Social Psych Exam #1 - Practice Test Questions

Cohen, Garcia, and Masters (2006) did a study in a middle school, where they randomly assigned some students to do a self-affirmation writing exercise. Which of the following best describes the results? A. White students who completed the self-affirmation exercise improved their grades, and 10 years later were more likely to have gone to college. B. Both African American and White students who completed the self-affirmation exercise improved their grades. C. African American students who completed the self-affirmation exercise improved their grades, but these improvements did not last beyond middle school. D. African American students who completed the self-affirmation exercise improved their grades, and 10 years later were more likely to have gone to college.

African American students who completed the self-affirmation exercise improved their grades, and 10 years later were more likely to have gone to college

Jake's professor tells Jake that if he is caught cheating on an exam, he will be expelled. Amanda's professor tells her that if she is caught cheating, she will have only to write a short paper about why cheating is wrong. If both students don't cheat, dissonance theory would predict that: A. Amanda and Jake will feel equally honest. B. Amanda and Jake will feel equally dishonest because were both threatened in advance. C. Jake will feel more honest than Amanda will. D. Amanda will feel more honest than Jake will.

Amanda will feel more honest than Jake will

Which of the following is the best example of a self-fulfilling prophecy? A. Bob thinks that members of the Alpha Beta Psi sorority are unfriendly and snobby. When he meets members of this sorority, most of them act in an unfriendly way toward him B. A teacher believes that boys are better at math than girls, but boys and girls do equally well at math in his class. C. Sarah is worried that her son is not gifted in music, but he does better at his piano lessons than she expected. D. Jill thinks her daughter is not a very good reader and doesn't spend much time reading to her. When her daughter goes to school, she easily learns to read.

Bob thinks that members of the Alpha Beta Psi sorority are unfriendly and snobby. When he meets members of this sorority, most of them act in an unfriendly way toward him

When Monique plays checkers with her younger sister, she lets her sister win. When sheplays with her older brother, she does everything she can to beat him. A social psychologistwould suggest that: A. Monique had a different construal of what it means to play checkers with her sister versus her brother B. At heart, Monique is a kind person C. Monique receives different rewards and punishments from her sister and brother D. Monique's personality is unstable

Monique had a different construal of what it means to play checkers with her sister versus her brother

Who of the following individuals is most likely to make a self-serving attribution? A. Roger, a professional tennis player with over a decade of experience B. LeBron, a basketball player who has been playing since he was very young C. Rory, a golfer in the very early stages of his career D. Mariano, a baseball player who has won multiple championships in the past

Rory, a golden in the very early stages of his career (because self-serving attributions are more often made in solo sports than team sports)

Research indicates that which of the following candidates would be most likely to win a political election? A. Theo, who many people believe is gay just based on his facial appearance B. Denise, whose face other people often perceive as indicating a warm personality C. Rudy, whose face is usually seen by others as indicating a cold, calculating, and powerful personality D. Vanessa, who has large eyes, a high forehead, and a small, child-like nose

Rudy, whose face is usually seen by others as indicating a cold, calculating, and powerful personality

Suppose that you and your best friend are both psychology majors and both want to go to grad school in psychology. Your friend is also a talented athlete, whereas athletics is not that important to you. One day you find out that your friend won an intramural free throw shooting contest. Which of the following is MOST likely to happen, according to self-evaluation maintenance theory? A. You will become less close to your friend. B. You will decide that you are not that interested in psychology. C. You will bask in your friend's reflected glory and congratulate him or her on winning the free throw contest. D. You will study really hard for the next psychology test in order to do better. than your friend

You will bask in your friend's reflected glory and congratulate him or her on winning the free throw contest

Which is the definition of analytic thinking? A. A type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to each other B. Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful C. A type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context D. Thinking that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless

a type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context

You know you're eating too much junk food and that it's bad for your energy and health. Which of the following will not reduce your dissonance? A. Cutting out your favorite afternoon sweets. B. Admitting you are eating too many sweets but claim that they boost your energy for studying. C. Deciding that all those health warnings are stupid exaggerations. D. Accepting the fact that your attitudes and behavior simply conflict.

accepting the fact that your attitudes and behavior will simply conflict

The "self-fulfilling prophecy" is the reason that many people A. act in ways to make predictions of their own behavior or others' come true. B. love Doomsday predictions. C. create a prophecy that they will succeed on their exams. D. make a prophecy that they will fail their exams.

act in ways to make predictions of their own behavior or others' come true

Amanda's parents tell her that if she texts while driving, they will take away her car for a year. Erin's parents tell her that if she texts while driving, they will take her car away for one weekend. Both Amanda and Erin decide not to text while driving. What would dissonance theory predict? A. Amanda and Erin will both come to believe that texting while driving is bad. B. After they go to college and are away from their parents, Amanda is more likely to text while driving than Erin is. C. After they go to college and are away from their parents, Erin is more likely to text while driving than Amanda is. D. Amanda and Erin will both think that texting while driving is OK; they avoided it so that they wouldn't be punished.

after they go to college and are away from their parents, Amanda is more likely to text while driving than Erin is

Which of the following is true? A. All human beings have the same cognitive "tools" that they can use B. American college students were more likely to notice changes in the background of a picture whereas Japanese college students were more likely to notice changes in the main objects in the foreground of the picture C. When people move from one culture to another they generally do not learn to think like people in the new culture D. East Asians tend to think more holistically and Westerns tend to think more analytically because of genetic differences between East Asians and Westerners

all human beings have the same cognitive "tools" that they can use

Asch's (1946) research on person perception provided evidence for which of the following conclusions? A. There is a primacy effect in social perception. B. First impressions serve as a filter through which subsequently learned information is interpreted. C. Even when the content of information conveyed about two individuals remains the same, the order in which we learn it can have a powerful effect on our impression. D. All of the above

all of the above

How do social psychologists formulate hypotheses and theories? A. They are inspired by previous theories and research B. They disagree with a previous researchers' interpretations of his or her study C. They construct hypothesis and theories based on personal observations in everyday life D. All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following people is most likely to be able to admit a major mistake? A. A prosecutor, because he or she is trained to pursue justice at all costs. B. A political leader, because otherwise he or she would be voted out of office. C. A member of a religious sect, because he or she can leave at any time. D. All of the above will find it hard to admit having been wrong.

all of the above will find it hard to admit having been wrong

Which of the following is most true about cultural differences in social thinking? A. Although everyone uses schemas to understand the world, the content of those schemas is influenced by the culture in which they live B. Schemas influence what people notice in the world but have no influence on what they remember C. Culture has no influence on automatic thinking D. Schemas influence what people remember but have no influence on what they notice in the world

although every uses schemas to understand the world, the content of those schemas is influenced by the culture in which they live

