Social psych final exam questions
Emotions happen in seconds, moods for days, and traits are habitual
"Feelings" is a general term used to describe a wide range of states that include emotions, moods, and traits. These states are similar in the fact that they involve changes in subjective experience, physiological responding, and behavior in response to a meaningful event. What are the differences between these states of emotions, moods, and traits?
anxious-avoidant
A parent is insensitive and rejecting of their needs, withdraws from helping during difficult tasks, and is often unavailable during times of emotional distress. There child will most likely be _________ attached
confidante
A person you can confide in is a _______?
terror management theory
According to what theory anxiety caused by mortality is a major motivator behind many human behaviors and cognitions, including self-esteem, ethno/religio-centrism, and even love?
Put a note on the bed indicating that most of their guests reuse linens, and asking this guest to do the same.
Alice's Hotel has noticed that they spend a lot of money on water and electricity devoted to washing linens (towels, sheets, and pillowcases). In order to reduce this expense, the owner wants to encourage guests to reuse linens for more than one day. What would be the best way to accomplish this task?
anxious-avoidant
An adult doesn't care much about their intimate relationships, and are uncomfortable being depended on or depending on others. What attachment did they likely have as a child?
anxious resistant
An adult worries that others don't love them, and they often become frustrated or angry when their needs go unmet, and as a child they were clingy and dependent behavior towards caregiver, but will be rejecting towards caregiver. What attachment is this?
1 to 3 years
At what age do people appear to be the most aggressive?
discrimination.
Chukwudi believes that atheists cannot be trusted. As a result, he refuses to hire anyone who does not regularly attend church. Chukwudi's action is an example of __________
normative
Conformity that results from a concern about what others think of us is called __________ influence.
normative influence
Conformity that results from a concern about what others think of us is called __________ influence.
matching
Denita is a very ardent, right-wing conservative and always votes for Republican candidates. She recently met Troy, who she thinks is interesting and very attractive. Once she finds out that he is a very liberal individual who prefers Democratic candidates, she may no longer want to date him. This change in her opinion demonstrates the ________ hypothesis
blatant
Having conscious beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of hostility toward outgroup members that you are perfectly willing to admit reflects what type of bias?
We compare new experiences to previously stored schemas and this allows us to put forth less effort to assess those new encounters.
How is it that schemas help people save time as they have new experiences or encounter new people or objects on a daily basis?
independent self
In order to get a coworker to start contributing to a group project, you express feelings of annoyance, anger, and dislike. You hope that by expressing such emotions, your coworker will change their behavior. Using your emotions to impact the behavior of your worker is an example of:
relational
Intentionally harming another person's social relationships, feelings of acceptance, or inclusion within a group is called ________ aggression.
representativeness
Javari is teaching a psychology class and tells his students, "Kenna is 31, single, outspoken, and bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, Kenna was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues." When Javari asked his class if it was more likely that Kenna was A) a bank teller or B) a bank teller AND a feminist, most people in his class chose option B. Javari explained that their answer was incorrect because their _____________ heuristic led them astray.
negative state relief
Jeremiah knows that his roommate Hank has a financial problem, but he really does not want to pay Hank's rent this month. He does so, however, so that he won't feel guilty and sad for declining to offer help. Jeremiah's decision to pay Hank's rent is based on the ________ model.
Functional distance: There is a high amount of interaction between the individuals involved.
Many people find that online relationships, including friendships and romances, are easier to establish and maintain than they would have predicted. From a social psychology perspective, what makes these relationships so 'real'?
intelligence
Marco and Kenny are welcoming an exchange student into their home. They live in the United States and she is from Spain. They notice that she does not do laundry very often and wears the same clothes two or three times before she washes them. They try to understand these actions from her cultural background. These men are displaying a high level of cultural ________.
