Social Psych- Chapter 10
________ theory holds that people are happiest in their relationships when their rewards and costs are comparable to the rewards and costs of their partners.
Equity
If an architect were to capitalize on functional distance, and design an apartment building in which all tenants had an equal chance of taking advantage of the propinquity effect, the building would have which of the following features?
It would be circular, with elevators, laundry facilities, and mailboxes equidistant from all tenants.
Keep in mind Caryl Rusbult's (1983) social exchange approach to relationships. Who is more likely to realize that relationships involve costs as well as rewards?
Jessica, who has been dating David for a relatively long time
Beatriz is expressive, sociable, and passionate. She is most likely to prefer a friend or romantic partner who is
emotional.
Claire and Matt are involved in a romantic relationship. Matt has recently given Claire a gold bracelet. Because there was no special occasion, Claire now feels the need to reciprocate the gift. The _____ theory of relationships is most applicable in this case.
equity
Consider the following things that a person might experience in a relationship: financial security, emotional support, social status. According to Caryl Rusbult's (1983) investment theory of love, these things that might be lost were the relationship to end are called
investments.
Recall that Tom Boyden and his colleagues (1984) found that gay men who were stereotypically masculine desired a partner who was most of all logical, and that gay men who were stereotypically feminine desired a partner who was most of all expressive. These findings support the role of_____ to influence attraction.
similarity
Physical beauty confers only limited advantages. For example, Alice Eagly and her colleagues (1991) have found that people are most likely to associate physical attractiveness with
social competence.
______ theory posits that relationship satisfaction is determined by people's perceptions of costs and rewards, their beliefs about what kind of relationship they deserve, and their estimated chances of a better alternative relationship.
social exchange
According to research conducted by Robin Akert (1998), _____ would suffer the most after the dissolution of his or her romantic relationship.
someone who was dumped
Diane Femlee (1995) asked 300 college students to reflect on the last relationship they had ended, to list the things that first attracted them to their former partners, and to list the things that they disliked most about their partners around the time of the breakup. If Michelle is like the some of Femlee's participants who experienced a "fatal attraction," she will probably say,
"At first I loved how spontaneous Patrick was, but after a while he was so undependable and irresponsible."
Donellan and his colleagues (2008) examined a study of twins to determine whether there was a biological link to attachment styles. Their work indicated that ___ percent of anxious attachment and ___ percent of avoidant attachment styles are genetically linked.
45; 39
Research examining the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype cross-culturally has found that
Americans and Koreans both believe that more attractive people are more sociable, friendly, popular, and likable.
Results of a study by Jankowiak and Fischer (1992) examining love across 147 cultures shows that cultures in _________ tend to have the greatest percentage of cultures with passionate love.
Eurasia
Which of the following adages most directly contradicts research findings on the propinquity effect?
Familiarity breeds contempt.
Dave is low-skilled in his interpersonal style-he tends to see interactions as simple and focuses on what was accomplished. His partner, Lynn, is high-skilled and tends to focus on the psychological aspects of their conversations. According to information in your text, what is likely to happen between Dave and Lynn?
They are likely to be frustrated with each other because they are dissimilar.
The Chinese concept of yuan refers to
a belief that interpersonal relations are predestined.
When people with ______ and ______attachment styles become couples, it is often because they fit each other's relationship schemas.
avoidant; anxious/ambivalent
Melanie doesn't find it easy to trust other people and says that she doesn't "need anybody." In all likelihood, Melanie's _____ attachment style can be traced to a caregiver who _____.
avoidant; was aloof and distant
Cross-cultural research indicates that Chinese couples value _________ more and American couples value _________ more.
companionate love; passionate love
The term "functional distance" refers to
distance and exposure to others that follows from certain aspects of architectural design.
You are strongly attracted to Mario, and you very much want him to like you, too, but you're afraid that if you open your mouth, he won't like you. If you're too nervous to interact with Mario, you can take advantage of the mere exposure effect and
frequent the same coffee shop that he goes to, making sure that he sees you every day.
When Leon Festinger and his colleagues studied friendship patterns among married couples in an apartment complex at MIT, they found that people who lived at the foot of the stairs or near mailboxes had more friends on upper floors than did other people who lived on the first floor. This illustrates the power of _____ to influence friendship patterns.
functional distance
Recall that Paul Sergios and James Cody (1985) conducted a replication of the study by Elaine Hatfield (Walster) and her colleagues (1966), in which men and women were paired at random for a "blind date" dance. In their study, Sergios and Cody studied gay men. They found that
gay men are similar to heterosexuals in the importance of attractiveness.
