Social psych final exam questions

Emotions happen in seconds, moods for days, and traits are habitual

"Feelings" is a general term used to describe a wide range of states that include emotions, moods, and traits. These states are similar in the fact that they involve changes in subjective experience, physiological responding, and behavior in response to a meaningful event. What are the differences between these states of emotions, moods, and traits?

anxious-avoidant

A parent is insensitive and rejecting of their needs, withdraws from helping during difficult tasks, and is often unavailable during times of emotional distress. There child will most likely be _________ attached

confidante

A person you can confide in is a _______?

terror management theory

According to what theory anxiety caused by mortality is a major motivator behind many human behaviors and cognitions, including self-esteem, ethno/religio-centrism, and even love?

Put a note on the bed indicating that most of their guests reuse linens, and asking this guest to do the same.

Alice's Hotel has noticed that they spend a lot of money on water and electricity devoted to washing linens (towels, sheets, and pillowcases). In order to reduce this expense, the owner wants to encourage guests to reuse linens for more than one day. What would be the best way to accomplish this task?

anxious-avoidant

An adult doesn't care much about their intimate relationships, and are uncomfortable being depended on or depending on others. What attachment did they likely have as a child?

anxious resistant

An adult worries that others don't love them, and they often become frustrated or angry when their needs go unmet, and as a child they were clingy and dependent behavior towards caregiver, but will be rejecting towards caregiver. What attachment is this?

1 to 3 years

At what age do people appear to be the most aggressive?

discrimination.

Chukwudi believes that atheists cannot be trusted. As a result, he refuses to hire anyone who does not regularly attend church. Chukwudi's action is an example of __________

normative

Conformity that results from a concern about what others think of us is called __________ influence.

normative influence

Conformity that results from a concern about what others think of us is called __________ influence.

matching

Denita is a very ardent, right-wing conservative and always votes for Republican candidates. She recently met Troy, who she thinks is interesting and very attractive. Once she finds out that he is a very liberal individual who prefers Democratic candidates, she may no longer want to date him. This change in her opinion demonstrates the ________ hypothesis

blatant

Having conscious beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of hostility toward outgroup members that you are perfectly willing to admit reflects what type of bias?

We compare new experiences to previously stored schemas and this allows us to put forth less effort to assess those new encounters.

How is it that schemas help people save time as they have new experiences or encounter new people or objects on a daily basis?

independent self

In order to get a coworker to start contributing to a group project, you express feelings of annoyance, anger, and dislike. You hope that by expressing such emotions, your coworker will change their behavior. Using your emotions to impact the behavior of your worker is an example of:

relational

Intentionally harming another person's social relationships, feelings of acceptance, or inclusion within a group is called ________ aggression.

representativeness

Javari is teaching a psychology class and tells his students, "Kenna is 31, single, outspoken, and bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, Kenna was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues." When Javari asked his class if it was more likely that Kenna was A) a bank teller or B) a bank teller AND a feminist, most people in his class chose option B. Javari explained that their answer was incorrect because their _____________ heuristic led them astray.

negative state relief

Jeremiah knows that his roommate Hank has a financial problem, but he really does not want to pay Hank's rent this month. He does so, however, so that he won't feel guilty and sad for declining to offer help. Jeremiah's decision to pay Hank's rent is based on the ________ model.

Functional distance: There is a high amount of interaction between the individuals involved.

Many people find that online relationships, including friendships and romances, are easier to establish and maintain than they would have predicted. From a social psychology perspective, what makes these relationships so 'real'?

intelligence

Marco and Kenny are welcoming an exchange student into their home. They live in the United States and she is from Spain. They notice that she does not do laundry very often and wears the same clothes two or three times before she washes them. They try to understand these actions from her cultural background. These men are displaying a high level of cultural ________.