Which of the following is true about the use of schemas? A. when people have an incorrect schema, rarely do they act in a way to make it come true B. schemas are an example of controlled thinking C. although schemas can lead to errors, they are a very useful way of organizing information about the world and filling in gaps in our knowledge D. the schema we use is influenced only by what information is chronically accessible and not by our goals or by what has been primed recently

although schemas can lead to errors, they are a very useful way of organizing information about the world and filling in gaps in our knowledge

Research on eye gaze and perception of facial expression indicates that which of the following tends to be most quickly decoded? A. an angry face looking away from us B. a fearful face with eyes closed C. an angry face looking right at us D. a fearful face looking right at us

an angry face looking right at us

Which of the following psychological phenomena shows the least cultural variation? A. Anger facial expressions B. Fundamental attribution error C. Self-serving attributions D. Preferences regarding eye contact and personal space

anger facial expressions

A researcher is interested in whether moods vary by the day of the week. She codes the postings on thousands of Facebook pages to see whether people express more positive comments on some days than others. Which research method has she used? A. survey B. correlational method C. archival analysis D. ethnography

archival analysis

The correlational method is best at answering which of these questions? A. Does music played in department stores influence how polite people are in those stores?B. What makes people act politely or rudely in public places? C. How polite are people in public places? D. Are people from the Southern United States more polite in public places than people from the Northern United States?

are people from the Southern United States more police in public places than people from the Northern United States

Tracy and Matsumoso's (2008) research on Olympic athletes indicated that the nonverbal expression of shame was A. associated with losing for many athletes, but not those from highly individualistic cultures such as the United States. B. more often displayed rather than hidden by athletes from highly individualistic cultures such as the United States. C. different for blind athletes than it was for sighted athletes. D. difficult to distinguish from the nonverbals associated with pride among athletes from more collectivistic cultures such as Japan.

associated with losing for many athletes, but not those from highly individualistic cultures such as the United States

Which of the following is the best summary of research on automatic thinking? A. Automatic thinking is amazingly accurate and rarely produces errors of any consequence B. Automatic thinking works best when it occurs consciously C. Automatic thinking is a problem because it usually produces mistaken judgments D. Automatic thinking is vital to human survival, but it is not perfect and can produce mistaken judgments that have important consequences

automatic thinking is vital to human survival, but it is not perfect and can produce mistaken judgements that have important consequences

Suppose you wanted your friend Stephan to feel like a more assertive person. According to research on ______ , you should ask him to think of _____ times in the past when he acted in an UNassertive manner. A. representativeness heuristic; 12 B. availability heuristic, 3 C. availability heuristic; 12 D. representativeness heuristic; 3

availability heuristic; 12

When her teacher asks Kelly's class to think of an animal that starts with D, most students think of dog. Jill, who has a donkey at home, thinks of donkey. Which of the concepts below explains best why Jill had a different response than most of her classmates? A. Chronic accessibility B. Perseverance effect C. Her schema D. Representativeness heuristic

chronic accessibility

Andy likes Diana and smiles at her every chance that he gets. Diana wonders why Andy is always smirking at her sarcastically and studiously avoids him. Andy thinks he's being friendly and cannot understand Diana's standoffishness; she thinks he's a jerk and cannot figure out why he won't give up. This situation best illustrates the power of ________ in explaining social behavior. A. biases B. construals C. social influence D. attitudes

construals

Suppose Juan is in a long-term, romantic relationship but chooses to flirt with someone else. He experiences dissonance because he sees himself as loving and trustworthy, and his flirtatious behavior is incongruent with that self-perception. According to dissonance theory he could reduce his dissonance by ____________, whereas according to self-affirmation theory he could reduce his dissonance by __________. A. breaking up with his girlfriend; convincing himself that the flirting was harmless B. convincing himself that the flirting was harmless; breaking up with his girlfriend. C. thinking about how proud he is to be a premed student; convincing himself that the flirting was harmless D. convincing himself that the flirting was harmless; thinking about how proud he is to be a pre-med student

convincing himself that the flirting was harmless; thinking about how proud he is to be a pre-med student

A researcher finds that the more often people check Facebook, the worse their mood. What method did the researcher use? A. experimental method B. observational C. correlational method D. ethnography

correlational method

Which one of the following involves the least amount of automatic thinking? A. using metaphors about the body to make judgments B. self-fulfilling prophecies C. counterfactual reasoning D. acting according to goals that have been primed

counterfactual reasoning

Where do differences in holistic versus analytic thinking come from? A. different philosophical traditions of the East versus the West B. different educational systems in the East versus the West C. different weather patterns in the East versus the West D. genetic differences between Asians and non-Asian Westerners

different philosophical traditions of the East versus the West

Jennifer and Nate are walking along the street when they see a man walk out of a convenience store clutching a bag. The owner of the store runs out and shouts for the man to stop and come back. Jennifer immediately assumes that there has been a robbery, whereas Nate immediately assumes that the man forgot to get his change and that the store owner wants to give it to him. What is the best explanation for why Jennifer and Nate interpreted this event differently? A. Jennifer and Nate fell prey to the self-fulfilling prophecy B. Jennifer and Nate have different personalities C. Jennifer and Nate were engaged in controlled thinking that resulted in different assumptions about what was going on D. Different schemas were accessible in Jennifer and Nate's minds, perhaps because they had different recent experiences that primed different schemas

different schemas were accessible in Jennifer and Nate's minds, perhaps because they had different recent experiences that primed different schemas

Which of the following statements about culture and cognitive dissonance is true? A. Cognitive dissonance is a uniquely American phenomenon. B. Cognitive dissonance is more likely to occur in collectivist rather than individualist cultures. C. Dissonance occurs everywhere, but culture influences how people experience it. D. Japanese people rarely experience dissonance.

dissonance occurs everywhere, but culture influences how people experience it

The experimental method is best at answering which of these questions? A. Does playing violent video games cause people to be more rude to someone who cuts in line in front of them? B. Are people who play violent video games more likely to be rude to someone who cuts in line in front of them? C. Are people who play violent video games more likely to drive aggressively? D. How aggressively do people drive during rush hours in major U.S. cities?

does playing violent video games cause people to be more rude to someone who cuts in line in front of them

