SOCI EXAM 2

What is the key takeaway of Chapter 7 of iGen?

- igeners are running scared, want security in an economically insecure world - igeners are cautious about going into business for themselves - igeners are very interested in becoming well off and less focused on meaning than previous generations - igeners feel increasingly demoralized about whether they will be able to succeed. Psychologists call such beliefs external locals control - defeatist attitudes such as external locus of control

sex

A biological construct that is defined by external genitalia, chromosomes, and internal reproductive organs.

Dr. Twenge refers to iGen'ers as having "defeatist attitudes" due to their locus of control (p. 192). However, how might a sociologist explain the orientation of iGen'ers, especially as related to what has happened over the past several decades when it comes to rising economic inequality in the U.S.?

A sociologist may say that what Twenge views as "defeatist attitude's" is actually due to economic inequalities

Generalized other

As they get older and engage in more organized games, like sports, they develop an understanding of the "generalized other" that represents society as a whole, with all of its norms and values.

Wealth

Assets one owns minus debts.

What explanations does Dr. Twenge offer for the rapid declines in religious participation and spirituality among iGen?

Igen is more individualistic. Many distrust religion because they believe it promotes anti gay, many associate religion with rigity and intolerance. Believed religious people are anti gay, judgemental, hypocritical. Some think the rules are too strict.

What indicators does Dr. Twenge use to argue that iGen is the "safety generation"? (Here you will want to be familiar with the quantitative data that she presents regarding both behaviors and attitudes.)

Igen teens are safer drivers, more likely to wear seatbelts, less likely to get in a car with a drunk driver, less likely to take risks Igeners see physical fighting as pointless and risky Children are more protected by their parents Fewer children and teens dying in cars Safest genderation in US history: drink less, fight less, wear seatbelts, and drive safer

What do the data say regarding reasons to go to college?

Igeners are less focused on getting general education, and more focused on getting better jobs. Learning is less important. Igeners believe that college is a place to prepare for a career in a safe enviorment

What is the key takeaway of Chapter 5 of iGen?

Igeners are less religious and less spiritual than previous generations. Religion has declined.

taking the role of the other

Imitating those around them

estates

In an estate system, there is very limited social mobility, but those with the lowest standing have more freedom than slaves. In this system, laws distribute power and rights on the basis of social standing.

class-based

In these systems, members of a given social class share common economic statuses and lifestyles and have social mobility.

gender socialization

learning gender begins before birth continues throught the course of life

What is socialization? When does socialization begin and end? Why is socialization so important to society?

lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms (beliefs, behaviors, and values) of a culture in order to become functioning members of society.

Definition of Agents of Socialization

people, organizations, institutions, and social contexts that help us to learn the norms (beliefs, values, behavior) of our culture through 4 main agents

Economic inequality explained on a meso level

residential segregation, quality of schooling

the "me"

the reflective self that has learned the rules of society and attempts to control and direct the "I" into socially acceptable behavior

Feeling questions

understand how an interviewee felt during a situation Ex: "How did the earthquake make you feel when it was happening? How do you feel now that the shaking and aftershocks have stopped?"

What are structured inequities? Drawing on the large lecture notes, can you given an example of a historical as well as a contemporary structured inequity that might serve to perpetuate economic inequality?

unequal advantages and disadvantages built into our social institutions both historically and today Historical Example: Separate schooling, water fountains, classrooms for white people vs. people of color Contemporary Example: poor children must attend public school while rich children can attend private school

generalized other

Our perceptions of the attitudes of a whole community.

What is Cooley's looking glass self? How might you apply that concept in modern context?

"I am not what I think I am, I am not what you think I am; I am what I think you think I am" - compared to a selfie: based on what we think you're thinking about us - Idea is individuals develop their concept of self by observing how they are perceived by others

the "I"

"I" spontaneous, unpredictable, impulsive acts without considering social consequences. acting on wants Ex: thirsty, hungry

Why is the process of "taking the role of the other" so important to establishing broader social order?

"Taking the role of the other" begins when very young children engage in what Mead called taking the role of the other, or imitating those around them, putting themselves in someone else's shoes and seeing what kind of reaction they get.

