SOCIAL PSYCH CH. 1
4 goals of scientific research
Description Prediction Control Explanation
informed consent
a research subject's agreement to participate after being informed of any potential risks and his or her right to withdraw at any time without penalty
social learning perspective
a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on past learning experiences as determinants of a person's social behaviors
social cognitive perspective
a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on the mental processes involved in paying attention to, interpreting, and remembering social experiences
Sociocultual perspective
a theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in influences from larger social groups
evolutionary perspective
a theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in the physical and psychological predispositions that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce
two types of experimental methods
lab experiments and field experiments
Equity and Exchange Theories
life as a social transaction (cost/rewards) *under social cognitive perspective
what drives this social behavior?
norms within cultural groups social class differences nationality/ethnicity fads EX: employees at IBM wear blue shirts to work so apple wears blue shirts to work
theories
-A theory explains existing observations and predicts new ones. Theories are scientific explanations that: -Connect and organize existing observations -Suggest fruitful paths for future research.
what drives this social behavior
-Classically conditioned preferences For example, the feeling of fear at sight of person who hit you. -Habits rewarded by other people For example, a boy who fights frequently after his father praised him for winning fight with neighborhood bully. -Imitating the rewarded behavior of others EX: teen boy decides to become a musician after watching an audience scream for someone at a concert
random assignment
-Everyone in our study has an equal chance of being assigned to any group. -What if all the "smart" people got assigned to the highest study time group? Our results are confounded - we cannot tell which variable is the cause of any changes we observe, because their effects are mixed.
what drives this social behavior
-Genetic predispositions inherited from our ancestors that promoted their survival and reproduction, such as: The tendency to automatically recognize an angry face The tendency for mothers to feel protective of their children EX: infants are born with mechanisms that induce hormonal changes in their mothers which helps care for the child
operation definitions
-Identifies one or more specific, observable events or conditions such that any other researcher can independently measure and/or test for them. -it reduces variability within and between observers.
scientific method
-Observe some aspect of the universe. -Invent a tentative description, called a hypothesis, that is consistent with what you have observed. -Use the hypothesis to make predictions. -Test those predictions by experiments or further systematic observations and modify the hypothesis in the light of your results. -Repeat steps 3 and 4 until there are no discrepancies between theory and experiment and/or observation -(analyze your results and make decisions).
what must u have in an experiment
-Random selection of participants from the population maximizes generalizability. -Random assignment of participants to groups minimizes pre-existing differences
random sampling
-Randomly select participants from a population that you wish to generalize to. -Everyone in the population of interest has an equal chance of participating in our study. -This is rare, indeed. This limits generalizability, or the population of people we can generalize our study to include. -Therefore, we can only generalize to OOTSI: Others Of The Same Ilk (type or kind; the same).
what drives this social behavior
-What we pay attention to -How we interpret and judge social situations -What we retrieve from memory EX:if u pass a homeless person on the street, u may be more likely to help if you interpret it as something beyond his control, if u think hes a good person.
experiments
-factors of interest are manipulated and other factors are held constant. THIS ALLOWS FOR CAUSAL REFERENCES IN CONCLUSIONS!
naturalistic observation
-inconspicous recording of behavior as it occurs in a natural setting -strengths:spontaneous behaviors, doesnt rely on peoples ability to report to their own experiences -weaknesses:researcher may interfere, interesting behaviors are rare, researcher may selectively attend to certain events and ignore others, time consuming
case study
-intensive examination of a single person or group -strengths:rich source of hypothesis and allows study of rare behaviors -weaknesses:observer bias, difficult to generalize findings form a single case, impossible to reconstruct causes from complexity of past events
lab experiments
-involve the direct manipulation of (independent) variables and the observation of their effects on the behavior of other (dependent) variables. -strengths:allows for cause-effect conclusions, allows control of extraneous variables -weaknesses:artifical manipulations may not represent relevent events as they unfold, responses may not be natural bc they know theyre being observed
field experiments
-involve the manipulation of independent variables using unknowing participants in natural settings. -strengths: allows cause-effect conclusions, participants give more natural responses -weaknesses:manipulations may not be natural, less control of extraneous factors than in a lab experiment
nature vs nurture
-nature is in ur genes and nurture refers to your childhood, or how you were brought up.
survey
-researcher asking people direct questions -strengths:allows study of difficult- to- observe behaviots, thoughts, and feelings -weknesses:people who respond may not be representitive, people may be biased or untruthful in responses
social psychology
-scientific study oh how peoples thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people.
correlation studies
-show a relationship between variables, but they do not show a cause-and-effect relationship.
hypothesis
-working assumption about a cause/effect relationship. -tentative explanation for a phnenomenon, often stated in the from of a prediction together with explanation for the outcome
confirmation bias
People have a tendency to remember evidence that supports their theories and ignore evidence that refutes their theories
Psychological perspectives in social psychology
Sociocultural Evolutionary Social learning Social cognitive
ways to collect data
Ways to collect data: -Correlational Methods -Case study -Naturalistic observation -Surveys -Experiment
debriefing
a discussion of procedures, hypotheses, and subject reactions at the completion of the study :benefits: benefits the participants bc it lets them learn more about that specific experiment and research in general, and it help researchers learn how the participants viewed the procedures, they wanna see if they perceived the experiment in the way the investigator wanted
we can divide the tasks of scientific social psychology into two general categories?
description: need this to have an objective and reliable de explanation: explains why people influence one another in the ways they do
Attribution/Information Processing Theories
effect of thinking on behavior *under social cognitive perspective
negative correlations
indicates that an increase in one variable is associated with an decrease in another variable.
curvilinear relationship
indicates that an increase in one variable is associated with an increase AND a decrease in another variable.
positivve correlations
indicates that an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in another variable.
Cognitive Consistency Theories
striving for consistency in feelings, beliefs, or attitudes and behavior *under social congnitive perspective
what must they be to be scientific?
theories and hypthesis's must be falsifiable (capable of being tested)