SOC 214 Midterm Exam Study Guide
The Steps of Conflict Resolution
1. Address recurring, disturbing issues 2. Identify new desired behaviors 3. Identify perceptions to change 4. Summarize your partner's perspective 5. Generate alternative win-win solutions 6. Forgive 7. Avoid defense mechanisms
What are the nine types of cohabitation relationships?
1. Here and now 2. Testers 3. Engaged 4. Money savers 5. Pension partners 6. Alimony maintenance 7. Security blanket cohabiters 8. Rebellious cohabiters 9. Marriage never (cohabitants forever)
Steps of Research
1. Identify the topic or focus of research 2. Review the literature 3. Develop hypothesis 4. Decide on type of study and method of data collection 5. Get IRB approval 6. Collect and analyze data 7. Write up and publish results
What are two types of androgyny?
1. Physiological androgyny - refers to intersexed individuals (their genitals are neither clearly male or female 2. Behavioral androgyny - refers to the blending or reversal of traditional male and female behavior (a male may be passive and gentle; a female may be very assertive and selfish)
The 4 Characteristics of Addiction to Instant Messaging
1. Preoccupation of IM 2. Loss of relationships due to overuse 3. Loss of control 4. Escape
Principles of Effective Communication
1. Prioritize communication 2. Avoid negative and make positive statements to your partner 3. Establish and maintain eye contact 4. Establish empathy 5. Ask open-ended questions 6. Use reflective listening 7. Use "I" statements 8. Touch 9. Use soft emotions/take responsibility 10. Identify specific new behavior you want 11. Stay focused on the issue 12. Make specific resolutions to disagreements 13. Give congruent messages 14. Share power 15. Keep the process of communication going
Androgyny
A blend of traits that are stereotypically associated with masculinity and femininity
Homonegativity
A construct that refers to antigay responses such as negative feelings (fear, disgust, anger), thoughts ("homosexuals are HIV carriers), and behavior ("homosexuals deserve a beating)
Blended Family
A family created when two individuals marry and at least one of them brings a child or children from previous relationship of or marriage (also referred to as a stepfamily)
Polygamy
A form of marriage that involves more than two spouses
Pantagamy
A group marriage in which each marriage of the group is "married" to the others (also known as a three-way marriage)
US Census Bureau's Definition of a Family
A group of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption
Friends with Benefits Relationship (FWBR)
A relationship between nonromantic friends who also have a sexual relationship
Internalized Homophobia
A sense of personal failure and self-hatred among lesbians and gay men resulting from the acceptance of negative social attitudes and feelings toward homosexuals
Sternberg's Triangular View of Love
A view of love that consist of three elements (intimacy, passion, and commitment); the various types of love are: NONLOVE: absence of intimacy, passion, and commitment (2 strangers looking at each other from afar LIKING: intimacy without passion or commitment (a new friendship described as partners liking each other) INFATUATION: passion without commitment or intimacy (2 people flirting with each other at a bar) ROMANTIC: intimacy and passion without commitment (love at first sight)
Gender Postmodernism
Abandons the notion of gender as natural and emphasizes that gender is socially constructed
What are the three sexual values?
Absolutism - the belief system based on unconditional allegiance to the authority of religion, law, or tradition Relativism - sexual decisions are made in reference to the emotional, security, and commitment aspect of the relationship Hedonism - belief that the ultimate value and motivation for human actions lie in the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain
What did Eagan et al. 2013 study?