Kristin is one of the few women in her computer science class and gets a poor grade on the first test. According to self-affirmation theory, which of the following would help her do better in the class? A. Getting study tips from the professor B. Getting tutoring in the class C. Doing a values-affirmation writing exercise D. Joining a study group of other students in the class

doing a values-affirmation writing exercise

Sam is playing a carnival game challenging him to guess which of the 20 cups is hiding the red ball. Unfortunately, he picked the cup directly to the left of the winning cup and thus did not win the stuffed donkey he wanted. According to social psychological research, he is most likely to: A. blame his mistake on the noise of the crowd B. experience cognitive dissonance C. engage in counterfactual thinking D. subsequently avoid similar games

engage in counterfactual thinking

Suppose a psychologist decides to join a local commune to understand and observe its members' social relationships. This is: A. cross-cultural research B. applied research C. ethnography D. an experiment

ethnography

Which of the following is true about evolutionary psychology? A. Evolutionary approaches can generate novel hypotheses about social behavior that can then be tested with experiments. B. Most social behaviors are genetically determined with little influence by the social envi-ronment. C. It is easy to test evolutionary hypotheses by doing experiments. D. Natural selection works differently in humans than other animals.

evolutionary approaches can generate novel hypotheses about social behavior that can then be tested with experiments

The fundamental attribution error is best defined as the tendency to A. explain our own and other people's behavior in terms of the social situation, thereby underestimating the power of personality factors. B. explain our own and other people's behavior entirely in terms of personality traits, thereby underestimating the power of social influence. C. believe that people's personalities influence their behavior more than their group memberships. D. believe that people's group memberships influence their behavior more than their personalities.

explain our own and other people's behavior entirely in terms of personality traits, thereby underestimating the power of social influence

A researcher conducts a study with participants who are college students. The researcher then repeats the study using the same procedures but with members of the general population (i.e., adults) as participants. The results are similar for both samples. The research has established _______________ through ________________. A. external validity, psychological realism B. internal validity, replication C. external validity, replication D. internal validity, psychological realism

external validity, replication

In Miller's (1984) cross-cultural investigation of attribution style in the United States and India A. few cultural differences emerged with children, but among adults, Americans were more likely to make external attributions and Indians were more likely to make internal attributions. B. few cultural differences emerged with young children, but among adults, Americans were more likely to make internal attributions and Indians were more likely to make external attributions. C. among young children, Americans were more likely to make external attributions and Indians were more likely to make internal attributions, but few cultural differences emerged with adult participants. D. among young children, Americans were more likely to make internal attributions and Indians were more likely to make external attributions, but few cultural differences emerged with adult participants.

few cultural differences emerged with young children, but among adults, Americans were more likely to make internal attributions and Indians were more likely to make external attributions

At the grocery store, mothers often keep children busy by letting them "drive" the cart. Little do the children realize that the steering wheel they are playing with does not control anything. This example demonstrates our sometimes misplaced sense of the relationship between A. free will and our own behavior B. schemas and their contents C. self-esteem and our own feelings D. heuristics and their processes

free will and our own behavior

Suppose a researcher found a strong positive correlation between the number of tweets people send each day and their reported happiness. Which of the following is the best conclusion he or she can draw from this finding? A. Sending tweets makes people happy B. There is a third variable that makes people happy and send a lot of tweets C. Happy people are more likely to send a lot of tweets than sad people D. Feeling happy makes people want to tweet more

happy people are more likely to send a lot of tweets than sad people

You are reading a blog by someone whose point of view is really making you angry. Which of her arguments are you most likely to focus on and remember? A. Her smartest claims, so that you can contradict them in a post. B. Her silliest claims, because she is a silly person. C. Her smartest claims, because they are so unlikely to have come from a silly person. D. Her silliest claims, because they are consonant with your opinion that she is a silly person.

her silliest claims, because they are consonant with your opinion that she is a silly person

Although he claims to hate reality TV, Simon never misses an episode of Hoarders. Simon's behavior (i.e., watching Hoarders) is A. high in distinctiveness B. low in distinctiveness C. low in consistency D. low in consensus

high in distinctiveness

According to research in social psychology, why do many people believe that their horoscopes are accurate descriptions of who they are and what is likely to happen to them? A. Horoscopes are written in a vague way so that most people view them as representative of their personalities and past behaviors B. Horoscopes trigger automatic decision making C. People find it difficult to bring to mind examples that are similar to the horoscope D. Horoscopes automatically prime people's life goals

horoscopes are written in a vague way so that most people view them as representative of their personalities and past behaviors

A stranger approaches Emily on campus and says he is a professional photographer. He asks if she will spend 15 minutes posing for pictures next to the student union. According to social psychologists, Emily's decision will depend on which of the following? A. Whether the man offers to pay her. B. How well dressed the man is. C. Whether the man has a criminal record. D. How Emily construes the situation.

how Emily construes the situation

A social psychologist would tend to look for explanations of a young man's violent behavior primarily in terms of: A. how his peer group behaves B. what his father taught him C. possibly genetic contributions D. his aggressive personality traits

how his peer group behaves

The observational method is best at answering which of these questions? A. How polite are people in public places? B. Are people from the Southern United States more polite in public places than people from the Northern United States?C. What makes people act politely or rudely in public places? D. Does music played in department stores influence how polite people are in those stores?

how polite are people in public spaces

Which of the following is true about the ethical conduct of psychological research? A. if research participants are misled about a study they must be fully debriefed at the end of the study B. It is good scientific procedure to tell participants about the research hypotheses before they participate C. Darley and Latané could have easily tested their hypotheses about helping behavior by telling participants in advance that they would hear someone pretending to have a seizure D. it is never permissible to use deception

if research participants are misled about a study they must be fully debriefed at the end of the study

Suppose a researcher found a strong negative correlation between college students' grade point average (GPA) and the amount of alcohol they drink. Which of the following is the best conclusion from this study? A. If you know how much alcohol a student drinks, you can predict his or her GPA fairly well B. People who are intelligent get higher grades and drinkless C. Drinking a lot interferes with studying D. Students with a high GPA study more and thus have less time to drink

if you know how much alcohol a student drinks, you can predict his or her GPA fairly well

Social psychologists often do experiments in the laboratory, instead of the field, in order to: A. increase internal validity B. increase external validity C. conduct a meta analysis D. decrease psychological realism

increase internal validity

Professor X wants to make sure his study of gifted youngsters will get published, but he's worried that his findings could have been caused by something other than the independent variable, which was a new teaching method he introduced. He is concerned with the ________________ of his experiment. A. probability level B. internal validity C. external validity D. replication

internal validity

A team of researchers wants to test the hypothesis that drinking wine makes people like jazz more. They randomly assign college students who are 21 or over to one room in which they will drink wine and listen to jazz or to another room in which they will drink water and listen to jazz. It happens that the "wine room" has a big window with nice scenery outside, while the "water room" is windowless, dark, and dingy. The most serious flaw in this experiment is that it: A. is low in internal validity B. is low in external validity C. did not randomly select the participants from all college students in the country D. is low in psychological realism

is low in internal validity

Which of the following statements about impression management is true? A. It occurs in person but not during online interactions. B. It always involves an effort to depict the self as accurately as possible. C. It is usually counterproductive and "rubs people the wrong way." D. It can be a conscious or unconscious process.

