reality, not a biological one. The social significance that people accord to race is more important than any biological differences that might exist among people who are placed in arbitrary categories.
True
When observing people from other cultures, many of us use our own culture as the yardstick by which we judge their behavior. Sociologists refer to this approach as ethnocentrism and it is based on the assumption that one's own way of life is superior to all others.
True
When you start a job for the first time and you need to learn new norms, values, attitudes and skills for this situation to replace your current ones— you are undergoing the process of socialization.
True
You have not finished with your work because you've been chatting with a coworker, and your boss is approaching. You immediately begin to shuffle around papers and look busy, playing the part of a dedicated employee. Your effort to communicate that you are a good worker to your boss is called impression management.
True
A latent function is _______
Unconscious or Unintended
A __________ is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles.
counterculture
When I first moved to Pennsylvania I was surprised to see Amish people riding in buggies, and my accent felt out of place. I was also a little grossed out by "scrapple"- a meatloaf breakfast dish. This disorientation that people experience when they first come into contact with a different culture from their own is called __________.
culture shock
1. Find a reputable news article about a topic of your choice. Post the link here. 2. Justify how you know that this is a reputable source. In your justification, reference at least 4 markers from the edpuzzle powerpoint on Methods that you used to know it was reputable. 3. Write a sociological research question about this topic. 4. How might you study it as a sociologist? (Pick a sociological research method, and justify why that would be a good choice)
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml I believe this is a reputable source because it is strictly informational and no bias is shown. The most recent update of the information was made in 2018 which makes it semi recent and a bit more reliable information. The website also seems very legitimate and does not seem like a joke. Reading beyond the information there are other helpful sites about anxiety. How does society impact an individuals anxiety? I think one good way to study this is by doing a survey and interviews. This way I can get a wide range of ideas of how society may impact an individuals anxiety.
Individuals will not always reveal everything about themselves in an interaction instead they will express themselves in a way to give a specific ______________ that might get a positive response. This could be unintentional, or on purpose.
impressions
The economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (government aid), and ownership of property is called:
income.
"Capital gains" is a term used for the difference between the price someone initially paid for an asset, and the price for which the asset was sold. While payroll income is stagnating, capital gains earnings are ______.
increasing
Sociologist Joe Feagin referred to _____ discrimination as practices that have a harmful impact on subordinate group members even if the organizational or community prescribed norms or regulations guiding these actions were initially established without intent to harm.
indirect institutionalized
During a sermon in church, a parishioner begins to talk to the person sitting next to her in an audible tone of voice. A man in another pew turns around, frowns at her, and says, "Shhhhhhhh." This illustrates a:
informal, negative sanction.
A bank might consistently deny mortgage loans to people of a certain race. This would be an example of _____ discrimination.
institutional
The economy, family, religion, and education system are all examples of social _______________.
institutions
The text points out that a macrolevel analysis of gender examines structural features, external to the individual, that perpetuate gender inequality. These structures have been referred to as gendered _____, meaning that gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society.
institutions
Sexual ______refer(s) to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).
orientation
Watching students in a college classroom in order to determine the number of times they participated in a class discussion would be an example of __________ field research.
participant observation
Sexism is interwoven with________-a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.
patriarchy
The _________________ is another way of naming institutionalized sexism.
patriarchy
Occupational segregation contributes to the_______-the disparity between women's and men's earnings.
pay gap
According to the text's discussion of peers and gender socialization:
peer groups are organized largely around gender relations.
A ___________________ may be defined as all the activity of a given participant on a given occasion which serves to influence in any way any of the other participants.
performance
Relatively low-paying, non-manual, semiskilled positions primarily held by women, such as day-care workers, checkout clerks, cashiers, and waitpersons are referred to as:
pink-collar occupations.
A __________ is a printed research instrument containing a series of items to which subjects respond.
questionnaire
A _____ is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.
race
The theory of _____ states that actions of the government substantially define racial and ethnic relations in the United States.
racial formation
Prostitution (which sociologists would refer to as sex work) might be explained as a reflection of society's double standard, whereby it is acceptable for a man to pay for sex but unacceptable for a woman to accept money for such services. This explanation reflects a _____ feminist approach.
radical
As a researcher collecting and analyzing data, you would be engaging in _____ sampling if you placed all the names of the population being observed or questioned into a rotating drum and conducting a drawing.
random
The __________ theory of deviance states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions.
