SOC 411 Ch5

Only 1 in

1. 4 2. 16 3. job loss

Place each description in the correct location on the diagram to illustrate the logic and justification of redlining.

2. Black homeowners couldnot get loans toimprove their homes. 3. African Americans' homesfell into disrepair. 4. People viewedAfrican Americans asan investment risk.

Out of all the households that qualify for housing assistance, what percentage actually receive it?

25%

The history of northern cities, such as Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, and Gary, illustrate important changes in the racial composition of their neighborhoods. Current segregation measures in these cities reach ____ percent.

80 to 90

Based on the figure shown, which of the following conclusions can be drawn about diversity within American neighborhoods?

Conclusion(s): White Americans are the most likely to live in neighborhoods composed mostly of their own racial group. Not Conclusion(s): Segregation is mainly caused by racial minorities choosing to live away from whites. All groups live in neighborhoods where whites make up the highest percent of the population. All groups are likely to live in neighborhoods surrounded mainly by their own racial group.

Which of the following were consequences of the Mexican Repatriation Programs?

Consequence(s): Mexican immigrants were sent back to Mexico. American citizens were erroneously sent to Mexico. Not Consequence(s): Whites became threatened by the cheaper rates of Mexican labor. Undocumented Mexican immigrants were granted citizenship for cheap labor.

Middle-class blacks are less segregated from whites than poor blacks.

Falsely

Which of the following are issues affecting poor rural white communities?

Issue(s): invisibility to government leaders inadequate housing environmental devastation Not Issue(s): urban unrest white flight destruction of public housing

material

Non whites are far from good jobs and schools.

Political

Nonwhites are ignored by city council representatives.

Which of the following are reasons why housing segregation persists today?

Reason(s): Real estate agents steer white home buyers to white neighborhoods and nonwhites to other neighborhoods. On average, whites are more wealthy than Hispanics. On average, whites prefer to live in neighborhoods where they are the majority. Not Reason(s): Some homeowners associations still maintain race-based restrictions in their bylaws. On average, racial minorities prefer to live in neighborhoods dominated by their own group.

Which of the following were results of the end of legal segregation and the start of "open housing"?

Result(s): Black middle-class residents left the inner city. Whites stayed in their previously segregated neighborhoods but resisted integration, and threatened nonwhite newcomers. Whites moved to the suburbs. Not Result(s): Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1969 that required neighborhoods to have a certain percentage of white and nonwhite residents.

Real estate agents, known as "blockbusting" agents, often saw large profits in neighborhood integration. Which of the following strategies did they use to benefit from integrating neighborhoods?

Strategies Used: selling homes to nonwhites at above-market rates paying black children to go door-to-door putting up fliers that proclaimed the "take over" of the neighborhood by nonwhites Strategies Not Used: throwing rocks through white homeowners windows to make them feel crime was increasing

Skull Valley

The community is surrounded by a factory that develops chemical and biological weapons, one of the world's largest nerve-gas incinerators, a giant magnesium plant, a hazardous-waste incinerator, and a toxic-waste landfill.

Mossville, Louisiana

This community has more than thirty petrochemical and industrial plants located within a two-mile radius.

Consider this scenario: The state of Colorado does not have a policy about where its hazardous waste disposal sites are located. Private companies build their disposal sites and incinerators more closely to Hispanics and Native American communities than to white communities only because these locations have cheaper plots of land. Based on this information, which of the following is correct?

This is an example of environmental racism

Which of the images shown are most likely to be part of a colonia?

Trailer with sofa

America's sprawling suburbs originated as a racial creation, and that remains true today. Which of the following were used in the design of suburbs to reinforce racial separation?

Used to Reinforce Racial Separation: distance from the inner city gated communities zoning laws Not Used to Reinforce Racial Separation: expansion of public transportation

Symbolic

Whites believe their own stereotype that nonwhites want to live by themselves.

Select the image that represents a covenant.

book

Consider this scenario: A Somalian immigrant moves into a Somalian community in Columbus, Ohio where some of his family members live. He did not consider living in other communities. His friends try to convince him to move into a different part of the city, but he eventually buys a house in the same community. Which concept does this example reflect?

ethnic community thesis

ethnic community thesis

immigrants seek out ethnic enclaves but could afford to live elsewhere

From 2000 to 2015, poverty levels in the suburbs _____.

increased

Why is interracial conflict between blacks and Koreans so high today?

many poor blacks feel that Korean entrepreneurs have taken their jobs.

spatial assimilation thesis

new immigrants self-segregate in enclaves and rely on the enclave economy for their start

The racial uprisings throughout the 1960s directly resulted in policies aimed at improving conditions in the ghetto.

true

ghettoization

virtually all members of a group live exclusively in one set of neighborhoods

39%

would move away from a neighborhood if it was one-half black

35%

would move to a neighborhood if it was one-half black

52%

would move to a neighborhood if it was one-third black

49%

would not feel comfortable in a neighborhood that was one-half black

Civil rights advocates promoted "open housing" and an end to legalized housing discrimination. Which of the following pieces of legislation put this into law?

