Social Psych Exam 2
Rosenthal & Jacobson Study
Study in which teachers were told that certain students (chosen at random) were smarter than others. In turn, these students received more attention and ended up improving more than other students
consistency information
actor's prior experience to the same stimulus
distinctiveness information
actor's response to other stimuli
5 kinds of movement
affect displays, emblems, illustrators, regulars, adaptors
schema
an organized set of cognitions about an object; a cognitive structure people use to organize their knowledge about the social world
two-step attribution process
analyzing another person's behavior first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behaviors
Jones study
attitudes toward Castro given if writers had decision of pro/anti participants made attribution errors- even when they had no choice of pro/anti
internal attibution
attributing things to just the general disposition of a person
external attribution
attributing things to the situation
Jane Elliot
blue eye/ brown eye experiment, discrimination
Kelley's Covariation Model
consistency, distinctiveness, consensus
Ekman
cross-cultural universality of facial expressions (had people ID emotions all over the world) facial coding system- codes small facial movements
display rules
cultural norms dictate which emotions should be expressed in particular situations
facial coding system
developed by Ekman looks at micro facial expressions
behavioral element of prejudice
discrimination
thin slicing
drawing meaningful conclusions about another person's personality or skills based on an extremely brief sample of behavior
affective element of prejudice
emotions
self-serving attributions
explanations for one's success that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors
encode
express or emit nonverbal behavior
primacy effect
first information drives the rest
judgemental heuristics
mental shortcuts people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently
paralinguistic language relation with perception of lying
mismatched
affect blends
mixed emotions
prejudice
negative attitudes and feelings toward another group
automatic thinking
non-conscious, involuntary, effortless
DePaulo
nonverbal behavior is irrepressible-occurs spontaneously
emblems
nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within given culture
consensus information
other people's responses to the same stimulus
discrimination
overt behavior directed at another group
study by Dion, Besheid, & Walster
people rated attractive people better on everything
Rosenthal Study (expectancy effects)
photo rating task participants acted as experimenters and subjects when "experimenters" thought certain photos were better, it also showed in their subjects
Asch Study
primacy effect the order in which characteristics are listed is important
nonverbal interaction
refers to how people communicate, intentionally, or unintentionally, without words
social perception
small bits of information on social perception and behavior
cognitive element of prejudice
stereotypes
self-fullfilling prophecy
suggests that perceivers are SO active that they actually create the information that confirms their expectations
accessibility
the extent to which schemas an concepts are at the forefront of the mind and are therefore likely to be used when making judgements about the social world
Fritz Heider
the father of modern attribution theory
actor-observer effect
we often account for our own behavior in terms of situational forces that impinge on us
decode
to interpret the meaning of nonverbal other people express
Communication channels
verbal, visual, paralinguistic
what are the two nonverbal channels of communication
visual and paralinguistic
stereotype
a generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of a group
availability heuristics
a mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgement on the ease with which they can bring something to mind
representative heuristics
a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case
halo effect
a person with one good characteristic is perceived to possess many good characteristics
social cognition
how people think about themselves and the social world- how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgements and decisons
fork tailed effect
if they are bad on one thing, they are perceived to have many negative characteristics
what effects our behavior towards others?
inferences, impressions, perceptions, judgements
korakov's syndrome
lose ability to form new memories
priming
the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept
perceptual salience
the seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to explain other people's behavior in terms of their dispositions, and to underestimate the role of the situations
belief perserverance
the tendency to stick with an inital judgement even in the face of new information that should prompt us to reconsider
bias blind spot
the tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than we are