rational choice
A minister who is opposed to war conducts a nonviolent protest at a local military installation, thus committing a trespassing violation. This person has engaged in:
rebellion
According to George Herbert Mead, __________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view.
role-taking
In _____ analysis, researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others.
secondary
Deviant behavior varies in its degree of _____, ranging from mild transgressions of folkways, to more serious infringements of mores, to quite serious violations of the law.
seriousness
Technological advances have changed patterns of ___________ which has also decreased the number of jobs available.
service delivery
"Feminism is a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression... the movement is not about being anti-male. It makes it clear that the problem is _______".
sexism
"Recent writings have suggested that queer people who live in the countryside often value local community connection over connections based on ________, and thus are less likely to seek out specifically queer resources and networks."
sexuality
We use _______________ to answer the question "What's going on here?" in every face-to-face interaction we have.... we tend to only consciously notice this when things don't go as we expected.
sign vehicles
When Sally prefaces her comments about different races with "I'm not a racist, but..." she is engaging in a __________. She sees herself as "not racist" on an individual level, but still thinks and acts according to larger, racist societal narratives.
sincere fiction
Racial _____ includes direct statements regarding race, modeling behavior (wherein a child imitates the behavior of a parent or other caregiver), and indirect activities such as exposure to an environment that conveys a specific message about a racial or ethnic group.
socialization
"All of us, female and male, have been _____________ from birth to accept sexist thought and action." This is the process of learning our culture... which might be from parents, books, TV, our institutions....
socialized
If you are _______ into a culture, you can "see" the different islands of meaning, or the categories that organize the cultural meaning of acts, events, and objects. You learn to expect these boundaries between ideas.
socialized
A __________ is a large social grouping that occupies the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
society
A __________ is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture, but do not necessarily oppose it.
subculture
A group that distinguishes itself from the larger culture through particular behaviors or values, but is not in opposition to the larger culture is a _____________.
subculture
According to sociologist Karl Marx, the capitalist class maintains its position at the top of the class structure by control of the society's __________, which is composed of the government, schools, churches, and other social institutions.
superstructure
A _____ is a poll in which the researcher gathers facts or attempts to determine the relationships among facts.
survey
The census is a type of _____.
survey
Sheila is playing softball with a group of her friends. Recently, she has been thinking about how her team members need to work as a team when a line drive is hit to center field. In considering the demands and expectations of her team as a whole, Sheila is developing an awareness of what sociologist George Herbert Mead termed as the concept of:
the generalized other.
The ability to see the reciprocal relationship between individual experiences and the larger society is referred to as:
the sociological imagination.
The author begins by addressing the negative images and ideas that some people hold against feminists, usually backed by critiques of how "they" (the feminists) are violating norms of relationships, work, and cultural values. When pressed, these respondents usually have collected this information ________, rather than reading, talking, or interacting with feminists.
thirdhand
The ways that we lump or split ideas into categories, and the degree of mental gaps we imagine between these categories changes in different societies and cultures, and changes over _______.
time
A _____ institution is a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who are in charge of that place. Examples include military boot camps, jails and prisons, and concentration camps.
total
Though a popular economic policy for many years, data shows that _________ does not reduce inequality, and instead inequality has increased under these policies.
trickle down economics
A / an __________ is an extended, open-ended interaction between an interviewer and an interviewee.
unstructured interview
One questions that rural queer organizers are grappling with is how to include "those who cannot or will not come out" and working for the rights of all LGBTQ people in rural areas. The author suggests that future organizing will have to think outside the paradigm of increasing ___________ and coming out.
visibility
The value of all of a person's or family's economic assets, including income, personal property, and income-producing property is referred to as:
wealth.
Sociologist Dennis Gilbert compares the distribution of income to a national pie that has been sliced into portions. In 2013, the wealthiest 20 percent of households received over __________ percent of the total income pie.
51.1
Prison population in 1980:
513900
__________ are the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.
Agents of socialization
The author defines ________________ as the belief that "if we work hard, each generations will enjoy a higher standard of living than the one before it."
American Dream
1. Provide an example of a norm, and a positive sanction for following the norm. 2. Provide an example of breaking a norm, and a negative sanction for this action.
An example of a social norm is shaking hands with someone you meet, a positive sanction from this is establishing another great friendship. An example of breaking a social norm is talking while watching a movie at the movie theater. A negative sanction is that a lot of people will get angry with you and may lead to aggressive behavior towards you.