1. In recitation you had the opportunity to review studies focused on violence against members of the transgender community, and how that violence is reported on in news outlets. You should be aware of the content that was covered.

"When combining all three forms of violence reporting it becomes clear that among transgender people, known others are physically and sexually assaulting transgender people at high rates, and strangers are physically and sexually assaulting transgender people, but also harassing them and causing other types of violence and abuse." 22 trans people have died each year due to violence.

What does it mean that we "do gender" in everyday life?

"doing gender" Gender is not a fixed identity we take with us into our interactions... It is the product of those interactions. a "routine, methodical, and recurring accomplishment embedded in everyday interaction"

In your own words, what is the argument that Dr. Twenge is making about safe spaces? Why does she argue they were created in the first place, but what does she say they have evolved to be? What data (or other information sources) does she present to try to make this case?

"one should be safe not only from sexual assault and car accidents but also from people who disagree with you". Safe space is a place where LGBT and minorities know they will be accepted. Protecting anyone from any viewpoint that may upset them.

What is the second shift and who works more at this shift? What is emotional labor and who is most responsible for it?

"second shift" is unpaid labor at home once you get home from work. Women are often more responsible for this emotional labor & work more at this shift

How does Conflict theory shed light on gender dynamics and relations?

(Feminist theory and queer theory) How the 7 institutions (family, religion, economy, education, government, health care, and media) impact our lives. Conflict theorists who study inequality between men and women focus on how male dominance affects the unequal allocation of resources to women and men. Focuses on unequal distribution of resources to each gender, the roles they assign to girls and boys and women and men

What do the data say regarding the importance of helping, being empathetic, making a contribution to society, and being willing to donate?

- Compared to Millenials, more igeners entering college say its important to help others in difficulty and more high school students say making a contribution to society is important. - Igeners want to make a difference in the world. - Fewer igeners express empathy for those unlike themselves. More agree with taking a neutral stance. - Igeners want to contribute but not as inclined to take action.

How do iGen'ers attitudes toward sex, as well as their sexual activity, differ from older generations?

- Igeners are less likely to go on dates and have sex in high school, postponing romatic relationships until later, many not being in a relationship even in college. - Don't have to be stuck in one lane. Dating apps (tinder). - More igeners find premarital, and sex between young teens not wrong at all as compared to other generations. - Decline in sex, but more oral sex. - Multiple sexual partners instead of avoided relationships. - Economic success is more important so sex is a "distraction" - More awareness of sexually transmitted diseases, and teen pregnancy, sex isn't taken as lightly - Fear of sexual assult - Decline because of porn and sexting

How many babies are born intersex in the U.S.?

1 in every 1500 babies are born intersex in the US

According to George Herbert Mead, how does an individual develop a social self? What three stages of childhood development did Mead identify?

1) Imitation children (under 3) observe and imitate significant others 2) Play children (age 3-5) take the roles of significant others, but do not yet understand complex relationships ex: playing doctor, firefighter - starting to understand 3) Game children take the roles of multiple others concurrently - children are moving away from significant others in the family and begin to develop relationships with reference groups (ex coaches, teammates, parents in the stand)

Gender

A social concept associated with being male or female that is taught to us and continually created by us through interactions with others.

meritocracy

A society in which those with the most talent rise to the top and are appropriately rewarded for their contributions.

Do male or female dominated professions tend to pay better?

A. Male professions tend to pay better

structured inequalities

Advantages and disadvantages built into social institutions.

Why is it so important to sociologists to emphasize that gender is a social construct?

Because gender isn't biological, it's social construct a choice of how one chooses to represent themselves on a day to day basis established through interactions.

Why is the family such an important agent of socialization?

Because its primary socialization that occurs at the time 0-5

Dr. Twenge argues that iGen'ers focus on "safety" extends to their orientation toward work and shopping or accumulating material possessions. Can you explain her argument in your own words, and in particular explain why she thinks that iGen'ers are more interested in finding steady work than they are in buying things?

Because they have a more realistic view of careers and their greater work ethic should serve them well with managers accustomed to the more demanding millennials - Materialistically: igeners are used to online shopping, and quick results, They are more interested in houses, vacations, and the latest technology

nature

Biology, how we are born.