Dunning-Kruger effect
Mike is a pretty poor bowler, but he always brags that he can beat anyone in his league. Christoff, however, is the league champion but he always thinks that his opponent will beat him. Mike's overestimation and Christoff's underestimation of their abilities demonstrates the ________ effect.
social dominance
Mordechai lives in a neighborhood where nearly every home is owned by other orthodox Jewish families. He is very upset when he finds out that a house on his block has been purchased by a family who is Catholic. He feels that Jewish families are better than others, and does not want this family to live on his block. Mordechai is demonstrating a ________ orientation.
informational influence
Nora has decided to visit the new community recreation center for a swim. As she enters the change room she notices both of the two other people present put their shoes into a locker. Before she walks out to the pool she does the same. What concept helps explain her actions?
passive-destructive
On a popular TV show, when one character named Amy tells her boyfriend Sheldon about her recent publication in a major science journal, Sheldon ignores her big news and talks more about himself. Sheldon's is an example of __________ responding.
frustration
One external factor that can lead to aggressive behaviors is ________, which occurs when goal-directed behaviors are blocked. A good example of this would be getting stuck in traffic on your way to a class or an important meeting.
Reflexive
One proposed aspect of the self is that you reflect on and try to change your own self. This describes the self as
mental simulation
People are usually motivated in some way when making social judgments and decisions. What often occurs as a result of having directional goals?
independent cultures
People in what culture tend to give less
Hierarchies are natural, some groups are simply better than others.
People who have a high social dominance orientation (SDO) are likely to agree with which of the following statements?
conformity
Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesnt really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________.
intentionality
Sherise has acted in a way that would bring about a specific, desired outcome. In other words, she has acted with ________.
pluralistic
Sometimes a person looks to others to determine whether help needs to be offered in an ambiguous situation. When this person incorrectly concludes that no help is necessary, this is called ________ ignorance.
physiology, subjective experience, and facial expressive behavior
Studies of emotional responding tend to focus on three facets of emotional response. Which of the following includes one example of each of those three facets?
passion
The ________ component of love is comprised of physiological and emotional arousal. It can include physical attraction, emotional responses that promote physiological changes, and sexual arousal.
intrapersonal
The ________ functions of emotions refers to the roles that emotions play within each of us individually. They can include physical changes in our bodies or psychological changes in our minds
central
The ________ route to persuasion employs direct, relevant, and logical messages to convince a listener to make a specific change.
8
The happiest relationships have how many positive interactions for every one negative one?
forgiveness
The inability to show _______, or to resolve conflict with another person, can block people's ability to make positive deposits to the relationship bank account.
universality
There are many facets of culture. They include all except which of the following?
ultimatum game
There are two people, and one person is in charge of distributing resources (usually money) between themselves and the other person. They can choose how much of the resource to keep / give away. What psychological test is this?
Orlando has to give his choice out loud
Under which of the following circumstances would you expect a person to demonstrate the highest level of conformity in Solomon Asch's research protocol?
when the potential helper is the only one present who can help
Under which situation is diffusion of responsibility least likely to occur?
individualism
Vladamir comes from a culture in which his own accomplishments are very important to him because he feels that they set him apart from others. On his resume he lists the jobs he's had, the awards he's won, and the degrees that he has earned. He feels that this will help him get the new job for which he is applying. The culture in which Vladamir comes appears to value ________.
informational influence
What are ambiguous situations where we don't know much about "correct behavior" and we actively seek our information from our surroundings?
Relevance and similarity
What are the criteria that are necessary for a person to engage in the process of social comparison?
Anxious resistant
What attachment is a style that is self-critical, insecure, and fearful of rejection where the parents exhibit an inconsistent level of response?
Hostile expectation bias
What bias is is the tendency to expect others to react to potential conflicts with aggression ?
Robber's Cave experiment
What experiment refers to where boys at a summer camp bond, compete against each other for resources in cooperatively separate groups?
Anxious-avoidant
What is an Attachment style that involves suppressing one's own feelings and desires, and a difficulty depending on others, meaning they actively avoided their caregiver after separation?
social integration
What is an example of objective social variables?
Porcupine love
What is the act of finding the balance between separation and relationships?
aggression causes harm, but violence causes extreme physical harm
What is the difference between aggressive behaviors and violent actions?
Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on emotions, and discrimination is based on behavior.
What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination:
stereotypes are beliefs, prejudice is emotions, and discrimination is behavior.
What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?
tragedy of the commons
What is the idea that a common resource is at a high risk for depletion if every person overuses it without being concerned about conserving it or sharing it with others?
Hostile attribution bias
What is the tendency to perceive ambiguous actions by others as hostile actions?