_____ is the belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards.
Cultural relativism
Anna is a female born to Mexican American parents; she was assigned these positions at birth. She is an adult and, if she lives long enough, will someday become an "older adult," which is an _____ status received involuntarily later in life.
ascribed
Examples of __________ include the beatniks of the 1950s, the flower children of the 1960s, the drug enthusiasts of the 1970s, and members of nonmainstream religious sects or cults.
countercultures
For young men who grow up in a _____ gang, running drug houses and selling drugs on street corners make it possible for them to support themselves and their families as well as purchase material possessions to impress others.
criminal
The _____ theory includes the belief that racism is such an ingrained feature of U.S. society that it appears to be ordinary and natural to many people.
critical race
_____ segregation is still prevalent in many U.S. cities; owners, landlords, real estate agents, and apartment managers often use informal mechanisms to maintain their properties for "whites only."
De facto
_____ refers to the use of personal judgment by police officers, prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice system officials regarding whether and how to proceed in a given situation.
Discretion
_____________ is a theoretical perspective based on the analogy that face-to-face social interactions are like a theatrical performance.
Dramaturgy
Norms are also classified according to their relative social importance. _____ are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture.
Folkways
Society is a unit that has different parts. This is an example of _______________.
Functional Analysis
__________ theorists view education as the "elevator" to social mobility. Improvements in the educational achievement levels (measured in number of years of schooling completed) of the poor, people of color, and white women have been cited as evidence that students' abilities are more important than their class, race, or gender. However this lack of context is contested by many social scientists.
Functionalist
_______refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."
Gender
1. Name a song and the artist who performs it. Listen to the song on your own. 2. Define "Role-Taking" 3. Using role-taking, please describe two aspects of the song that let you know something about the artist and how they are presenting themselves. (Feel free to revisit the powerpoint, and listen to how Dustin Lynch describes himself as a "Small Town Boy" or how Beyonce portrays herself as a feminist and advocate in "Formation".... however, do not use either of these songs for your own response.)
Hello by Adele. Role-Taking is the process of assuming the role of another individual to understand their point of view. The lyrics of the song is very sad,lonesome, and painful. You can tell how hurt she is by this certain person especial when she says, "At least I can say that I have tried." Saying that she tried to work for that relationship. You can also tell that she is lonesome by the amount of times she says "Hello from the other side." The tone of the song and tempo also emphasized that hurt an pain that Adele is feelings especially by how slow it is.
______is defined as extreme prejudice directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual.
Homophobia
_____ refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people.
Juvenile delinquency
__________ is/are a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.
Language
_____ are formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions.
Laws
The process of grouping similar items together into a single mental cluster is called:
Lumping
Values provide ideals of beliefs about behavior but do not state explicitly how we should behave. _____ are established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.
Norms
__________ refers to the process of collecting data while being part of the activities of the group that the researcher is studying.
Participant observation
__________ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that is used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.
Racism
___________ are current wages, adjusted for inflation. They reflect the actual purchasing power of goods over time. When we look at these over the past 40 years, earnings have actually decreased.
Real wages
Which of the following represents a correct sequence of steps in the "conventional" research model?
Select and define the research problem, review the literature, formulate the hypothesis, develop the research design, collect and analyze the data, and draw conclusions and report the findings.
_________________ are like clues that observers use to try to understand the individual. However, the references these observers use might be based in their own previous experiences, stereotypes, or unconscious impressions.
Sign vehicles
_____ racism is often hidden from sight and more difficult to recognize.
Subtle
If I were to learn about crime by watching body camera videos to see how police officers interact face-to-face with the public, this would be an example of using ________________ theory.
Symbolic Interaction
What is the meaning of this emoji? What are at least two alternative meanings? How can emojis serve as an example of how language is dynamic? Feel free to reference the powerpoint and book in your explanation.
The fist emoji has more than one meaning. It can be used as a greeting. Which is commonly used by men. It can mean hello or goodbye. It can also be used as a threat. Such as telling them you are going to punch them. Emojis can serve as an example of how language is dynamic because it is just another to communicate with other people. It can also help others communicate what it is they are feeling.
1. Give a brief definition of each of the three major theoretical perspectives (functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist). 2. Each theoretic perspective gives you a slightly different way of viewing a topic, or focuses on different aspects of the topic. If you were studying the pandemic, how would you frame your thinking/study using each of these perspectives?