it can be a conscious or unconscious process

Which of the following is most true about narcissism? A. People who are narcissistic do better academically than those who are not. B. In general, college students are becoming less narcissistic. C. It is characterized by excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others. D. People who are narcissistic have more friends and a better social life than those who are not.

it is characterized by excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others

Suppose a certain student, Jake, falls asleep during every chemistry class. Further suppose that Jake is the only one who falls asleep in this class and he falls asleep in all of his other classes. According to Kelley's covariation theory of attribution, how will people explain his behavior? A. It is due to something peculiar about the circumstances on a particular day, because his behavior is high in consensus. B. It is due to something unusual about this particular class, because his behavior is low in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency. C. It is due to something unusual about Jake, because his behavior is low in consensus, low in distinctiveness, and high in consistency. D. Chemistry is really a boring class, because Jake's behavior is high in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency.

it is due to something unusual about Jake, because his behavior is low in consensus, low in distinctiveness, and high in consistency

What was the main contribution of Gestalt psychology to social psychology? A. It emphasized how people perceive the physical world. B. It added historical perspective to the study of behavior. C. It showed that the whole is larger than the sum of its parts. D. It added an understanding of how the brain works.

it showed that the whole is larger than the sum of its parts

After spending two years of tedious work fixing up an old house themselves, Abby and Brian are even more convinced that they made the right choice to buy the place. Their feelings are an example of A. insufficient punishment. B. counterattitudinal advocacy. C. justifying their effort. D. the Ben Franklin effect.

justifying their effort

Your friend Amy asks you what you think of the shoes she just bought. Privately, you think they are the ugliest shoes you have ever seen, but you tell her you love them. In the past, Amy has always valued your honest opinion and doesn't care that much about the shoes, which were inexpensive. Because the external justification for your fib was __________, you will probably _________________. A. low, decide you like the shoes B. high, maintain your view that the shoes are ugly C. low, maintain your view that the shoes are ugly D. high, decide you like the shoes

low, decide you like the shoes

Which of the following techniques relating to post-decision dissonance could a clothing store use to increase customer satisfaction? A. Cut all prices in half. B. Ask customers to make a radio ad saying how great the store is. C. Make all sales final. D. Charge a membership fee to shop at the store.

make all sales final

What is the "hypocrisy paradigm" in experimental research? A. making participants aware of their own hypocrisy in not practicing what they preach B. requiring participants to write essays that are critical of hypocrisy C. choosing participants who are hypocrites in order to study their rationalizations D. making participants understand that everyone is a hypocrite

making participants aware of their own hypocrisy in not practicing what they preach

Which of the following is a basic assumption that social psychologists make? A. many social problems can be studied scientifically B. many people fail to help others in emergencies because they don't care about other people C. it is hard to study what effect looking at pornography has on people, because everyone is different D. social problems have complex causes and we will never know why they occur

many social problems can be studied scientifically

"Naïve realism" refers to the fact that A. most people would rather be naïve than accurate. B. most people are naïve (uneducated) about psychology. C. few people are realistic. D. most people believe they perceive things accurately.

most people believe they perceive things accurately

Researchers took photographs in randomly chosen locations in cities in Japan and the United States. They found that on average, city scenes in Japan contained more: A. businesses and advertisements B. buildings and concrete C. people and residences D. objects that competed for people's attention

objects that competed for people's attention

In terms of dissonance theory, what is the primary reason that "we" (our side) often dehumanizes "them," the enemy, seeing them as animals, brutes, or monsters? A. Our side has treated the enemy brutally and needs to justify these actions. B. The enemy started the war. C. Our side is more moral and humane than their side. D. The enemy is violent and cruel and deserves whatever we do to them.

our side has treated the enemy brutally and needs to justify these actions

Research using fMRI brain scanning technology indicates which of the following? A. East Asian participants use a greater percentage of their frontal and parietal regions when making judgments than do American participants. B. Social neuroscience data provide no support for the hypothesis that holistic versus analytic thinking styles tend to vary by cultural background. C. Participants from both cultures demonstrate greater activation in higher-order cortical regions when asked to perceive objects in a way that is unusual for them. D. Neither East Asian nor American participants are able to overcome their typical, learned ways of attending to (or overlooking) context.

participants from both cultures demonstrate greater activation in higher-order cortical regions when asked to perceive objects in a way that is unusual for them

According to the textbook, which is the best analogy to describe people's thinking abilities? A. People are skilled detectives B. People are motivated tacticians C. People are flawed scientists D. People are cognitive misers

people are flawed scientists

The two-step process of attribution suggests that A. people first make an external attribution and then correct for dispositional influences. B. Americans are less likely than Chinese to commit the fundamental attribution error. C. if the attribution process is disrupted at either step, no attribution will be made. D. people first make an internal attribution and then correct for situational influences.

people first make an internal attribution and then correct for situational influences

What is a major assumption of Kelley's covariation model of attribution? A. People make causal attributions using cultural schemas. B. We make quick attributions after observing one instance of someone's behavior. C. People gather information to make causal attributions rationally and logically. D. People infer the cause of others' behaviors through introspection.

people gather information to make causal attributions rationally and logically

Which of the following is true of the holistic thinking style? A. The holistic style of thinking has a genetic basis B. It involves a focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context C. People living in the West can think holistically if they are primed with pictures taken in Japan D. It may have its roots in the Greek philosophic traditions of Aristotle and Plato

people living in the West can think holistically if they are primed with pictures taken in Japan

Which of the following is the best summary of research on automatic goal pursuit? A. People can only select which goals to work toward using controlled thinking B. People often pursue goals that have been recently primed, without realizing that that is why they are pursuing the goal C. People never choose their goals consciously; they only pursue automatically primed goals D. People often pursue goals that have been recently primed, but only if they are consciously aware that the goal has been primed

people often pursue goals that have been recently primed, without releasing that this is why they are pursuing the goal

1. Which of the following has been found in research on Terror Management Theory? a. writing about an upcoming exam in their class caused students to become more favorable toward President Bush b. writing about their own deaths caused students to become less favorable toward President Bush c. people who answered a survey in front of a funeral home thought that more Americans agreed with them that Christian values should be taught in schools, compared to people who filled out the survey elsewhere on the same street d. writing about the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks caused students to become less favorable toward President Bush

people who answered a survey in front of a funeral home thought that more Americans agreed with them that Christian values should be taught in schools, compared to people who filled out the survey elsewhere on the same street