Drawing on the data in Chapter 5, what has happened with Black-White religious service attendance and belief in God over time? How does religious participation now vary by SES and geographic location in the U.S.?

Black teens religious attended barely decreased while white teens religious attendance plummeted. The races are much farther apart in religious attendance than they used to be.

According to the textbook, what has been happening with income inequality in the U.S. over the past several decades? CEO's now make how much more money than their unskilled workers? What percent of Americans will fall into poverty at some point in their lives?

CEOs get paid 312 times more than their workers

When compared to other generations, are iGen'ers more or less focused on intrinsic rewards in their work?

Compared to previous generations at the same age slightly fewer igeners are focused on intrinsic rewards such as jobs that is interesting, where you can learn new things, and where you can see results of what your doing. Many igeners just want to hate their jobs. - Igeners are practical, forward looking, and safe

role strain

Competing demands within a particular social role and status. Ex: being a student

Economic inequality explained on a macro level

Conflict Theory - Power concentrated in the hands of elites control ideology and means of production - categorical disadvantages linked to gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, etc. - Historical exclusion - colonialism, slavery, Jim Crow - globalization - automation - de-unionization - rise of low wage, non benefit, contingent employment

appearance

Consists of everything from dress to age, sex, and race to ethnicity, to nonverbal forms of communication like body language and gestures

In recitation, you reviewed the "culture of poverty" argument. What does the argument state and what do data show that serve to challenge that argument?

Culture of poverty: Blames lifestyle and attitudes of the poor for their poverty: values disengaged withs society, living in an environment that only fosters poverty. has been disproven the data shows: most poor people door work, poor neighborhoods are systematically disadvantaged

social class

Distinctions among groups of people in terms of income, education, and occupation or access to means of success.

income

Earnings from employment, government programs, investments, or inheritances.

What is economic inequality? You should be familiar with the data presented in class as well as the data presented in your textbook that offer a portrait of economic inequality from the global to the national level.

Economic Inequality unequal distribution of economic resources (income and wealth) Global level: There are high-income (like the United States and Canada), upper-middle-income (like Mexico and Brazil), lower-middle-income (like Cambodia and India), and lower-income (like Haiti and Niger) countries. We can also see that inequality is a global phenomenon. National Level: United States has higher rates of economic inequality than many other nations. Wealth and income inequality has been widening for decades in the US

Economic inequality has many consequences, including in terms of education, health and life expectancy, and housing and neighborhood quality. Your book offers numerous examples, and we reviewed some additional examples in large lecture. You should be familiar with this material.

Educational Attainment, Employment Rates, Incarceration Rates, Health Outcomes, Housing, Neighborhood Quality. Takeaway: Various forms of inequality are interconnected.

Gender differences are clear in the labor force and show how gender has become institutionalized in education and employment. On Wednesday in large lecture, we reviewed key findings from the report What's It Worth? Can you explain how educational attainment, race, and gender affect differences in annual earnings?

Educational Attainment: attaining a graduate degree results in higher pay than bachlors degree Race: whites have a higher median earning for 10/15 majors Asians 4/15 Gender: gender inequality is expressed in pay differences. Men earn more than women

gender as social structure

Emphasizes that gender incorporates socialization, social interactions, and organizational structures and that these are all dimensions of every society's gender structure.

What is the difference between an estate, caste-, and class-based system? Which system characterizes the U.S. economy? How does social class reproduction work in the U.S.?

Estate: limited social mobility more freedom than slavery Ex: pesantry different rights based on social position of parents Caste System confine people to social groups for their life Ex: In India, Dalitis are constricted to dealing with human waste Class-based system can move between classes, most mobility (US) Social Class reproduction in US: based on income, occupation, education. through which members of the upper class ensure that their children maintain their status. Children from lower income groups receive far fewer supports, and their families have less political power to advocate for changes to policies that would enhance their opportunities. In the US, at the top of the class ladder are the power elite, members of the corporate community that dominate politics in Washington, they have power and influence over government decisions affecting every facet of U.S. life, including health care, education, tax policy, and regulation of industries.

gender scripts

Expectations for behavior appropriate for our assigned genders.