Dunning-Kruger effect

Mike is a pretty poor bowler, but he always brags that he can beat anyone in his league. Christoff, however, is the league champion but he always thinks that his opponent will beat him. Mike's overestimation and Christoff's underestimation of their abilities demonstrates the ________ effect.

social dominance

Mordechai lives in a neighborhood where nearly every home is owned by other orthodox Jewish families. He is very upset when he finds out that a house on his block has been purchased by a family who is Catholic. He feels that Jewish families are better than others, and does not want this family to live on his block. Mordechai is demonstrating a ________ orientation.

informational influence

Nora has decided to visit the new community recreation center for a swim. As she enters the change room she notices both of the two other people present put their shoes into a locker. Before she walks out to the pool she does the same. What concept helps explain her actions?

passive-destructive

On a popular TV show, when one character named Amy tells her boyfriend Sheldon about her recent publication in a major science journal, Sheldon ignores her big news and talks more about himself. Sheldon's is an example of __________ responding.

frustration

One external factor that can lead to aggressive behaviors is ________, which occurs when goal-directed behaviors are blocked. A good example of this would be getting stuck in traffic on your way to a class or an important meeting.

Reflexive

One proposed aspect of the self is that you reflect on and try to change your own self. This describes the self as

mental simulation

People are usually motivated in some way when making social judgments and decisions. What often occurs as a result of having directional goals?

independent cultures

People in what culture tend to give less

Hierarchies are natural, some groups are simply better than others.

People who have a high social dominance orientation (SDO) are likely to agree with which of the following statements?

conformity

Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesnt really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________.

intentionality

Sherise has acted in a way that would bring about a specific, desired outcome. In other words, she has acted with ________.

pluralistic

Sometimes a person looks to others to determine whether help needs to be offered in an ambiguous situation. When this person incorrectly concludes that no help is necessary, this is called ________ ignorance.

physiology, subjective experience, and facial expressive behavior

Studies of emotional responding tend to focus on three facets of emotional response. Which of the following includes one example of each of those three facets?

passion

The ________ component of love is comprised of physiological and emotional arousal. It can include physical attraction, emotional responses that promote physiological changes, and sexual arousal.

intrapersonal

The ________ functions of emotions refers to the roles that emotions play within each of us individually. They can include physical changes in our bodies or psychological changes in our minds

central

The ________ route to persuasion employs direct, relevant, and logical messages to convince a listener to make a specific change.

8

The happiest relationships have how many positive interactions for every one negative one?

forgiveness

The inability to show _______, or to resolve conflict with another person, can block people's ability to make positive deposits to the relationship bank account.

universality

There are many facets of culture. They include all except which of the following?

ultimatum game

There are two people, and one person is in charge of distributing resources (usually money) between themselves and the other person. They can choose how much of the resource to keep / give away. What psychological test is this?

Orlando has to give his choice out loud

Under which of the following circumstances would you expect a person to demonstrate the highest level of conformity in Solomon Asch's research protocol?

when the potential helper is the only one present who can help

Under which situation is diffusion of responsibility least likely to occur?

individualism

Vladamir comes from a culture in which his own accomplishments are very important to him because he feels that they set him apart from others. On his resume he lists the jobs he's had, the awards he's won, and the degrees that he has earned. He feels that this will help him get the new job for which he is applying. The culture in which Vladamir comes appears to value ________.

informational influence

What are ambiguous situations where we don't know much about "correct behavior" and we actively seek our information from our surroundings?

Relevance and similarity

What are the criteria that are necessary for a person to engage in the process of social comparison?

Anxious resistant

What attachment is a style that is self-critical, insecure, and fearful of rejection where the parents exhibit an inconsistent level of response?

Hostile expectation bias

What bias is is the tendency to expect others to react to potential conflicts with aggression ?

Robber's Cave experiment

What experiment refers to where boys at a summer camp bond, compete against each other for resources in cooperatively separate groups?

Anxious-avoidant

What is an Attachment style that involves suppressing one's own feelings and desires, and a difficulty depending on others, meaning they actively avoided their caregiver after separation?

social integration

What is an example of objective social variables?

Porcupine love

What is the act of finding the balance between separation and relationships?

aggression causes harm, but violence causes extreme physical harm

What is the difference between aggressive behaviors and violent actions?

Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on emotions, and discrimination is based on behavior.

