Social Psych Exam 2

Rosenthal & Jacobson Study

Study in which teachers were told that certain students (chosen at random) were smarter than others. In turn, these students received more attention and ended up improving more than other students

consistency information

actor's prior experience to the same stimulus

distinctiveness information

actor's response to other stimuli

5 kinds of movement

affect displays, emblems, illustrators, regulars, adaptors

schema

an organized set of cognitions about an object; a cognitive structure people use to organize their knowledge about the social world

two-step attribution process

analyzing another person's behavior first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behaviors

Jones study

attitudes toward Castro given if writers had decision of pro/anti participants made attribution errors- even when they had no choice of pro/anti

internal attibution

attributing things to just the general disposition of a person

external attribution

attributing things to the situation

Jane Elliot

blue eye/ brown eye experiment, discrimination

Kelley's Covariation Model

consistency, distinctiveness, consensus

Ekman

cross-cultural universality of facial expressions (had people ID emotions all over the world) facial coding system- codes small facial movements

display rules

cultural norms dictate which emotions should be expressed in particular situations

facial coding system

developed by Ekman looks at micro facial expressions

behavioral element of prejudice

discrimination

thin slicing

drawing meaningful conclusions about another person's personality or skills based on an extremely brief sample of behavior

affective element of prejudice

emotions

self-serving attributions

explanations for one's success that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors

encode

express or emit nonverbal behavior

primacy effect

first information drives the rest

judgemental heuristics

mental shortcuts people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently

paralinguistic language relation with perception of lying

mismatched

affect blends

mixed emotions

prejudice

negative attitudes and feelings toward another group

automatic thinking

non-conscious, involuntary, effortless

DePaulo

nonverbal behavior is irrepressible-occurs spontaneously

emblems

nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within given culture

consensus information

other people's responses to the same stimulus

discrimination

overt behavior directed at another group

study by Dion, Besheid, & Walster

people rated attractive people better on everything

Rosenthal Study (expectancy effects)

photo rating task participants acted as experimenters and subjects when "experimenters" thought certain photos were better, it also showed in their subjects

Asch Study

primacy effect the order in which characteristics are listed is important

nonverbal interaction

refers to how people communicate, intentionally, or unintentionally, without words

social perception

small bits of information on social perception and behavior

cognitive element of prejudice

stereotypes

self-fullfilling prophecy

suggests that perceivers are SO active that they actually create the information that confirms their expectations

accessibility

the extent to which schemas an concepts are at the forefront of the mind and are therefore likely to be used when making judgements about the social world

Fritz Heider

the father of modern attribution theory

actor-observer effect

we often account for our own behavior in terms of situational forces that impinge on us

decode

to interpret the meaning of nonverbal other people express

Communication channels

verbal, visual, paralinguistic

what are the two nonverbal channels of communication

visual and paralinguistic

stereotype

a generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of a group

availability heuristics

a mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgement on the ease with which they can bring something to mind

representative heuristics

a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case

halo effect

a person with one good characteristic is perceived to possess many good characteristics

social cognition

how people think about themselves and the social world- how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgements and decisons

fork tailed effect

if they are bad on one thing, they are perceived to have many negative characteristics

what effects our behavior towards others?

inferences, impressions, perceptions, judgements

korakov's syndrome

lose ability to form new memories

priming

the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept

perceptual salience

the seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention

fundamental attribution error

the tendency to explain other people's behavior in terms of their dispositions, and to underestimate the role of the situations

belief perserverance

the tendency to stick with an inital judgement even in the face of new information that should prompt us to reconsider

bias blind spot

the tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than we are