The functionalist perspective sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. The conflict perspective is a perspective that emphasizes the social political or material inequality of a social group. Symbolic interactionist focuses on the relationship between individuals and society. They think and look for patterns of interaction between individuals. If I was to have a functionalist perspective on the pandemic then it would be that we all play our own part, which is to wear a mask and follow protocol. If we all play our own parts we contribute to society by lowering the covid cases. If I was to look at covid through a conflict perspective I would look at it by how come people of color are more likely not survive covid rather than people who are not of color. If I was to look at the pandemic through a symbolic interactionalist perspective I would would view a person wearing scrubs is a nurse helping patients fight covid.
How does the reading define sociology? Provide the direct quote.
The reading defines sociology as a "systematic study of human society and social interaction." The reading says that it is a systematic study because "sociologists apply both theoretical perspectives and research methods."
Pick one of the big sociological theories (Functionalist, Conflict, Symbolic Interactionist) and write a "tweet" to describe this theory.
Women are made to cook, clean, birth children, and prove emotional support. Without women, the household will not be able to function.
_____________________ is a kind of agreement about "whose claims concerning what issues will be temporarily honored."
Working consensus
Survey data are collected by using all of the following except:
experiments
In 2014, the vast majority of all secretaries in the United States were women and the vast majority of all engineers were men. This is an example of:
gender-segregated work.
According to the sociologist Erik Wright's Marxian model, all of the following are criteria for placement in the class structure EXCEPT:
inherited wealth.
A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to theft in order to get some clothes she wants. This illustrates:
innovation.
Sex is not always clear-cut. An individual who is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not correspond to typical definitions of male or female may be identified as an _________. In other words, the person's sexual differentiation is ambiguous.
intersexed person
According to the social class model developed by sociologist Dennis Gilbert, two-year or four-year college degrees have replaced the high school diploma as an entry-level requirement for employment in many __________ class occupations, including medical technicians and nurses. This social class represents an estimated 30 percent of the U. S. population.
middle
A growing portion of congressional representatives are superrich... Nearly 50% of congressional members are _______________, compared to only about 1 percent of Americans.
millionaires
Several top officials of a government were found guilty of receiving bribes for passing classified information on to major defense contractors that had garnered many lucrative contracts. This is an example of:
political crime.
To separate the groups of similar items into different clusters that have separate meanings, is to:
split
In relation to the study of education, the __________ perspective would emphasize the daily activities within the schools, the various forms of communication between teachers and pupils, examine the influence of peer groups, and look at the reaction when school rules are broken or followed.
symbolic interactionist
The strongest mores are referred to as _____. They are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.
taboos
Approximately _________ percent of the U.S. population are members of the working class.
30
___% of the black male population of Alabama has permanently lost their right to vote because of Criminal Conviction.
30
Prison population in 1970:
357292
Approximately __________ percent of those below the official poverty line are non-Hispanic white Americans.
41.5
Prison population in 1985:
759100
__________ is the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own and believe they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about life.
Culture shock
Which of the following is NOT an example of corporate crime?
Drug trafficking
Why is it important to have "ethics" in sociological research? Please refer to the four ASA definitions of research ethics in the book.
Ethics are self‐regulatory guidelines for making decisions and defining professions. By establishing ethical codes, professional organizations maintain the integrity of the profession, define the expected conduct of members, and protect the welfare of subjects and clients.
According to the conflict perspective, society is a stable, orderly system. This system is characterized by societal consensus.
False
Many prominent race scholars think that it is important to ignore race in order to eliminate racism.
False
Resocialization, the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one's background and previous experiences, is strictly voluntary and never involuntary.
False
__________ is the study of social life in its natural setting: observing and interviewing people where they live, work, and play.
Field research
Sports help to structure the free time of young people. They also serve as opportunities for learning teamwork, structured competition, organization, and other life skills. Sports allow young people to be aggressive in a constructive manner. This interpretation of sports is in line with the __________ perspective.
Functional Analysis
This sociological paradigm is based on the idea that society is made up of many parts, and sociologists can study the structure and purpose of these parts.
Functionalism
_____, or presentation of self, refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.
Impression management
Most Americans view eating snails as unappetizing, but in France snails are considered a delicacy. According to Islands of Meaning, what is the best explanation for this difference?
Snails are categorized as food in France, thus the taste of the snails is perceived differently than in America where they are classified as inedible.