Which of the following is true about self-esteem and narcissism? A. Narcissism has been decreasing among college students in the United States over the past 30 years. B. Narcissists are disliked by others but do better academically and in business than other people. C. People who are optimistic (but not narcissistic) persevere more in the face of failure and set higher goals than do other people. D. The best way to be happy is to focus on ourselves and our own needs.

people who are optimistic (but not narcissistic) persevere more in the face of failure and set higher goals than do other people

Which of the following is most true about self-esteem? A. The higher a person's self-esteem, the better off he or she is. B. It's good to have low self-esteem because that motivates people to improve. C. People who are optimistic try harder, persevere more in the face of failure, and set higher goals than do people who are not. D. In general, women have lower self-esteem than men.

people who are optimistic try harder, persevere more in the face of failure, and set higher goals than do people who are not

In social psychology, why is construal so important? A. People's behavior is primarily determined by the objective circumstances they are in. B. People are aware of their biases in perceiving events. C. People realize that other reasonable people see things they way they do. D. People's behavior is affected by their interpretation of events, not only the events themselves.

people's behavior is affected by their interpretation of events, not only the events themselves

Which one of the following is NOT a theme of this course? A. Construals are steered by our motives B. Our behavior is determined by our construals of the world C. Construals and social influence can be studied scientifically D. People's behavior is influenced by the rewards and incentives that are available to them E. Construals are powerfully influenced by other people

people's behavior is influenced by the rewards and incentives that are available to them

Suppose that Mischa has found that when she sits in the first row of discussion classes she gets a better participation grade, regardless of how much she actually participates. Her positioning in front of the teacher could have an effect on how large of a role the teacher thinks Mischa has in discussion, due to A. the two-step process of attribution. B. perceptual salience. C. the teacher's use of schemas. D. the "what is beautiful is good" schema.

perceptual salience

Whereas individuals in Western cultures tend to think more like _______________, individuals in Eastern cultures tend to think more like _______________. A. introverts; extraverts B. children; adults C. psychologists; sociologists D. personality psychologists; social psychologists

personality psychologists; social psychologists

Suppose you're driving home from watching a scary movie about a hitchhiker who was a murderer when you see someone talking loudly with a friend. Because you saw the movie, you assume that you are witnessing an argument that will probably end in a fight. This is an example of: A. base rate information B. priming C. belief perseverance D. controlled thinking

priming

For social psychologists, the likely explanation of the mass suicide at Jonestown was A. the cult leader used hypnotism or drugs to coerce his followers into obedience B. processes that could ensnare almost any healthy person C. members of the cult were mentally unstable or clinically depressed D. the open, welcoming nature of the cult that made members feel it was safe to obey their leader

processes that could ensnare almost any healthy person

Which of the following is one of the ethical principles of the American Psychological Association? A. Psychologists may not use minors (those under age 18) as participants in research B. Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination C. Psychologists are not responsible for protecting the confidentiality of information they obtain from participants D. If a study is conducted over the internet, psychologists need not obtain informed consent from participants

psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination

One major assumption of Kelley's covariation model of attribution is that people gather information to make causal attributions ____ and ____.

rationally and logically

Darwin's evolutionary perspective on nonverbal communication of emotion led him to predict that facial expressions were A. related to physiological reactions that proved to be a useful way to respond to a particular type of stimulus. B. specific to particular cultures. C. a way to increase, but not decrease input through senses such as vision and smell D. universal across all animal species

related to physiological reactions that proved to be a useful way to respond to a particular type of stimulus

Which of the following is the best way to increase the external validity of a study? A. make sure you have at least two dependent variables B. make sure it is low in psychological realism C. replicate the study with a different population of people in a different setting D. conduct the study in the laboratory instead of the field

replicate the study with a different population of people in a different setting

Which of the following is the best summary of the function of schemas? A. schemas usually result in erroneous judgments because of the self-fulfilling prophecy B. schemas are very useful in helping people organize information about the world, but they are problematic when they result in self-fulfilling prophecies C. schemas are useful for helping us organize information about other people but not about events such as what we should do when eating in a restaurant D. schemas are always beneficial because they help people organize the world and fill in the gaps in their knowledge

schemas are very useful in helping people organize information about the world, but they are problematic when they result in self-fulfilling prophecies

The basic tenet of terror management theory is that A. self-esteem protects people against thoughts about their own mortality. B. people are becoming increasingly narcissistic. C. people are less terrified of dying if they are religious. D. it is important for governments to protect its citizens from terrorist attacks.

self-esteem protects people against thoughts about their own mortality

Suppose you have invited a new acquaintance over to your apartment and want to make a good impression; in other words, you want this person to like you. According to social psychological research, which of the following should you do? A. Serve the person a warm drink and hope that he or she holds it in their hands while you are talking to him or her B. Bake some cookies before the person comes over so that the apartment smells nice C. Serve the person a cold drink and hope that he or she holds it in their hands while you are talking to him or her D. Serve the person a snack on a very heavy plate

serve the person a warm drink and hope that he or she holds it in their hands while you are talking to him or her

Rachel was accepted at both University A and University B. She has a hard time making up her mind because she sees pros and cons to attending either university. Which of the following is true, according to dissonance theory? A. Whichever university she chooses, she is likely to regret her choice. B. She will experience the most dissonance right before making up her mind because it is such a difficult choice. C. She will experience the most dissonance right after making up her mind. D. Because the choice is so difficult, she is unlikely to fully commit herself to the university she chooses to attend.

she will experience the most dissonance right after making up her mind

Which of the following is true about social neuroscience? A. Social psychologists are increasingly interested in correlating different kinds of brain activity with social information processing B. Social psychologists believe that if you want to understand why people do what they do, you must understand what is happening in their brains C. Because social psychology is interested in social influence, it is not very useful to measure what is going on in an individual's brain D. This field is concerned primarily with how hormones influence social behavior

social psychologists are increasingly interested in correlating different kinds of brain activity with social information processing

Which of the following is true about social neuroscience? A. social psychologists are increasingly interested in the connection between biological processes and social behavior B. This field is concerned exclusively with how different kinds of brain activity correlate with social information processing C. This field is concerning primarily with how hormones influence social behavior D. When it comes right down to it, the brain is not very related to behavior and there is not much to be learned by measuring its electrical activity or blood flow

social psychologists are increasingly interested in the connection between biological processes and social behavior

