Soc final exam

_________ is an act that breaks a law.

A crime

Which one of the following is an assumption underlying labeling theory?

A person is not considered deviant until they are defined as deviant by someone with the power to do so.

__________ are people that have not violated rules of a group and are treated accordingly.

Conformists

_______ is any behavior or appearance that is adheres to the norms and expectations of the group.

Conformity

High rates of incarceration are THE measure of a justice system's effectiveness

False

Hispanic males have the greatest chance of spending some time in prison

False

Structural strain exists when opportunities for reaching culturally valued goals are open to all

False

The response to structural strain known as ritualism involves people dropping out of the system that failed them.

False

White collar crime does not depend on an illegitimate opportunity structure.

False

Which one of the following statements best corresponds with Durkheim's perspective on deviance?

It is impossible for any society to be entirely free of deviance.

_________________ include(s) the methods used to teach, persuade, or force people to comply with norms and expectations.

Mechanisms of social control

Which one of the following statements about norms is considered false?

Norms exist to prevent harm to self and others.

Which of the following statements best describes the situation of those in prison?

Only a small portion of those who commit crimes are in prison.

Which one of the following statements is most closely associated with differential association theory?

People learn criminal behavior from closely interacting with those who engage in and approve of law-breaking activities.

______________includes the corporations and agencies with an economic stake in building and supplying correctional facilities and in providing services.

Prison-industrial complex

__________ are people that have broken the rules and are caught, punished, and labeled as outsiders.

Pure deviants

_______________ includes those whose rule breaking is considered so significant that it cannot be overlooked or explained away.

Secondary deviants

__________________ are people who have broken the rules but whose violation goes unnoticed.

Secret deviants

For sociologists, it is the group's response to a behavior or appearance that ultimately determines whether it is considered deviant

True

If we accept that criminal behavior is learned we can think of criminals as kinds of conformists

True

In the U.S. white collar crime and corporate crimes are typically handled by regulatory agencies

True

Local, county, state, and federal governments have come to rely on prison labor for road work and other routine maintenance work.

True

Most victims do not report crimes to the police

True

Rebellion is a response to structural strain that rejects both culturally valued goals and means of attaining them

True

The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world

True

Which one of the following is an informal sanction?

a frown

Durkheim argued that the ritual of identifying and exposing a wrongdoing is an emotional experience that gives a sense of order to the community. The idea suggests

a group that went too long without noticing deviance would lose its identity

A person whose life and identity are organized around the facts of deviance is

a secondary deviant

A student writes, "I used to sell drugs. I was very careful. I watched who I sold to and didn't take any new customers. I was never caught." This student can be classified as

a secret deviant.

In sociologist Terry Williams' study of teenagers working for drug suppliers, he learned that the justice system does not send juveniles to prison or treat them as adults. The practice offers teens

an illegitimate opportunity structures

Structural strain induces a state of culture chaos known as

anomie

In sociologist Terry Williams' study of teenagers recruited by drug suppliers, he found that teenagers were recruited because

as minors they could not be sent to prison

Which demographic category has the greatest chance of being involved with the U.S. correctional system?

blacks

Probation, home incarceration, jail, and residential facilities are all tools of

correctional control

From a sociological point of view, deviance is any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged or condemned because it

departs from the norms and expectations of some group

Durkheim argued that, even among groups considered exemplary, some seemingly insignificant act or appearance will be treated as deviant,. This argument explains why Durkheim believed that

deviance is present in all societies

Durkheim argued that deviance would be present, even in a "community of saints." This statement suggests that

deviance serves an important purpose

The position of pharmacist offers the opportunity to steal prescription drugs. This possibility speaks to

illegitimate opportunity structure.

Someone makes a resolution to go to college with the plan to take internet courses and pay people to complete the course work. According to Merton's typology of responses to structural strain this response qualifies as

innovation

The strategy "change the rules to win the game" best applies to which response to structural strain?

innovation

An 80 year old woman shoplifts regularly but seems to avoid detection. This is because her age

is not an expected auxiliary status.

Ridicule, imprisonment, and withdrawal of affection are examples of _______ sanctions

negative

Police officers employ _____________ sanctions when they arrest people suspected of breaking the law.

negative formal

Six-year-old Martha picks up her toys and puts them away. Her father smiles and pats her on the back. The smile and pat represent a ____________ sanction.

positive informal

An employee who uses a company cell phone to make personal calls is likely to be labeled

primary deviant

Jane knows that she is expected to go to college after high school. She decides that she values experiential learning and instead of enrolling in college she enrolls in the Peace Corp. According to Merton's typology of responses to structural strain this response qualifies as

rebellion

Retreatism is a response to structural strain that involves

rejecting both cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieving them

Sammy finds that he cannot get a promotion at work unless he has a college education. Sammy does not value college but decides to get the degree because he feels he has to choice but to go. He even does quite well, but he still resents that he has to do this. According to Merton's typology of structural strain this response qualifies as

ritualism

According to Merton's typology of responses associated with structural strain, a college graduate who takes a job bagging groceries would be classified as a

ritualist

A U.S. Bureau of Justice survey of crime victims documented that almost 50 percent of violent crimes go unreported. This fact suggests that there are large numbers of __________ in U.S. society.

secret deviants

Howard Becker wrote, "No one really knows how much this phenomenon exists, but the amount is very sizable, much more than we are apt to think." Becker was writing about

secret deviants

The only characteristic common to all forms of deviance is the fact that

some social audience regards the act or appearance as deviant.

Ideally, conformity should be

something people want to do

There are many behaviors, such as couples living together before marriage, that were once considered deviant and are not longer widely perceived as such. The shifting nature of what is considered deviant suggests that it is

something that a group has defined as such.

Informal sanctions are

spontaneous, unofficial expressions of approval or disapproval

Which on the following countries has the highest incarceration rate?

the United States

The sociological contribution to understanding deviant behavior is the emphasis on

the context under which deviant behavior takes place.

Facial hair or a chin strap slightly off angle is treated as a "crime" in military boot camps. This situation suggests that something is "criminal" because

the group has defined it as such

An imbalance between valued goals and legitimate means occur when the

the sole focus is on achieving valued goals by any means necessary

Under which of the following circumstances is a person least likely to be falsely accused of committing a crime?

times of rapid economic growth

The repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell reveals an important fact about the nature of deviance. That fact is

what is considered deviant varies across time and place.

Labeling theorists maintain that determining whether an act is deviant depends on all but which one of the following?

whether a deviant act was actually committed

In the case of ________, offenders occupy positions in the organization that permit them to carry out illegal activities discreetly

white-collar crime

Sutherland and Cressy wrote about "crimes committed by persons of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupations." They were writing about

white-collar crime.

Which demographic has the lowest chance of being involved with the U.S. correctional system?

women

When sociologists study crime, they ask questions like ,

"Who avoids detection, who gets caught, and who goes to prison?"

As a response to structural strain, the innovator seeks to achieve a desired goal by any means necessary

True

Compared to male counterparts, American women have a lower chance of being involved with the U.S. correctional system

True

A person takes on a(n) _______________ when his or her deviant status becomes more important than any other status he or she occupies.

master status of deviant