Almost three-fourths (73%) of undergraduate students that were interviewed identified that raising a family is an essential objective
Trends in Gender Roles
Both sexes are starting to be considered as equal, and women and men may pursue the same occupational, political, and domestic roles Women are now starting to develop a sense of independence and ascendency
Generation Y
Children of the baby boomers, typically born between 1979 and 1984 (also known as the Millennial or Internet Generation)
Structure-function Framework
Emphasize how marriage and family contribute to the larger society
The Women's Movement
Emphasized equality in education, employment, and income for women... As a result, women earned higher degrees, sought career opportunities, and earned their own income (women could afford to remain single or to leave an unfulfilling or abusive relationship)
Bioecological Model
Emphasizes the importance of understanding bidirectional influences between an individual's development and his or her surrounding environmental contexts (Ex. the individual will read what gender role behavior his or her society will tolerate and adapt accordingly)
The Biosocial Theory (Sociobiology)
Emphasizes the interaction of one's biological or genetic inheritance with one's social environment to explain and predict human behavior (Ex. a transgender person brings a personality to the culture that reflects various levels of acceptance or disapproval)
Social Learning
Emphasizes the roles of reward and punishment in explaining how a child learns gender role behavior (Ex. two young brothers enjoy playing "lady" where they put on a dress... when the father comes home, he punishes them for this)
What are the agents of socialization?
Family Peers Religion Education Economy Mass Media
Nuclear Family
Family consisting of an individual, his or her spouse, and his or her children, or of an individual and his or her parents and siblings
Binuclear Family
Family in which the members live in two households
What are the reasons for remaining single?
Financial stability Ability to pay for a wedding Doubts about self as a potential spouse Doubts about partner as a spouse Quality of relationship Doubts about self as a parent Doubts about partner as a parent Capability of being economic provider Partner capability of being economic provider Fear of divorce Infidelity In-laws Bringing children from own and partner's previous relationships together
The Primary Advantage for Remaining Single
Freedom and control over one's life
Control Groups
Group used to compare with the experimental group that is not exposed to the independent variable being studied
Sexual Revolution
Involved openness about sexuality and permitted intercourse outside the context of marriage (no longer did people feel compelled to wait until marriage for involvement in a sexual relationship)
What are the different types of sexual behaviors?
Kissing Masturbation (stimulating one's own body with the goal of experiencing pleasurable sexual sensations) Oral sex Vaginal intercourse Anal sex Cybersex Kink (typically refers to BDSM)
What are the elements of marriage?
Legal Contract Emotional Relationship Sexual Monogamy Legal Responsibility for Children Announcement/Ceremony
Biochemical Theory of Love
Love is chemical; oxytocin is an amphetamine-like chemical that bonds mother to child and produces a giddy high in young lovers
Evolutionary Theory of Love
Love is the glue that bonds parents with dependent children and spouses with each other to care for offspring
Psychosexual Theory of Love
Love results from blocked biological sexual desires
What are John Lee's love styles?
Lucid - love style that views love as a game in which the love interest is one of several partners, is never seen too often, and is kept at an emotional distance Pragma - love style that is logical and rational; the love partner is evaluated in terms of assets and liabilities Eros - love style characterized by passion and romance Mania - an out-of-control love whereby the person "must have" the love object; obsessive jealousy and controlling behavior are symptoms of manic love Storage - a love consisting of friendship that is calm and nonsexual Agape - love style characterized by a focus on the well-being of the love object, with little regard for reciprocation; the love of parents for their children is agape love Compassionate - emotional feelings toward another that generate behaviors to promote the partner's well-being
What are the views of men and women on hooking up?
MEN - Benefits more since they were able to have casual sex with a willing partner and no commitment WOMEN - More at risk for feeling regret/guilt, becoming depressed and defining the experience negatively
What sex chromosomes do men and women have?
MEN - XY WOMEN - XX
Polyamory
Multiple loves and is a lifestyle in which lovers embrace the idea of having multiple and sexual partners
Homophobia
Negative (almost phobic) attitudes toward homosexuality
What are the different categories of singles?