Civil rights act of 1968

Which of the following best explains why poorer neighborhoods have poorer public schools?

Schools are largely funded through local property taxes.

Today, roughly

1. 25 percent 2. half 3. eviction

Standing Rock

Despite significant resistance, the Dakota Access Pipeline was constructed across the community's only water source.

Many hazardous waste disposal firms target Native American reservations as locations for their businesses. Identify the reasons why reservations are attractive places for these firms.

Reason(s): Reservations are not subject to state laws regarding dumping. Reservation residents are economically vulnerable. Not Reason(s): Native Americans do not understand the dangers of toxic waste. Federal tax rates for businesses are 50 percent lower on Native American reservations.

The United States is more segregated today than it was at the end of the Civil War.

True

Over a million...

...households were evicted every year between 2000 and 2016.

Four out of the five...

...large cities with the highest eviction rates were majority black in 2016.

One in nine...

...renter homes was issued an eviction judgment in 2016 in Richmond, Virginia.

Between 1990 and 2010, the share of metropolitan census tracts that are racially integrated

1. increased 2. remained 3. West and Southwest

Poor Native Americans and African Americans are exposed to some of the worst air and water pollution in the country.

1. 2.8 2. 60 3. 46

Between 1910 and 1930, more than 1.5 million

1. African Americans 2. north 3. 3 million

Historically, countries have dealt with public housing in different ways.

1. European countries 2. The United States 3. increase

In the early and mid-1900s, migration and urbanization dramatically changed American cities.

1. Mexicans 2. Native Americans 3. tribal statuses 4. African Americans

Racial uprisings were expressions of rage and suffering caused by a racist system.

1. police action 2. looters and undesirables 3. discrimination 4. a revolt

Federal law encouraged racial segregation because lawmakers feared that integrated neighborhoods would result in unrest that would decrease

1. property values 2. redlining 3. urban renewal 4. another individual's use

The following killings led to racial uprisings and protests in black communities. Place the events in chronological order.

1. the assassination of martin luther king 2. the acquittal of white police officers 3. the killing of 17 4. the police shooting of michael 5. the death of freddie gray

Place the racial groups in order based on their suburbanization rates from most to least likely to live in the suburbs.

1. whites 2. asians 3. hispanics 4. blacks

In the early 1900s, American cities became increasingly segregated. Which of the following factors contributed to this trend?

Contributing Factor(s): the rise of industrialism the laws restricting where nonwhites could live "the new immigration" of European Americans out of the slums Not Contributing Factor(s): the mass migration to southern U.S. cities

Consider this scenario: There are four home buyers who are black, white, Native American, and Asian. They have similar jobs, similar levels of income and wealth, and are equally qualified for a mortgage loan. They each work with the same realtor to find a house to purchase. Based on this information, which of the following outcomes would you expect?

Expected Outcome(s): The white home buyer would be least likely to be shown homes in integrated neighborhoods Unexpected Outcome(s): They would all be shown approximately the same number of homes by the realtor. If only one of them experienced discrimination, it would be the Asian person. They would receive the same interest rate.

The authors draw upon Massey and Denton's observation that "a ghetto is a set of neighborhoods that are exclusively inhabited by members of one group, within which virtually all members of that group live." Based on this definition, which of the following groups have experienced ghettoization in the United States?

Experienced Ghettoization: African Americans Did Not Experience Ghettoization: Chinese Hispanics Italians

In the mid-1960s, many racial uprisings took place in poor black neighborhoods. Which of the following are explanations for these riots?

Explanation(s): protests against police violence anger over white-owned businesses in black neighborhoods that mistreated blacks Not Explanation(s): increased gang violence white neighbors' anger over integration of urban communities

Throughout the early 1900s, the racial and economic landscape of American cities and towns gradually changed. Which of the following best describes how neighborhoods were distinguished from one another in the 1920s as compared to the earlier part of the century?

Neighborhood distinctions shifted from ethnic divisions to race and class distinctions

Identify the true and false statements about Native Americans today.

True Statement(s): There is immense cultural variation within Indian nations. A large proportion of America's indigenous population lives on reservations. Non-Native Americans are often ignorant about the lives of Native Americans today. False Statement(s): Most American Indians live in very similar ways that their ancestors lived centuries ago.

Biracial adolescents raised in white suburbs often identify as white until they participate in which institution or activity?

college

The boxes in the figure shown represent houses in a neighborhood. If the white boxes represent white residents and the shaded boxes represent nonwhite residents, which of the following best describes this neighborhood?

evenness and isolation

Who was the infamous city planner who evicted hundreds of thousands of people from their homes to remake New York City neighborhoods and infrastructure?

robert moses

Consider these four individuals: a Hispanic teacher earning $60,000 per year, an African American salesperson earning $62,000 per year, a Hispanic janitor earning $8.00 per hour, and an African American food service worker earning $8.10 per hour. Based on this information, which statement accurately describes the neighborhood in which they live?

the hispanics earning $60K per year