Which of the following is true about new frontiers in social psychological research? A. Social psychologists are interested in evolutionary processes but not the role of culture B. Social psychologists are interested in the role of culture but not in evolutionary processes C. Social psychologists use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to correlate different kinds of brain activity with social information processing D. The purpose of cross-cultural research is to show that all social psychological findings are universal with no cultural variations

social psychologists use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to correlate different kinds of brain activity with social information processing

How does social psychology differ from personality psychology? A. Social psychology focuses on the shared processes that make people susceptible to social influence, whereas personality psychology focuses on individual differences. B. Social psychology provides general laws and theories about societies, whereas personality psychology studies the characteristics that make people unique. C. Social psychology focuses on individual differences, whereas personality psychology focuses on how people behave in different situations. D. Social psychology focuses on individual differences, whereas personality psychology provides general laws and theories about societies.

social psychology focuses on the shared processes that make people susceptible to social influence, whereas personality psychology focuses on individual differences

Self-serving attributions are more often made in ____ sports than ____ sports.

solo, team

Which of the following is TRUE about research on free will? A. Sometimes people underestimate the amount of control they have over their behavior B. Studies have shown that people have free will over almost everything they do C. People rarely overestimate the amount of control they have over their behavior D. The more people believe in free will, the more likely they are to engage in immoral actions such as cheating

sometimes people underestimate the amount of control they have over their behavior

Suppose you are trying to raise money for your favorite charity and you set up a table in the lobby of a campus building. Which of the following is likely to increase the likelihood that passersby will donate money? A. give them a very light clipboard with information about your charity B. spray some citrus-scented cleaning solution on the table C. show them pictures of Japanese cities so that they think holistically D. ask people to hold a cold bottle of water while they listen to what you have to say

spray some citrus-scented cleaning solution on the table

You are selling $30 souvenir books for a club fund-raiser. How could you use the technique of lowballing to improve your sales? A. Offer the customers additional incentives to buy the book, such as free cookies with every purchase. B. Start by selling the books at $40, but tell the customer he or she will get $10 back in three weeks. C. Start by offering the books at $70 each and pretend to bargain with customers, making $30 your "final offer." D. Start by selling the books at $25, but once the customer has retrieved his or her checkbook, tell him or her you made a mistake and the books are actually $5 more than you thought.

start by selling the books at $25, but once the customer has retrieved his or her checkbook, tell him or her you made a mistake and the books are actually $5 more than you thought

Over Thanksgiving break, your parents ask you if you can think of 12 reasons why your college is better than its archrival. You find it hard to come up with so many reasons and so end up thinking, "Hmm, maybe the schools aren't all that different." Which of the following mental strategies did you probably use to reach this conclusion? A. the representativeness heuristic B. base rate information C. the anchoring and adjustment heuristic D. the availability heuristic

the availability heuristic

What do social psychology and personality psychology have in common? A. They both focus on genetic contributions to personality. B. They both focus on personality traits. C. They both focus on the individual. D. They both focus on formative childhood experiences.

the both focus on the individual

Which of the following is the best description of facilitated communication? A. The facilitators believe that it is the communication impaired person who is choosing what to type, but are probably wrong and are unknowingly determining the answers themselves. B. It is a promising new way of letting communication-impaired people, such as those with autism, express their thoughts. C. Facilitated communication helps people with mild versions of autism to communicate but does not help those with severe cases. D. The facilitators, who hold the fingers and arm of communication-impaired people on a keyboard, are deliberately faking the answers.

the facilitators believe that this is the communication impaired person who is choosing what to type, but are probably wrong and are unknowingly determining the answers themselves

Mr. Rowe and Ms. Dabney meet on a blind date. They get along well until they get into his black convertible to go to a movie. Ms. Dabney is quiet and reserved for the rest of the evening. It turns out that her brother had recently been in a serious accident in that same type of car and seeing it brought up those unwanted emotions. Mr. Rowe assumes that Ms. Dabney has a cold and reserved personality, thereby demonstrating A. perceptual salience. B. a belief in a just world. C. insufficient justification. D. the fundamental attribution error

the fundamental attribution error

Megan reads a research study which shows that children who see a lot of violence on television are more likely to be aggressive on the playground. Megan thinks, "This is obvious; I could have predicted that!" Megan's reaction to the study is probably an example of: A. the hindsight bias B. psychological realism C. internal validity D. external validity

the hindsight bias

A researcher wants to see whether people are more likely to donate money to a charity when they receive a small gift from that charity. She sends an appeal for money from the charity to 1000 people. For half of the people (randomly chosen) the letter includes free address labels and for half it does not. The researcher than sees whether those who got the address labels donate more money. Which of the following is true about this study? A. The independent variable is whether people got address labels and the dependent variable is how much money they donate B. It uses the correlational method C. The independent variable is how much money people donate and the dependent variable is whether they got address labels D. The study is low in internal validity because the people who got the address labels may differ in other ways from the people who did not

the independent variable is whether people got address labels and the dependent variable is how much money they donate

In social psychology, the level of analysis is A. the individual in a social context B. groups and organizations C. cognitive and perceptual brain processes D. society at large

the individual in a social context

What is the "level of analysis" for a social psychologist? A. the individual in the context of a social situation. B. a person's level of achievement. C. a person's level of reasoning. D. the social situation itself.

the individual in the context of a social situation

Your best friend has joined a cult called "The Fellowship of Feeling." He had to spend a month in a set of increasingly severe hazing rituals; pay an $8,000 membership fee; and go along to watch older members find homeless people to harass and beat up. Your friend loves this group and keeps urging you to join. What principle of dissonance is likely operating on your friend? A. hypocrisy induction B. the justification of effort C. low self-esteem D. insufficient justification

the justification of effort

Which of the following is NOT a way in which schemas can become accessible in people's minds? A. the more negative in content a schema is, the more likely it is to be accessible B. schemas can become temporarily accessible due to priming C. schemas can be accessible due to people's past experience D. schemas can be accessible if they are related to our current goals

the more negative in content a schema is, the more likely it is to be accessible

As a result of surveying a large number of undergraduates, a researcher found the following result: The correlation between the number of hours students spent at the library and and their GPA was .63. What is the best interpretation of this finding? A. There is a third variable, such as taking college seriously, that causes people to go to the library and to have a higher GPA B. Going to the library lowers students' GPA C. The more people go to the library, the higher their GPA D. Going to the library improves students' GPA E. There is no relation between going to the library and GPA

the more people go to the library, the higher their GPA

What does the Wall Street Game reveal about personality and situation? A. Competitive people will compete fiercely no matter what a game is called. B. The name of the game strongly influences how people play the game. C. Cooperative people will try hard to get competitive opponents to work with them. D. The name of the game makes no difference in how people play the game.

