Social Psych Chapters 4-6

Autobiographical memory

episodes recollected from an individual's life based on the combination of episodic and semantic memory

distractions can increase the percussiveness of a speech

A campaign manager has advised the candidate he represents to make sure there is a "spontaneous" demonstration of support for him during a the candidate's next major speech. Given that the candidate relies on his audience's peripheral processing of his emotion-laden persuasive messages, the demonstration is useful because

subliminal

A film studio pairs with a brewery and exclusively includes scenes of people drinking this beer or the beer standing in the background of senses throughout many of its summer blockbuster. Sales of the brewery's line of beer skyrocket. The increased sales were likely due to ______ conditioning

the attitude-to-behavior process

According to __________, events trigger our attitudes and, simultaneously, the appropriate norms for how people should or typically do behave in a given situation

implicit

Dan, an admissions officer at a private university, is informed by human resources that he is discriminating against black applicants. Dan cannot believe this, as he has no knowledge that he did such a thing and knows he wouldn't do something like this intentionally. Human resources informs him that he rejected outright the applications of nearly every applicant with a name that "sounded" black. It's likely that Dan holds ________ attitudes toward black people.

pluralistic ignorance

Erin works at a think in Washington, D.C. She is a progressive liberal and, as most of her colleagues are around her age and come from similar backgrounds, she makes the assumption that her colleagues are too, even though a large percentage of them do not identify as such. Erin has fallen susceptible to

self-affirmation

Irene consider herself to be an environmentalist and she wants to reduce her carbon footprint, One day, her husband comes home and says that he sold their electric lawn mower and used the money, plus some savings to by a new powerful gas-powered mower. Irene is shocked but when she uses the mower, she decides that she really likes it. This makes her feel uneasy, so she reminds herself of all the good environmental work she has done in the past. Irene is engaging in

he was able to repeatedly express his own attitude about the policy.

Marcus felt clearer about his attitude regarding a school policy after meeting with other students about it. The change came about because

selective avoidance

Marlon is a liberal. When he wants to watch the news on the TV, he only watches MSNBC. ON the Internet, he only views popular liberal sites such as The Nation, Salon, and Slate. When he's using Facebook, if any of friends post links with conservative viewpoints, he hides these from his feed. Marlon is resisting persuasion through the use of

causing women not promoted to be more likely to blame themselves for not being promoted.

Promoting one or a very few women into high-status positions in an organization has the result of

Rachel has hit a glass ceiling at the corporation.

Rachel has been with XYZ Corp. for over 20 years. During her time there, she has been promoted many times. She began her career as an assistant and is now a middle manager. However, in the last 10 years, she has not moved above her current role into the upper echelons of management positions at the corporation. Which of the following explains this slowdown?

essences

Some people feel that certain groups of people have some underlying, biologically-based features that distinguish that group from other groups. These supposed distinguishing features are known as

be much less inclined to associate the racial stereotype with the picture of the member of the matching race.

Suppose John has completed a study where he engaged in stereotype negation training. Given this scenario, John will likely

Tokenism

The performance of relatively trivial positive actions for members of a minority group can be later used as an excuse for later discriminatory treatment. This is known as

classical

Upon learning that soda sales are in decline, a soda manufacturer, ABC Fizz decides upon a new advertising tactic. Using demographic data, ABC Fizz discovers that 30-34 year olds show a strong affiliation with Apple products. In the new advertising campaign, the company repeatedly pairs images of its soda with 30-34 year olds using Apple products. Before long, they find that sales of their soda increase within this demographic. This is an example ________ conditioning.

When companies are in a time of crisis

When are women more likely to gain access to high-status positions?

instrumental conditioning

Which form of conditioning causes many children and young teens to hold political, religious and social views that are very similar to those of their parents

tightness vs looseness

behavior driven by personal attitudes or social norms differ

Possible selves

cognitive components of hopes, fears, goals, and threats the give a self relevant form, meaning , organization, and direction

Trivialization

convincing that either the attitudes or behaviors in question are not important so any inconsistency between them is of no importance

implementation plan

documented steps you need to take to successfully complete your tasks

introspection

privately thinking about the factors that made us who we are

self-verification perspective

processes we use to lead others to agree with our own self views

They compare themselves to extreme bigots and feel that they don't match up.