What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination:

stereotypes are beliefs, prejudice is emotions, and discrimination is behavior.

What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?

tragedy of the commons

What is the idea that a common resource is at a high risk for depletion if every person overuses it without being concerned about conserving it or sharing it with others?

Hostile attribution bias

What is the tendency to perceive ambiguous actions by others as hostile actions?

Hostile perception bias

What is the tendency to perceive social interactions in general as being aggressive even if they are not towards you (assumption that people are hostile in general)?

social identity

What refers to how much an individual identifies with a social group?

Error management theory

What theory focuses on our cognitive tendency to choose the safer option in ambiguous situations?

social categorization

When Lev is out to lunch at a restaurant he sees a woman with very short hair, facial piercings, and several tattoos. He thinks to himself, "She must be into motorcycles." Lev has engaged in the process of __________.

halo

When Vincent attends a job interview dresses in a suit and tie. He is very attractive in appearance. The interviewer has an immediate impression that Vincent is intelligent and competent. This is an example of the attractiveness ________ effect.

active-constructive

When one person shares good news with another, and the second person shows true interest and enthusiasm for the news, they are engaging in ________ responding.

second shift

When she gets home from work as a dental hygienist, Jessica immediately begins straightening the house, doing laundry, and preparing dinner for the family before her husband, Bill, gets home. This additional set of duties that often falls to women who work outside of the home is called ________.

ethnocentric

When you judge people from cultures using your own cultural backdrop as the standard of what is "right" or "good," you are employing ________ bias in your judgment.

there is no such single, universal quality for attractiveness

Which of the following has been found to be the single quality that is a necessary and sufficient condition for high attractiveness across virtually all people?

People who openly hate one group of people also tend to hate others.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding blatant biases?

target as many aggression triggers as possible and deal with them all simultaneously

Which of the following is one suggestion for increasing the effectiveness of aggression-reducing interventions?

Error management theory

Which theory would predict that because of evolution, Lonnie would choose the less costly or dangerous option and leave later in the day to avoid the storm?

Reciprocity

Which trick to persuasion can be loosely summarized by the saying, "If you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours?"

high agreeableness

Who tends to help more according to the big five personality assessment

They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction.

Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer (e.g., "Just answer one quick question")?

It reminds you that other people are not as good as you in a given domain.

Why does engaging in downward comparison provide a boost to an individual's self-esteem?

Hostile expectation bias

You bump into another person, and the person assumes that you did it on purpose and will attack you in return. What aggression bias is this?

Error management theory

You hear a fire alarm go off. Cognitively, you know it could be a real fire or a false alarm, so you have two options: evacuate the building, or stay in the building. What theory predicts that since staying in the building is the more costly option, you will be motivated to leave?

Social referencing

Young Lilah is taken to a family dinner and she meets an uncle who she has never met before. As he reaches to her for a hug, Lilah looks to her mother with an uncertain look on her face. As she sees her mother nodding and smiling, Lilah looks back to the uncle and gives him a warm hug. Lilah has used ________ to determine how to act in this situation.

normative influence

__________ influence refers to conformity that results from a desire to act in a manner that is clearly socially approved such as speaking softly in libraries.

subtle bias

a ______________ refers to an unexamined and sometimes unconscious bias with real consequences

Hostile attribution bias

a person bumps into you, and you assume the person did it on purpose and wants to hurt you. What type of aggression bias is this?

pluralistic ignorance

everybody in a class seeming to understand material, so you assume professors instructions are clear. In reality though, everyone is as confused as you. What is this an example of?

blatant bias

examples of a _______ bias include slavery, gay marriage, and women voting

empathy

feeling with people and connecting to something within yourself is referred to as _________

reciprocal altruism

helping someone so that they will help you in the future refers to what?

social value orientation

how does an individual prefer to allocate resources?

subjective well-being

psychologists term for happiness

mere exposure effect

the ______ effect is when people develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them

Hostile perception bias

two people are talking in an animated fashion, and you assume that they are fighting with each other. What aggression bias is this?

behavior and intention

what actions decide aggression

normative influence

what are non ambiguous situations, where there are clear social norms which are widely known and accepted?