the name of the game strongly influences how people play the game

Which of the following motives are central to how we construe the world? A. the needs for self-expression and creativity B. the needs to be accurate in our perceptions and convince others that they are wrong C. the needs to feel superior to others and to discriminate against them D. the needs to feel good about ourselves and to feel our opinions are accurate

the needs to feel good about ourselves and to feel our opinions are accurate

Which of the following comments does not illustrate the fundamental attribution error? A. A man says, "My wife has sure become a grouchy person" but explains his own grouchiness as a result of having a hard day at the office. B. A woman reads about high unemployment in poor communities and says, "Well, if those people weren't so lazy, they would find work." C. "The people who committed suicide at Jonestown were socially isolated and thus cut off from other points of view about their leader." D. "The people who committed suicide at Jonestown were mentally ill."

the people who committed suicide at Jonestown were socially isolated and thus cut off from other points of view about their leader

Which of the following is true about cross-cultural research? A. the purpose of cross-cultural research is to see which social psychological findings are universal and which are culture-bound B. it is relatively easy to conduct a study that is interpreted and perceived similarly in different cultures C. most social psychological findings have been found to be universal; that is, true in virtually all cultures that have been studied D. to conduct a cross-cultural study a researcher travels to another country, translates the materials into the local language, and replicates the study there

the purpose of cross-cultural research is to see which social psychological findings are universal and which are culture-bound

Social psychology is the study of A. social events, such as football games and dances B. psychological processes, such as dreaming C. social institutions, such as the church or school D. the real or imagined influence of other people

the real or imagined influence of other people

Paul Ekman and Walter Friesen traveled to New Guinea to study the meaning of various facial expressions in the primitive South Fore tribe. What major conclusion did they reach? A. Facial expressions are not universal because they have different meanings in different cultures. B. The members of the South Fore used different facial expressions than Westerners to express the same emotion. C. There are nine major emotional expressions. D. The six major emotional expressions appear to be universal.

the six major emotional expressions appear to be universal

Student A and Student B don't know each other. They both decide, at the last minute, to visit an art museum where they've never been before. They happen to bump into each other and strike up a conversation. They go out for coffee and eventually fall in love. In which case are the students most likely to think that they were destined by fate to meet each other (as opposed to it happening by pure chance)? A. The students are both African American who grew up in the United States B. Both students are Whites who grew up in Canada C. The students are both Christians D. The students are both atheists

the students are both Christians

A researcher wants to see whether people are more likely to donate money to a charity when they receive a small gift from that charity. She sends an appeal for money from the charity to 1000 people living in New York City. For half of the people (randomly chosen) the letter includes free address labels and for half it does not. The researcher than sees whether those who got the address labels donate more money. Which of the following is true about this study? A. The study is high in external validity because the researcher will be able to generalize the results to all Americans, and to other kinds of gifts other than address labels B. The study is an experiment that is high in internal validity C. The independent variable is how much money people donate and the dependent variable is whether they got address labels D. It uses the correlational method

the study is an experiment that is high in internal validity

Ambady and colleagues were able to conclude that the thin-sliced impressions formed by their participants were based on meaningful information because A. their ratings of the silent video clips corresponded strongly with the ratings that the instructors received from their actual students at the end of the semester. B. ratings were similar for silent video clips and for the same video clips when shown with audio. C. while the thin-sliced video clips were brief, it took participants a relatively long amount of time to come up with ratings of the instructors they viewed. D. their ratings based on 30-second clips were little different than their ratings based on 6-second clips.

their ratings of the silent video clips corresponded strongly with the ratings that the instructors received from their actual students at the end of the semester

Research on controlled thinking and free will shows that: A. it doesn't really matter whether or not people believe that they have free will B. people definitely do not have free will C. some primates have just as much free will as human beings D. there is a disconnect between our conscious sense of how much we are causing our actions and how much we are really causing our actions

there is a disconnect between our conscious sense of how much we are causing our actions and how much we are really causing our actions

he basic dilemma of the social psychologist is that: A. there is a trade-off between internal and external validity in most experiments B. it is hard to teach social psychology to students because most people believe strongly in personality C. almost all social behavior is influenced by the culture in which people grew up D. it is nearly impossible to use a random selection of the population in laboratory experiments

there is a trade-off between internal and external validity in most experiments

All of the following except one are part of the guidelines for ethical research. Which is not? A. When deception is used in a study, participants must be fully debriefed B. All research is reviewed by an IRB (institutional review board) that consists of at least one scientist, one nonscientist, and one person unaffiliated with the institution C. There must be a cover story for every study, because all studies involve some type of deception D. A researcher receives informed consent from a participant unless deception is deemed necessary and the experiment meets ethical guidelines

there must be a cover story for every study, because all studies involve some type of deception

What do social psychology and sociology have in common? A. They both study national institutions B. They both are concerned with personality differences C. They both examine demographic trends in society D. They both are concerned with group processes

they both are concerned with group processes

Which of the following is true about social psychological findings? A. Most people who live in the culture in which the studies were conducted could predict the findings in advance of knowing how the studies turned out. B. Most people could easily predict them in advance of knowing how the studies turned out C. Wise people such as our grandparents could easily predict them in advance of knowing how the studies turned out D. They sometimes seem obvious after we learn about them, because of a hindsight bias

they sometimes seem obvious after we learn about them, because of hindsight bias

Which of the following is NOT true about the social psychological approach? A. Peoples need to maintain self esteem often determines how they view a situation B. Social influence is often surprisingly powerful C. You can only determine causality using the experimental method D. Peoples need to make accurate judgments of the world often determine how they view a situation E. To understand the power of social influence, you have to understand the nature of the objective situation, not how people perceive it

to understand the power of social influence, you have to understand the nature of the objective situation, not how people perceive it

Researchers who study social cognition assume that people A. can't think clearly with other people around them. B. distort reality in order to view themselves favorably. C. are driven by the need to control others. D. try to view the world as accurately as possible.

try to view the world as accurately as possible

Briana undergoes treatment for drug addiction. After she leaves the clinic, Briana is most likely to stay off drugs if the treatment at the clinic was A. involuntary (she was ordered to undergo treatment) and an easy experience. B. involuntary (she was ordered to undergo treatment) and a difficult ordeal. C. voluntary (she chose to undergo treatment) and a difficult ordeal. D. voluntary (she chose to undergo treatment) and an easy experience.