Gender socialization is a powerful process that begins before/at birth and continues throughout the life course. How do the following institutions / agents of socialization contribute to the gender socialization process?

Family: gender reveal party "it's a boy!" new parents make the sex of their baby known dressing them in all pink or blue, not many gender neutral clothing options. Parents perceive much greater differences between male and female babies than actually exist and help create the differences that we see later in childhood and on into adulthood. Ex: parents interact with their sons in more aggressive physical manner and their daughters in a more conversational manner. Media: advertisements, television and radio news, talk shows, magazines, and movies all instruct us on what a woman and a man should be and the consequences of not living up to these ideal. Ex: paw patrol see 2 female dogs behaving in stereotypical female way. Ex: movies portray women as sex objects School: The hidden curriculum consists of the attitudes, behaviors, and values the educational system transmits outside the formal curriculum. Ex elementary school boys and girls line up separately Peers: as we get older, peers are powerful agents of socialization. The way you walk, talk, and dress and the activities you choose all help create masculine or feminine images. Students who do not conform to stereotypical expectations are much more likely to be bullied.

What are the 4 agents of socialization?

Family: primary agent of socialization, and first, because interaction with family is so intense from infancy to childhood School: children learn how to interact with authority figures that aren't their parents, learn rules and norms particular to school context, follow instructions, cultural values, interact with peers, socialization in school Peers: as children get older they spend more time with peers and less time with family . Peers often expect conformity to a set of particular social norms relating to appearance, behavior, language, and so on. Accordingly, young people, surrounded by peers in school, often face pressure to conform to the norms accepted by their classmates. Ex: often deviant behavior Media: we live in a media-saturated society and are very much shaped by this constant stream of images and information

Specifically, what do the data say regarding 12th graders motivation to go to school

Fewer 12th graders think school will help them later in life , fewer believe doing well in school is important for getting a good job. High schoolers don't see the point in going to school.

In your own words, what is the key takeaway of Chapter 8 of iGen?

Fewer igens are having sex, fewer in committed relationships, fewer prioritize marriage and family.

What explanations does the book offer for why iGen'ers may have "fewer opportunities for sex"?

Fewer opportunities for sex because igeners spend less time with their peers in person. Too busy on phones.

Garfinkel often had his students engage in breaching experiments. How did such experiments help to reveal the presence of (often invisible) social norms?

Garfinkle studied the most basic, trivial, everyday interactions focused on language and simplistic small talk. Ex: saying "how are you" but not really caring how someone is, just expecting "good how are you" response - The breaching experiment revealed that breaking everyday small talk made people really uncomfortable

hooking up

Generally means getting together at the end of an evening for the purposes of an intimate, no-strings-attached encounter.

What is the glass ceiling? What evidence exists that there is a glass ceiling for women and minorities, while there is something more akin to a glass escalator for men?

Glass Ceiling unofficial barriers that women face in advancing to the upper levels of an organization. For most of prestigious professions women have a smaller percentage of the profession. Gender Elevator: Differences in career advancement between men and women: men have hidden advantages, valued just for being men in female-dominated fields (i.e., Most principals are men while most K-12 teachers are women, male nurses are paid more)

In recitation you covered Goffman's dramaturgical approach. Can you explain it and describe what impression management is and why people use it in everyday life? What is the difference between the front stage and the back stage?

Goffman used the metaphor of theater to describe how our social lives are a kind of performance Impression Management presenting yourself the way you want others to see you "successfully staging a character" Front Stage Where we actively perform our roles using impression management to compel a certain reaction from our audience Ex: in a classroom taking notes acting as a student Back Stage Where we are "out of character" and no longer preforming Ex: home alone

This chapter concludes with several ideas for how we might lessen the wealth gap. Can you identify and explain those approaches?

Higher taxes on wealthy, universal basic income, raising federal minimum wage, improving worker benefits, universal access to health care, preschool

How does Symbolic interactionism shed light on gender dynamics and relations?