_____ is the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on the control over basic resources.
Social stratification
_____ is the complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior.
Social structure
__________ feminism suggests that women's oppression results from their dual roles as paid and unpaid workers in a capitalist economy. In the workplace, women are exploited by capitalism; at home, they are exploited by patriarchy.
Socialist
_____ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.
Socialization
According to the conflict perspective, people in positions of power maintain their advantage by using the law to protect their interests.
True
Corrections Corporation of America was the first for-profit, private prison company in the United States.
True
Deviance is relative-that is, an act becomes deviant when it is socially defined as such. Definitions of deviance vary widely from place to place, from time to time, and from group to group.
True
In secondary analysis, researchers use existing materials and analyze data that were originally collected by others. Existing data sources include public records, official reports of organizations and government agencies, and surveys conducted by researchers in universities and private corporations.
True
Norms are established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.
True
_____ are collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.
Values
Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of looking-glass self?
We imagine how our personality and appearance will look to other people.
___________ is the value of a person's assets, minus their debts. 400 Americans possess more _________ than half of the population of the US (150 million people).
Wealth
A restaurant server is in the kitchen complaining bitterly about a rude customer seated in their section. When the food is ready for the table, the server picks it up and brings it out to the table, politely asking the customers if they need anything else. In this scenario, which idea from dramaturgy does the kitchen represent?
a back region
While feminist consciousness raising started in anti-classist and anti-racist settings, eventually revolutionary feminist theory was most accepted and embraced in _____________.
academic circles
A(n) _____ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.
ascribed
According to the sociologist Erik Wright's Marxian model, the __________ class is made up of a number of subgroups, one of which is blue-collar workers, some of whom are highly skilled and well paid and others of whom are unskilled and poorly paid.
capitalist
Police departments now place greater emphasis on _____. This is an approach to law enforcement in which officers maintain a presence in neighborhood settings, such as walking up and down the streets or riding bicycles, getting to know people, and holding public service meetings at schools and churches.
community-oriented policing
Social _____ refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.
control
The U.S. Social Security Administration has established an official poverty line. The poverty line is computed by:
determining the cost of a minimally nutritious diet (short-term) and multiplying this figure by three to allow for nonfood costs.
The "Islands of Meaning" reading and reflection discussed how we are socialized into "lumping" and "splitting" categories of ideas. If you believe that your own culture's categorizations are the only correct way to classify meanings, this would be an example of _______.
ethnocentrism
A / an __________ is a detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people by researchers who may live with that group over a period of years.
ethnography
A new technology could help farmers control flooding in their fields after heavy rainfall. A group of farmers are selected to receive the technology for free. However, half of the group are required to attend weekly meetings to talk about the technology and half are not. As a sociologist, I talk with farmers to see if the "weekly meeting group" is more likely to continue using the technology than the "control" group. This is an example of ________.
experiment
Sociologists argue that the __________ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies.
family
The author says the idea that queer people do not live, or "do not fare well" in rural communities is a _____________.
faux truism
According to sociologist Diana Pearce, __________ poverty refers to the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.
feminization of
The front stage and back stage are distinguishing between the individual's performance in relation to the observers of this performance and the setting. Your social media presence is an example of ________.
front stage
A white man applies for a job at a factory. A more qualified African American is hired for this job. The unsuccessful applicant directs a great deal of hatred at African Americans, blames affirmative action, and may even become violent in his relationships with members of this subordinate group. This is an example of the:
frustration-aggression hypothesis.
A __________ system includes all of the ideas regarding masculine and feminine attributes that are held to be valid in a society. This system is legitimated by religion, science, law, and other societal values.
gender belief
However, these movements are not entirely new. Past queer utopian communities were often based on ______________, where only those with the same gender identity were allowed in the community, but this has changed.
gender essentialism
According to Charles Horton Cooley, the _____ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.
looking-glass self
"Police violence, that isn't the problem in and of itself. It's a reflection of a much larger and brutal system of racial and social control known as _________________, which authorizes this kind of police violence." - Michelle Alexander
mass incarceration
A(n) _____ status is the most important status a person occupies; it dominates all of the individual's other statuses and is the overriding ingredient in determining a person's general social position.
master
The distances, or degrees of separateness that we imagine between categories are not "natural", but are created socially. They could be called:
mental gaps
Language, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, family patterns, and political systems are examples of:
nonmaterial culture.