Hostile perception bias
What is the tendency to perceive social interactions in general as being aggressive even if they are not towards you (assumption that people are hostile in general)?
social identity
What refers to how much an individual identifies with a social group?
Error management theory
What theory focuses on our cognitive tendency to choose the safer option in ambiguous situations?
social categorization
When Lev is out to lunch at a restaurant he sees a woman with very short hair, facial piercings, and several tattoos. He thinks to himself, "She must be into motorcycles." Lev has engaged in the process of __________.
halo
When Vincent attends a job interview dresses in a suit and tie. He is very attractive in appearance. The interviewer has an immediate impression that Vincent is intelligent and competent. This is an example of the attractiveness ________ effect.
active-constructive
When one person shares good news with another, and the second person shows true interest and enthusiasm for the news, they are engaging in ________ responding.
second shift
When she gets home from work as a dental hygienist, Jessica immediately begins straightening the house, doing laundry, and preparing dinner for the family before her husband, Bill, gets home. This additional set of duties that often falls to women who work outside of the home is called ________.
ethnocentric
When you judge people from cultures using your own cultural backdrop as the standard of what is "right" or "good," you are employing ________ bias in your judgment.
there is no such single, universal quality for attractiveness
Which of the following has been found to be the single quality that is a necessary and sufficient condition for high attractiveness across virtually all people?
People who openly hate one group of people also tend to hate others.
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding blatant biases?
target as many aggression triggers as possible and deal with them all simultaneously
Which of the following is one suggestion for increasing the effectiveness of aggression-reducing interventions?
Error management theory
Which theory would predict that because of evolution, Lonnie would choose the less costly or dangerous option and leave later in the day to avoid the storm?
Reciprocity
Which trick to persuasion can be loosely summarized by the saying, "If you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours?"
high agreeableness
Who tends to help more according to the big five personality assessment
They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction.
Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer (e.g., "Just answer one quick question")?
It reminds you that other people are not as good as you in a given domain.
Why does engaging in downward comparison provide a boost to an individual's self-esteem?
Hostile expectation bias
You bump into another person, and the person assumes that you did it on purpose and will attack you in return. What aggression bias is this?
Error management theory
You hear a fire alarm go off. Cognitively, you know it could be a real fire or a false alarm, so you have two options: evacuate the building, or stay in the building. What theory predicts that since staying in the building is the more costly option, you will be motivated to leave?
Social referencing
Young Lilah is taken to a family dinner and she meets an uncle who she has never met before. As he reaches to her for a hug, Lilah looks to her mother with an uncertain look on her face. As she sees her mother nodding and smiling, Lilah looks back to the uncle and gives him a warm hug. Lilah has used ________ to determine how to act in this situation.
normative influence
__________ influence refers to conformity that results from a desire to act in a manner that is clearly socially approved such as speaking softly in libraries.
subtle bias
a ______________ refers to an unexamined and sometimes unconscious bias with real consequences
Hostile attribution bias
a person bumps into you, and you assume the person did it on purpose and wants to hurt you. What type of aggression bias is this?
pluralistic ignorance
everybody in a class seeming to understand material, so you assume professors instructions are clear. In reality though, everyone is as confused as you. What is this an example of?
blatant bias
examples of a _______ bias include slavery, gay marriage, and women voting
empathy
feeling with people and connecting to something within yourself is referred to as _________
reciprocal altruism
helping someone so that they will help you in the future refers to what?
social value orientation
how does an individual prefer to allocate resources?
subjective well-being
psychologists term for happiness
mere exposure effect
the ______ effect is when people develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them
Hostile perception bias
two people are talking in an animated fashion, and you assume that they are fighting with each other. What aggression bias is this?
behavior and intention
what actions decide aggression
normative influence
what are non ambiguous situations, where there are clear social norms which are widely known and accepted?
descriptive norm
what are the behaviors that we look to, when under informational norms?
proximity, familiarity, and similarity
what are three aspects of attraction?
life satisfaction, positive feelings, and low negative feelings
what are three things that contribute to subjective well-being
cooperative, competitive, and individualistic
what are three types of social value orientation?
automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent
what are three types of subtle biases?
subjective social variables
what are ways that researchers understand a participants perceptions of their own relationships based on the participants opinions?