How is gender constructed and learned through socialization from birth? Symbolic interactionists believe that boys and girls learn ways of behaving through interaction with parents, teachers, peers, and mass media. Sociologists who study socialization see gender as socially created rather than biologically based but assume that gender is difficult to modify once we have learned it. - those of us who identify as women create and re-create ourselves as women every day by the clothes we wear, our hairstyles, and, for many, makeup.

social class reproduction

How members of the upper class ensure that their children maintain their status

cisgender

Identifying gender consistent with the sex assigned at birth.

What is the difference between income and wealth?

Income is money received in exchange for services or investments, such as a paycheck, stock return, or Social Security benefits. Wealth is the worth of your assets (e.g., savings accounts, houses, cars, and investment portfolios holding stocks and bonds) minus your debts.

Can you offer the correct definition for an internal locus of control and an external locus of control? On average, do iGen'ers have a stronger internal or external locus of control when compared to other generations.

Internal locus of control one believes he/she is in control of his/her life, External locus of control believes ones life is controlled by outside forces. Igeners tend to believe eternal locus of control

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? Which does Dr. Twenge say fits iGen's general orientation to the world? What data (or other information sources) does she present to try to make the case that iGen is more about "money than meaning."

Intrinsic meaning, helping others learn Extrinsic money, fame, image Igen is more about money than meaning due to income inequality.

How would you characterize iGen'ers attitudes toward getting married and having children (especially relative to their focus on work)?

Just as likely to say they will get married. Attitudes towards marriage is less positive. More likely than millennials to question marriage because theyre are few good ones. Think it's a good idea to live together before getting married. Question institution of marriage more. Unsure about kids. Marriage being put off till later, fewer women having children out of marriage - Fewer believe marriage and family life are important, and fewer college students find raising a family important - "being well off financially" and "helping others in difficulty" ranked higher than "raising a family" on life goals. For the first time in decades

In recitation you discussed by gender inclusive language matters in shaping our social world. Can you explain, in your own words, why language matters so much (and why symbolic interactionists pay so much attention to language!)

Language shapes our world and perception of the world around us. By changing our language we use a ground up process to address institutionalized gender inequality, normalize inclusive terminology, better address issues without alienation.

socialization

Learning through social interaction how to follow the social norms and expectations of your society

resocialization

Learning to adapt to new social norms and values. Ex: after someone spends time in jail

setting

Location of the "performance" or social interaction

What do iGen'ers think most of their peers want in terms of a relationship versus just "hooking up?" And what do they say they actually want for themselves? Where do you think the contradiction comes from?

Many believe relationships conflict with individualism. Difficult to learn about yourself when with someone else. Fear of intamcy and hooking up. They actually want successful finances and careers above family.

nurture

Our cultural and social learning.

sexuality

Our emotional and physical attraction to a particular sex.

The media? What kinds of messages do children's books, music, news and advertisements, and television shows send about sex, gender, and sexuality?

Media: advertisements, television and radio news, talk shows, magazines, and movies all instruct us on what a woman and a man should be and the consequences of not living up to these ideal. Ex: paw patrol see 2 female dogs behaving in stereotypical female way. Ex: movies portray women as sex objects

How is the labor force segregated by gender?

Men are more labor, industrial, engineering, ceos, higher up positions, whereas women are higher in psychology and health care.

What is the gender wage gap? What is the pay differential for women and men who work the same jobs? How does this vary by race and ethnicity as well? What explains the gender wage gap?

Men make more than women. Whites have higher median earnings.

The structural functionalist perspective relies on the idea that society is based on a ____________. What does this mean?

Meritocracy; everyone has an equal start and opportunity in life, but then based on work ethic, output are going to win the race

structural mobility

Occurs when changes in the economy create or destroy jobs for workers.

self-identity

Our own understanding of who we are that is shaped by our interactions with others

What indicators does Dr. Twenge to measure public as well as private religious participation?

More Americans are less religious publicly and privately. Most are disconnected from religion entirely within their home and their heart.

intergenerational mobility

Moving from the social class in which one was born.

Can you explain the nature vs. nurture debate? How does the study of feral children shed light on the importance of the "nurture" side of the debate?