According to research conducted by Michael Cunningham and his colleagues (1986, 1995), there is overlap in what men and women find attractive in the opposite sex. For example, both men and women find _____ attractive in members of the opposite sex.
large eyes and prominent cheekbones
While some of the things that make people happy tend to be relationships with others, the absence of meaningful relationships can
lead to feelings of loneliness, hopelessness, and alienation.
Consider the following quote from Elaine Hatfield and Richard Rapson (1993): Does "dinner at an expensive restaurant on Monday balance out three nights of neglect due to a heavy work load"? In other words,
long-term, intimate relationships are governed by looser notions of equity.
According to research presented by the authors of your text, someone who is low-skilled in their interpersonal style would be more likely to have a better friendship with someone who is
low-skilled.
Recall that Judith Langlois and her colleagues (1990) used computer graphics to generate composite faces that reflected the exact mathematical average of the facial features of a large number of individual photographs. They then asked participants to rate the attractiveness of the composite photograph and the individual photographs that were combined to make up the composite. These researchers found that
participants preferred the composite photo to the individual photos.
Often, toward the beginning of romantic relationships, we experience _________, whereas after the relationship has continued for a number of years, we experience ____________
passionate love; companionate love
Computer chatrooms, e-mail, and discussion lists may influence interpersonal relationships because they increase the __________ of people who would not otherwise meet.
propinquity
Katie and Jon are in the same accounting class, they live in the same wing of their dormitory, and they usually both study at the campus coffeehouse in the morning before class. Over time, Katie and Jon become attracted to each other. What force is most likely at work here?
propinquity
According to the tenets of evolutionary theory, reproduction is more costly (in terms of time, energy, and effort) for females than it is for males. Thus, it is advantageous for males to ______ and for females to _______.
pursue many females; pair infrequently, and with a carefully chosen male
Susan Andersen and Sandra Bem (1981) conducted a variation of the getting-acquainted telephone study by Mark Snyder, Elizabeth Decker Tanke, and Ellen Berscheid (1977). Andersen and Bern provided attractive and unattractive photos of men to women who interacted with men at the other end of a telephone. When the women thought that the men with whom they were speaking were the men in the photos,
results were similar to studies in which men were provided the photos.
Recall that Wheeler and Kim (1997) asked American, Canadian, and Korean students to rate the attractiveness of people in yearbook photographs, and to rate the people in the photographs on a number ofpersonality dimensions. Which of the following traits did all participants associate with physical attractiveness?
social skills
Although equity theory suggests that both partners who are over-benefited and under-benefited feel uncomfortable, the partner who is _________ is more likely to perceive inequality as a problem.
under-benefited
Recall that Rebecca Curtis and Kim Miller (1986) assigned participants at random to have a conversation. One member of each pair was given "special" information that actually changed her or his behavior. Results of their experiment reveal that when
we think someone likes us, we actually behave in more likable ways
According to social exchange theory, rewards are an important part of maintaining a relationship. For example, in Brazil, people tend to seek a "pistolao," someone who
will use his or her personal connections to help their friends.
Barbara, Britanny, Laurie, and Melissa have each adopted a different strategy in their attempts to attract Art. All else being equal, who is most likely to be unsuccessful?
Melissa, who demonstrates her independence by disagreeing with Art
According to an evolutionary approach to love, why do women prefer men with resources, whereas men prefer women who are attractive?
Resources signal competence in men; attractiveness signals reproductive fitness in women.
Although relationships in which one partner's attachment style is anxious/ambivalent and the other is avoidant usually are unhappy, there is one condition under which these couples are stable. What is that condition?
When the avoidant person is male and the anxious person is female.
The _____ concept posits that we will be attracted to people whose characteristics are the opposite of ours.
complementarity
The process of arranged marriages in many Eastern cultures
often creates very successful unions.
Perhaps the most crucial determinant of whether we like someone is whether he or she likes us. This best illustrates the power of
reciprocal liking.
Because of the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, people who express that they are madly in love are likely to report
that they feel euphoric and high
Arlene finds that even though she sat in the opposite corner of the classroom from Ronda during the entire term of their chemistry class, when they bump into each other at a party, she seems to like Ronda more than the strangers around. This is best explained by
the mere exposure effect.
Distance is to _________; as familiarity is to _______________.
the propinquity effect; the mere exposure effect