secure attachment
what attachment is linked to responsive parenting, and leave an infant feeling as though they are safe exploring their environment
cognitive account
what attributes higher attractiveness to the ease of processing prototypes or the safety associated with familiar stimuli?
evolutionary account
what attributes to higher attractiveness to the adaptive value?
overgeneralization account
what attributes to higher attractiveness to the overgeneralization of an adaptive avoidance of physical qualities that signal poor health?
free rider problem
what causes the reputation of not being trustworthy after not contributing to projects or being selfish in sports?
normative influence
what did Asch's line study research?
diffusion of responsibility
what happens when you know someone else could intervene so its not your responsibility (aka bystander effect)?
good genes hypothesis
what hypothesis supports that qualities such as symmetry and averageness indicate better health and fertility
anomalous face overgeneralization hypothesis
what hypothesis supports that we overgeneralize the faces of people who are unattractive
age, gender, and personality traits
what internal factors dictate aggressive tendencies?
ultimatum game
what is a game social psychologists use to investigate individuals perceptions of fairness and what it means to act fairly?
prisoner dilemma
what is a situation in which two players each have two options whose outcome depends crucially on the simultaneous choice made by the other?
psychopathy
what is a term referring to a person who is anti-social, egotistic, and shows no remorse?
intimacy
what is a type of love focused on caring, closeness and emotional support that can be found in all relationships?
helpfulness
what is a type of prosocial personality orientation that is behavioral?
normative influence
what is a type of social influence leading to conformity defined as "the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them"
commons dilemma
what is also referred to as the tragedy of the commons?
social support
what is an example of subjective social variables
prototype
what is another word for average?
prisoner's dilemma
what is often represented as two prisoners deciding whether or not to confess to a crime and highlights the tension between choosing personal reward or choosing gains for the group?
descriptive norm
what is part of informational influence?
sympathy
what is the act of forcing yourself to make things better, and silver-linings it
social trust
what is the belief that another person's actions will be beneficial to one's own interest
social dominance orientation
what is the belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and even a good idea to maintain order and stability?
blatant bias
what is the conscious belief, feeling, and behavior that people are comfortable to admit, are mostly hostile, and favors ones group?
narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism
what is the dark triad of personality traits?
proximity
what is the functional distance, or amount of time you and an individual cross paths?
Operationalization
what is the process of defining a concept so that it can be measured
commitment
what is the type of love that focuses on the willingness to work to keep love and is something found in all relationships?
gratitude
what makes people happier and feel a greater overall life satisfaction
Objective social variables
what measures relationships and aspects or relationships in a way that is factual and based on evidence
empathy-altruism model
what model refers to empathetic concern and taking perspective of the person in need of help and thus motivating us to help more?
motivated skepticism
what often happens as a result of directional goals?
rational self-interest
what predicts 100% defection in cooperative tasks
kin selection
what refers to the favoritism to help people that share your DNA?
right-wing authoritarianism
what term endorses respect for obedience and authority in the service of group conformity, and focuses on group unity over individual rights?
catharsism
what term means to cleanse or purge
aversive racism
what term refers to a person who is not racist, but subconsciously excludes other races?
machiavellianism
what term refers to a person who is only focused on their own self interests, and has no regard for others, is manipulative, and deceptive?
tragedy of the commons
what terms refers to a shared resource system where individuals can act according to their self interest, despite the fact that this will harm the good of all users?
Terror management theory
what theory focuses on how anxiety about death motivates us to seek out self-esteem boosts and ascribe to cultural norms?
cost-reward model
what type of arousal refers to helping someone to reduce physiological discomfort felt by seeing someone in need of help?
other-oriented empathy
what type of prosocial personality orientation refers to people who feel high amounts of empathy towards others?
narcissism
when people are self absorbed and crave admiration they have what?
pluralistic ignorance
when people rely on others to determine is help is needed this refers to what?
negativity bias
when you pay more attention to the negative events that happen to us than the positive is known as what?
cultural learning, preferences for prototype, mere exposure effect, mate quality, and reactions to bad genes
why are certain people attractive?
informational influence
you travel to another planet, where some nice aliens offer to show you around. They decide to take you to one of their sporting events that is unlike anything you have ever seen. The problem is that, since you have no idea what the game is about, you don't know what is good, bad, when to cheer, boo, or how to act in general. what influence should you use?