Nature = biology, nuture = our cultural and social learning Feral children live in isolation was then found at age 10 behaving like an infant, this goes to show how much nurture and our social interactions with others in the process of socialization shape us

intersex

Not clearly biologically male or female.

transgender

People who identify as a gender other than the one assigned to them at birth.

agents of socialization

People, groups, institutions, and social contexts that contribute to our socialization

peer pressure

Pressure to conform to the norms of one's peers.

How can queer theory help thinking move "beyond the binary" of gender?

Queer theory has questioned, challenged, or denied binary distinctions (gender vs sex, hetero vs. homo, male vs. female, nature vs. nurture).

Sex and gender are often used interchangeably, but sociologists offer distinct definitions for the two concepts. Can you offer clear definitions for sex and gender?

Sex is defined as A biological construct that is defined by external genitalia, chromosomes, and internal reproductive organs, where as gender is a social concept associated with being male or female that is taught to us and continually created by us through interactions with others.

What do the data show regarding how online time and social media use affect individualistic attitudes?

Relative risk of individualist attitudes and behaviors from spending 20+ hours a week on the Internet during leisure time - Igen less interested in news than previous generations - Spending more time on computers, and less time driving and seeing their friends in person - Social media and internet use linked to individualistic attitudes

What was once true of religious affiliation in the U.S.? What has been happening over recent decades—and especially since the 2000s—when it comes to religious affiliation among iGen?

Religious practices has declined. Some are still spiritual but not religious, and some are not spiritual and not religious.

What is the difference between social reproduction and resocialization?

Resocialization: is where one learns to adapt to new and different norms and values Ex: New workplaces, new schools, new environments. ect., covid Social Reproduction: where in social norms and values are passed down through generations Ex: Cultural norms such as showering, brushing our teeth, ect.

caste

Rigid systems that confine individuals to social groups for their lifetimes, assigning them specific roles in a society with tight rules over the relationships among castes.

What does social mobility refer to? What is the difference between upward, downward, and intergenerational mobility? What has been happening with social mobility over time in the U.S.?

Social Mobility mobility is the movement between social classes in a society Upward mobility when they climb up the economic ladder Downward mobility when their class position falls Intergenerational mobility is a change in social class from one generation to the next. A person from a poor family who graduates from college and gains employment as an accountant and a middle-class salary provides an example of this type of class mobility

What is social stratification? How does social stratification relate to the notions of property, power, and prestige?

Social Stratification: individuals and groups are ranked in society according to the valued resources they possess Property what we own Power who we control Prestige recognition we receive

Our position in the social strata is shaped by which social attributes that are of special interest to sociologists?

Social attributes: class, race, gender

Why does economic inequality exist and persist? How would a structural functionalist or a conflict theorist answer that question?

Structural functionalist perception of economic inequality: functional because it encourages competition, rewards talent, ensures visual roles will be fulfilled - requires a meritocracy Conflict Theorist perception of economic inequality: Power concentrated in the hands of the elites control ideology and means of production

How does Structural functionalism shed light on gender dynamics and relations?

Structural functionalists typically equate sex and gender and see men and women as essentially different and complementary. - Men play instrumental roles in society, being leaders and breadwinners, and women play expressive roles (housework, taking care of children, nurses, teachers, secretaries) , supporting men and providing nurturance for children and the elderly.

primary socialization

Socialization that occurs in childhood, the most intense time for socialization

According to the theory of gender as social structure, what are the three elements that help to create and reproduce gender roles and gendered relations?

Socialization, social interaction, institutions/organizations

socioeconomic status

Status determined by class, status or prestige, and power.

Which of theories is rarely used anymore in contemporary sociology?

Structural Functionalism

In recitation on Friday, you watched a video regarding gender socialization as related to children's toys. What did the video show regarding "girly" and "boyish" toys?

That adults often give girly and boyish toys depending on the gender of the baby. In this video they dressed up a male as a girl and a female as a boy and had volunteers play with them with toys. And because of their genders the volunteers chose specific toys to give and play with the children, show how family place a key factor in gender socialization.

identity

The characteristics by which we are known.

social reproduction

The continuation of society's culture across generations

Dr. Twenge concludes that iGen's caution keeps them "safe," but also comes with costs. What are some of the costs that she presents?