Never-married singles Divorced singles Widowed singles
Postmodern Family
Nontraditional families emphasizing that a healthy family need not be heterosexual or have two parents
Polygyny
One husband and two or more wives
Polyandry
One wife and two or more (up to five) husbands
Pros and Cons of Online Dating
PROS - Highly efficient, develop a relationship without visual distraction, avoid crowded uncomfortable places (like bars), can disappear quickly if want to CONS - Deceptive, fall in love to quickly, can't assess "chemistry" through computer screen, can't assess nonverbal behavior
Statistics on Arranged Marriage
Parents arrange 80% of marriages in China, India, and Indonesia (three countries representing 40% of the world's population)
Learning Theory of Love
Positive experiences create love feelings
Advantages of long distance relationships
Positive labeling Keeping the relationship "high" since constant togetherness may result in the partners being less attentive to each other Having time to devote to school or career Having a lot of one's own personal time and space
Attachment Theory of Love
Primary motivation in life is to be emotionally connected to others; children bond with parents and spouses to each other
Catfishing
Process whereby a person makes up an online identity and an entire social facade to trick a person into becoming involved in an emotional relationship
The Gay Liberation Movement
Pushed for recognition of same-sex marriage (more than 30 states have legalized same-sex marriage); this increased the visibility of gay individuals and relationships (provided support for a lifestyle consistent with one's sexual orientation)
Open-ended Questions
Questions that encourage answers that contain a great deal of information
Theories of Gender Role Ideology
Refers to beliefs about the proper role relationships between women and men in a society
Random Sample
Sample in which each person in the population being studied has an equal chance of being included in the sample
What is an STI?
Sexually transmitted infections (chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV which can lead to AIDS)
Advantages of LAT
Space and privacy Career or work space Variable sleep needs Allergies Variable social needs Blended family needs Keeping the relationship exciting Self-expression and comfort Cleanliness or orderliness Elder care Maintaining one's lifetime residence Leaving inheritances to children from previous marriages
Social Exchange Framework
Spouses exchange resources, and decisions are made on the basis of perceived profit and loss
"I" Statements
Statements that focus on the feelings and thoughts of the communicator without making a judgement on others (they are clear and nonthreatening way of expressing what you want and how you feel)
Disadvantages of LAT
Stigma or disapproval Cost Inconvenience Lack of shared history No legal protection
Texting and Interpersonal Communication
Text messaging (short typewritten messages - maximum 160 characters sent via cellphone); used to commence advance , and maintain interpersonal relationships and is viewed as more constant and private than talking on a cellphone
Oneida Community of New York and the Twin Oaks Community
The Oneida Community embraced a form of polyamory (complex marriage - every man was married to every woman) In the Twin Oaks Community half of the 100 members are polyamorous in that each partner may have several emotional or physical relationships with others at the same time
Occupational Sex Segregation
The concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations
Modern Family
The dual-earner family, in which both spouses work outside of the home
Family of Procreation
The family a person begins by getting married and having children
Family of Origin
The family into which an individual is born or reared, usually including a mother, father, and children
Experimental Groups
The group exposed to the independent variable
Extended Family
The nuclear family or parts of it plus other relatives
Family Life Course Development Framework
The stages and processes of how families change over time
Traditional Family
The two-parent nuclear family with the husband as breadwinner and wife as a homemaker
Marriage-resilience Perspective
The view that changes in the institution of marriage are not indicative of a decline and do not have negative effects
Sociological Theory of Love
The wheel theory whereby love develops from rapport, self-revelation, mutual dependency, and personality need fulfillment
The Types of Transgenderism
Transgender - a generic term for a person of one biological sex who displays characteristics of the opposite sex Cross-dresser - a generic term for individuals who may dress or present themselves in the gender of the opposite sex (a man that likes dressing as a woman) Transsexuals - an individual who has the anatomical and genetic characteristics of one sex but the self-concept of the other (a man that feels trapped in a woman's body)
Cohabitation
Two unrelated adults (by blood or law) involved in an emotional and sexual relationship who sleep in the same residence at least four nights a week for three months
Online Dating
Using the internet (and attendant technology) to find partners for fun, companionship, and marriage
Conflict Framework
View that individuals in relationships compete for valuable resources
Family Systems Framework
Views each member of the family as a part of a system and the family as a unit that develops norms of interaction
Symbolic Interaction Framework
Views marriage and families as symbolic worlds in which the various members give meaning to each other's behavior
Feminist Framework
Views marriage and the family as contexts for inequality and oppression
Nonverbal Communication
the "message about the message," using gestures, eye contact, body posture, tone, volume, and rapidity of speech (flirting is an example of both nonverbal and verbal communication)