Standing backwards in an elevator, shaving only one half of your face, cheering and screaming at an opera are all breaking the expectations of right behavior. They are violating social _________.
norms
Zerubavel argues that the way we can understand the meaning of an object, act, or event is to:
place it in a category
After having successfully negotiated an important business contract with a major client, Joyce's boss congratulated her and promised her a significant pay raise. In this situation, Joyce has received what sociologists call a:
positive sanction.
According to the functionalist perspective, deviance is universal because it serves all of the following important functions EXCEPT:
preventing social chaos.
Researchers in one study examined the effects of church membership, divorce, and migration on suicide rates in the United States and using complex statistical techniques, concluded that suicide rates are typically higher where divorce and migration rates are higher and church membership is lower. This is an example of:
quantitative research.
A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status. For example, a carpenter (employee) hired to remodel a kitchen is not expected to sit down uninvited and join the family (employer) for dinner.
role
A physician who wants to provide his or her patients with the best possible health care but is required by insurance companies or pressured by pharmaceutical companies to engage only in specific practices will experience:
role conflict.
A _____ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties; it exists independently of the specific people occupying it.
status
A _____ is comprised of all the social positions that a person occupies at a given time.
status set
Joe is a student, a father, a son, a husband, a Baptist, and a Scout leader. All of these socially defined positions constitute his:
status set.
Wearing a wedding ring, owning a Rolls-Royce, or a homeless person carrying a bulging shopping bag are all examples of:
status symbols.
The awareness that helps us understand that there is a connection between losing our job and the high unemployment rate in the region in which we live is an example of:
the sociological imagination.
A valid criticism of the functionalist and neoclassical economic perspective is that _____.
these models fail to critically assess the structures of society that make educational and occupational opportunities more available to some than to others
Sarah's father is a carpenter who makes good wages in good economic times, but is unemployed when the construction industry slows to a standstill. Sarah becomes a neurologist, earning $345,000 a year, and moves from the working class to the upper-middle class. Between her father's generation and her own, Sarah has experienced social mobility.
upward
More LGBTQ people from urban and suburban areas may be moving to rural areas. For some, this might be because they are seeking a sort of __________, community through an idyllic, self-reliant life.
utopia
According to sociologists, _____ is the practice of judging all other cultures by one's own culture. It is based on the assumption that one's own way of life is superior to all others.
ethnocentrism
Believing that your own culture's categorizations are the only "correct" way to classify meanings would be an example of _______.
ethnocentrism
According to the Gini Index, a coefficient of _________ would occur if everyone in the society earned the same amount, and _______ represents if one person earned all the money and everyone else earned none
0, 100
The following laws contributed to the growing incarceration rate from the 1970s to 2000, EXCEPT _________.
"Fair Play"
While most married women in heterosexual relationships now share responsibility for the breadwinner role, many men do not accept their share of domestic responsibilities. Consequently, many women have a:
"second shift".
Nearly _______ of all Americans are unable to come up with $2000 for an emergency within 30 days.
1/2
Prison population in 1990:
1179200
The view that language is a source of power and social control and that it perpetuates inequalities between people and between groups because words are used to "keep people in their place" is representative of what theoretical perspective?
Conflict
__________ theorists stress that schools are agencies for reproducing the capitalist class system and perpetuating inequality in society.
Conflict
9.5 million people work for at least 27 weeks of the year but still live below the poverty line- they are called the "working poor". Researchers who study this population might want to examine barriers to full-time employment, minimum wage, and larger economic inequalities. They would probably use a ___________ perspective.
Conflict Theory
The "sociological imagination" is
Connecting individual life events ("biography") to larger social contexts ("history")
__________ is the systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life.
Content analysis
_________________ is "the reciprocal influence of individual upon on another's actions when in one another's immediate physical presence."
Interaction
__________ is the respect or regard with which a person or status position is regarded by others: it includes fame, respect, honor, and esteem.
Prestige
Which of the following is not an ethical violations in sociological research?
Talking to participants face-to-face
Studying social life through the lens of front stage, back stage, and role performance is called ____________.
dramaturgy
_____________ is the money a person receives for work, transfer, or returns on investments.
income
__________ is a system of symbols that allow people to communicate. We use it to express our thoughts, but our perspectives can also be shaped by it.
language
In________ feminism, gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity. The roots of women's oppression lie in women's lack of equal civil rights and educational opportunities.
liberal
In ____________ feminism, race, class, and gender are forces that simultaneously oppress African American women.
multicultural
Social inequality and poverty have both economic and structural/institutional sources. According to the text, a major source of poverty is:
the low wages paid for many jobs.