The costs she presents are that igeners are less likely to be killed in car accidents or die in homicide, but more likely to commit suicide, more fearful, not confronting their fears, their caution makes them more vulnerable

gender wage gap

The gap between the wages women and men earn.

Schools including teachers, administrators, and peers? What is the hidden curriculum and how does it help to establish gender norms?

The hidden curriculum consists of the attitudes, behaviors, and values the educational system transmits outside the formal curriculum.

gender segregation

The practice of labeling certain fields of employment as for either men or women, which has led to relatively few women in high-paying jobs.

ethnomethodology

The study of the "ethno" (meaning ordinary or everyday) methods people use to make sense of their social interactions

glass ceiling

The unofficial barrier women and minorities face when trying to advance to the upper levels of an organization.

social interactions

The way individuals behave and interact with other people

social stratification

The way valuable goods and desired intangibles are distributed in society.

What are transformative assets? Why are they so important in shaping life outcomes?

assets that individuals receive-typically from relatives- that transforms their lives

economic inequality

Unequal distribution of economic resources.

upward mobility

When one climbs up the economic ladder.

downward mobility

When one loses a class position.

role conflict

When one's different social roles conflict with one another.

front stage

Where an interaction actually takes place.

back stage

Where one prepares for an interaction.

Q: Ty wanted to include the following question on his in-depth, qualitative interview guide: How much less time did you spend in class and on homework during the pandemic? What is the main issue with Ty's question as it is currently written? a. It is too vague and open-ended. b. It is a double-barreled question. c. It too narrow. d. It involves a hypothetical scenario.

b. It is a double-barreled question.

In your own words, what is the key takeaway of Chapter 6 of iGen?

igen is the "safety generation", igeners take less physical, intellectual, social, and emotional risks and are also more extrinsically (job, money) focused than intrinsically (meaning, learning) focused

What has happened with iGen not just in terms of formal religious participation, but also in terms of their faith or spirituality?

igeners are actually less spiritual as well as less religious.

Sensory questions

information about what was seen, heard, touched, etc.

Q: If I interviewed a college athlete to find out what they did at soccer practice and at home during the pandemic, I would most likely ask: a. Experience and Behavior Questions b. Opinion and Value Questions c. Sensory Questions d. Knowledge Questions

a. Experience and Behavior Questions

Q: Kara wanted to include the following question on her in-depth, qualitative interview guide: Did you stay at home with your parents during the pandemic? What is the main issue with Kara's question as it is currently written? a. It is a close-ended question. b. It is a double-barreled question. c. It too broad. d. It involves a hypothetical scenario.

a. It is a close-ended question.

Opinion and values questions

ask about beliefs or to garner an opinion Ex: tell me about why you support same sex marriage

Relationships questions

ask about who the interviewee is involved with, their networks - open ended - whats happened in someones life, who their involved with, network involved in, about their relationships Ex: when did you know your marriage was over?

Experience and behavior questions

ask what the interviewee did, behaviors, actions or activities - open ended, behavioral oriented Ex: "Tell me about a typical day at work before the earthquake."

Q: If I interviewed a structural engineer to learn about why a building collapsed in a disaster, I would most likely ask: a. Relationship Questions b. Feeling Questions c. Knowledge Questions d. Sensory Questions

c. Knowledge Questions

Q: Alicia wanted to include the following question on her in-depth, qualitative interview guide: How do you think life would have been different during the pandemic if you had two parents in the household? What is the main issue with Alicia's question as it is currently written? a. It is too vague and open-ended. b. It is a double-barreled question. c. It too narrow and close-ended. d. It involves a hypothetical scenario.

d. It involves a hypothetical scenario.

Demographic questions

demographic information like age, gender, race, family structure, years of education, etc. Ex: what is your major?

Economic inequality explained on a micro level

family background, socialization, logics of parenting, education

Knowledge questions

gaining factual knowledge about a situation Ex: "From your expert vantage point as an engineer, why did the bridge fail during the earthquake?"

Social Strata

group based categories that lead to layering and ranking in society