voluntary (she chose to undergo treatment) and a difficult ordeal

Mary wants to find out whether eating sugary snacks before an exam leads to better performance on the exam. Which of the following strategies would answer her question most conclusively? A. Wait for exam time in a big class, ask everyone whether they ate sugary snacks before the exam, and see whether those who ate sugary snacks before the exam do better compared to those who didn't B. Wait for exam time in a big class, give a random half of the students M&Ms before the exam, and see whether the students who ate M&Ms perform better C. Identify a large number of students who perform exceptionally low and exceptionally high in exams, ask them whether they eat sugary snacks before exams, and see whether high performers eat more sugary snacks before exams than do low performers D. Pick a big class, give all students sugary snacks before one exam and salty snacks before the next exam; then see whether students score lower on average in the second exam

wait for exam time in a big class, give a random half of the students M&Ms before the exam, and see whether the students who ate M&Ms perform better

Which of the following is the most accurate conclusion based on the Jones and Harris (1967) Castro essay study? A. When a target's behavior is forced, perceivers do not attribute it to any sort of internal cause. B. We are less generous with ourselves when making attributions for negative events than we are when others are the actors. C. We are more likely to make an internal attribution for a chosen action versus a forced action. D. We are more likely to make an internal attribution when the actor in question is perceptually salient.

we are more likely to make an internal attribution for a chosen action versus a forced action

Suppose that you were sending your child to summer camp and you wanted him or her not to bully other kids there. Which of the following types of punishments/threats should you use during the months before camp, according to dissonance theory? A. Strong and immediate punishment after he acts like a bully B. Weak threats not to act like a bully-just enough to prevent him/her from bullying C. No punishment D. Strong threats not to act like a bully, so he/she will remember these threats E. Weak punishments after he acts like a bully

weak threats not to act like a bully - just enough to prevent him/her from bullying

Eleanor gets a bad grade on the first paper in her English class. To predict whether she will drop the course or stick with it, which question would a social psychologist be most likely to ask? A. What is her explanation for why she got the bad grade? B. How did she score on a personality test of persistence?C. What were her SAT scores? D. How did she do in the English class she took the previous semester?

what is her explanation for why she got a bad grade

When does "saying become believing"? A. When someone forces you to say something you don't believe. B. When what you say is what you believe. C. When you're paid a lot of money to lie. D. When you claim to have an opinion that differs from your true beliefs for no strong reason.

when you claim to have an opinion that differs from your true beliefs for no strong reason

The topic that would most interest a social psychologist is A. the extent to which people's social class predicts their income. B. what passers-by on the street think of global warming. C. how the level of extroversion of different presidents affected their political decisions. D. whether people's decision about whether to cheat on a test is influenced by how they imagine their friends would react if they found out.

whether people's decision about whether to cheat on a test is influenced by how they imagine their friends would react if they found out

Belief perseverance can help explain which of the following? A. Why people who watch news programs that refer to climate change as a hoax remain convinced of that conclusion even in the face of scientific evidence to the contrary. B. Why during jury deliberations it is easier to convince fellow jurors to change their votes from guilty to not guilty than it is to change their minds in the opposite direction. C. Why weather forecasters are better at predicting rainfall totals than snowfall totals. D. All of the above

why people who watch news programs that refer to climate change as a hoax remain convinced of that conclusion even in the face of scientific evidence to the contrary

Which of the following research topics about violence is one that a social psychologist might investigate? A. why some situations are more likely to provoke aggression than others. B. why murder rates vary across cultures. C. brain abnormalities that produce aggression when a person is provoked. D. how rates of violence change over time within a culture.

why some situations are more likely to provoke aggression than others

Based on the "Ben Franklin effect," you are most likely to increase your liking for Tony when A. you lend Tony $10. B. Tony returns the $10 you loaned him. C. Tony lends you $10. D. Tony finds $10.

you lend Tony $10

Imagine that you and your sister are both psychology majors and that you are very close to your sister. Suppose you learn that your sister's GPA in psychology classes is a lot higher than yours. According to self-evaluation maintenance theory, which of the following is LEAST likely to occur? A. You will decide that you are not that interested in psychology. B. You will bask in your sister's reflected glory and congratulate her on her high GPA. C. You will become less close to your sister. D. You will study really hard for the next psychology test in order to do better than your sister.

you will bask in your sister's reflected glory and congratulate her on her high GPA

Your best friend is a great swing dancer. You have always considered yourself a great swing dancer and swing dancing is very important to you, but your best friend is better. According to self-evaluation maintenance theory, what are you LEAST LIKELY to do? A. You will practice swing dancing frequently in order to become better than your friend. B. You will find a new best friend. C. You will frequently go swing dancing with your friend. D. You will decide that swing dancing is not all that important to you

you will frequently go swing dancing with your friend

_____ psychology holds that we should study the subjective way in which an object appears in people's minds (the gestalt, or whole) rather than the way in which the objective, physical attributes of the object combined.

Gestalt

Social psychology had its origins in A. biological psychology. B. Freudian psychology. C. Gestalt psychology. D. behavioral psychology.

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following is true about Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)? A. IRBs review psychological studies before they are conducted to make sure they meet ethical guidelines B. The purpose of IRBs is to review research after it is conducted and review any complaints C. IRBs must be made up entirely of nonscientists D. Universities can decide whether to have an IRB to approve psychological research

IRBs review psychological studies before they are conducted to make sure they meet ethical guidelines

Which of the following does NOT reflect the motive to maintain high self-esteem? A. Zach has been involved in several minor traffic accidents since getting his driver's license. "There sure are a lot of terrible drivers out there," he says. "People should learn to be good drivers like me." B. Janetta did poorly on the first test in her psychology class. She admits that she didn't study enough and vows to study harder for the next test. C. After Sarah leaves Bob for someone else, Bob decides that he wasn't really good enough for her anyway D. Students who want to take Professor Lopez's seminar have to apply by writing a 10-page essay. Everyone who is selected ends up loving the class.

Janetta did poorly on the first test in her psychology class. She admits that she didn't study hard enough and vows to study harder for the next test

Juan is renting a car and filling out the paperwork at the desk. The employee helping him, a 28-year-old blond woman, goes into the back for a moment. Another employee, a 42-year-old dark-haired woman, comes out and continues to help Juan. Which answer is most correct, based on psychological research? A. Juan might well fail to notice that a different employee is now helping him because of change blindness B. Juan will almost certainly notice that a different employee is now helping him because of counterfactual thinking C. Juan might well fail to notice that a different employee is now helping him because of the fundamental attribution error D. Juan will almost certainly notice that a different employee is now helping him because of controlled processing

Juan might well fail to notice that a different employee is now helping him because of change blindness