How do prejudiced people come to perceive themselves as unprejudiced?

more negatively

In a study, participants were told an African American student had been discriminated against in the grading of a paper, and had either complained about it or dealt with it by accepting responsibility. Participants evaluated the student ________ in the complaint condition than in the responsibility condition.

Women, because women are viewed as kind and nurturing.

In general, which gender do people tend to feel more positively about and why?

strong, convincing arguments from a speaker delivering a message

Jason has been listening to a talk show concerning animal rights. This is an issue that he cares deeply about and he is very knowledgeable about the topic. Jason is most likely to be persuaded by

Subtype

Mike believes that men are generally better at math and engineering than are women. He also tends to think of women as being emotional and a bit "soft." Mike recently met Karen, an attractive woman who is also a civil engineer. In most other respects, Karen fits Mike's ideas about women. Rather than revise his stereotype of women, Mike probably assumed that Karen represents a(n)

moral disengagement.

Mrs. Smith has a son, Brad, who is in the military and who is specially trained in interrogation tactics. Brad is currently on duty in Afghanistan. Mrs. Smith cannot fathom her own son being tortured, but she feels that his torturing of terrorist operatives is warranted. Mrs. Smith is experiencing

Jim, because his educational and professional background lend him credibility

Next week, there will be a debate on campus. The topic of the debate will be, "Is Climate Change a Threat?" The debate will have three participants: Jim, a scientist from Harvard; Caroline a science writer from Huffington Post; Ed, a conservative representative on the House Science Committee; and Janet, a science historian. Who will likely be more persuasive during the debate and why?

common ingroup identity

One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to recategorize outgroup members and ingroup members as both being part of a larger single social entity. This approach is known as the ________ model.

It helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair.

One result of tokenism is that it

hypocrisy

Patty is a politician running for public office. At a town hall meeting, she claims that she has always fought for and will continue to fight for LGBT community. At this, a person who does not support Patty stands up and claims that Patty only began to support marriage equality after the majority of US states had legalized same-sex marriage. This person is trying to generate feelings of

Greta, who intends to dramatically reduce her fat intake and tells others that she is greatly committed to her diet.

Wendy, Greta, Tom and Bill have all made New Year's resolutions to lose weight. Based on the information below, which of them is MOST likely to lose weight?

ego-depletion

Which of the following can contribute to a person showing attitudinal change when confronted with a counterattitudinal message

A person thinks that all Asians are good at math.

Which of the following is an example of a stereotype?

An attractive communicator is more persuasive than an unattractive communicator

Which of the following is usually true of a persuasive communicator

superordinate goals

a goal both groups desire but can't achieve alone

reactance

a negative reaction to the efforts by others to reduce our freedom by getting us to believe or do what they want

Intentions are determined by

attitudes towards the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control

subjective scales

different meanings depending on who thwy are applied to

extremity

extent to which an individual feels strongly in one direction or another about an issue

vested interest

extent to which the attitude is relevant to the concerns of individuals who hold it

less leads to more effect

less reasons or rewards for an action often leads ti greater attitude change

objective scales

meaning is the same no matter who it applies to

implicit self-esteem

measures assessing self feelings of which we are not consciously aware of

illusion of truth

more positive attitudes developed following exposure to either weak or strong arguments when little detail message processing occurred

salience

part of our identity that is the focus of our attention

reference groups

people often adjust their attitudes so as to hold views closer to those of others who they value and identify with

self promotion

people often try to ensure that others form impressions of them based off their most-favorable aspects

Risk averse

people who tend to weigh the possible losses more heavily than possible gains

Ingratiation

present yourself to others as someone who particularly values/respects them, praising them so they like you

identity fusion

the extent to which a person sees the self and the group as overlapping

forewarning

the fact that we know in advance about the persuasive intent behind such messages help resist them

self efficacy

the sense that one is capable of getting things done

social comparison theory

we compare ourselves to others because for many domains and attributes there is no objective yardstick to measure ourselves against, therefore other people are highly informative

social identity theory

we perceive ourselves differently at any given moment in time depending on where we are on the personal vs social identity continuum

self evaluation maintenance model

when we categorize self at the personal level we compare ourselves as an individual to another individual

upward social comparison

where your own performance is compared to an expert where you might not fare too well to them and feel bad about yourself

downward social comparison

where your own performance is compared with someone who is less capable than yourslef