descriptive norm

what are the behaviors that we look to, when under informational norms?

proximity, familiarity, and similarity

what are three aspects of attraction?

life satisfaction, positive feelings, and low negative feelings

what are three things that contribute to subjective well-being

cooperative, competitive, and individualistic

what are three types of social value orientation?

automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent

what are three types of subtle biases?

subjective social variables

what are ways that researchers understand a participants perceptions of their own relationships based on the participants opinions?

secure attachment

what attachment is linked to responsive parenting, and leave an infant feeling as though they are safe exploring their environment

cognitive account

what attributes higher attractiveness to the ease of processing prototypes or the safety associated with familiar stimuli?

evolutionary account

what attributes to higher attractiveness to the adaptive value?

overgeneralization account

what attributes to higher attractiveness to the overgeneralization of an adaptive avoidance of physical qualities that signal poor health?

free rider problem

what causes the reputation of not being trustworthy after not contributing to projects or being selfish in sports?

normative influence

what did Asch's line study research?

diffusion of responsibility

what happens when you know someone else could intervene so its not your responsibility (aka bystander effect)?

good genes hypothesis

what hypothesis supports that qualities such as symmetry and averageness indicate better health and fertility

anomalous face overgeneralization hypothesis

what hypothesis supports that we overgeneralize the faces of people who are unattractive

age, gender, and personality traits

what internal factors dictate aggressive tendencies?

ultimatum game

what is a game social psychologists use to investigate individuals perceptions of fairness and what it means to act fairly?

prisoner dilemma

what is a situation in which two players each have two options whose outcome depends crucially on the simultaneous choice made by the other?

psychopathy

what is a term referring to a person who is anti-social, egotistic, and shows no remorse?

intimacy

what is a type of love focused on caring, closeness and emotional support that can be found in all relationships?

helpfulness

what is a type of prosocial personality orientation that is behavioral?

normative influence

what is a type of social influence leading to conformity defined as "the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them"

commons dilemma

what is also referred to as the tragedy of the commons?

social support

what is an example of subjective social variables

prototype

what is another word for average?

prisoner's dilemma

what is often represented as two prisoners deciding whether or not to confess to a crime and highlights the tension between choosing personal reward or choosing gains for the group?

descriptive norm

what is part of informational influence?

sympathy

what is the act of forcing yourself to make things better, and silver-linings it

social trust

what is the belief that another person's actions will be beneficial to one's own interest

social dominance orientation

what is the belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and even a good idea to maintain order and stability?

blatant bias

what is the conscious belief, feeling, and behavior that people are comfortable to admit, are mostly hostile, and favors ones group?

narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism

what is the dark triad of personality traits?

proximity

what is the functional distance, or amount of time you and an individual cross paths?

Operationalization

what is the process of defining a concept so that it can be measured

commitment

what is the type of love that focuses on the willingness to work to keep love and is something found in all relationships?

gratitude

what makes people happier and feel a greater overall life satisfaction

Objective social variables

what measures relationships and aspects or relationships in a way that is factual and based on evidence

empathy-altruism model

what model refers to empathetic concern and taking perspective of the person in need of help and thus motivating us to help more?

motivated skepticism

what often happens as a result of directional goals?

rational self-interest

what predicts 100% defection in cooperative tasks

kin selection

what refers to the favoritism to help people that share your DNA?

right-wing authoritarianism

what term endorses respect for obedience and authority in the service of group conformity, and focuses on group unity over individual rights?

catharsism

what term means to cleanse or purge

aversive racism

what term refers to a person who is not racist, but subconsciously excludes other races?

machiavellianism

what term refers to a person who is only focused on their own self interests, and has no regard for others, is manipulative, and deceptive?

tragedy of the commons

what terms refers to a shared resource system where individuals can act according to their self interest, despite the fact that this will harm the good of all users?

Terror management theory

what theory focuses on how anxiety about death motivates us to seek out self-esteem boosts and ascribe to cultural norms?

cost-reward model

what type of arousal refers to helping someone to reduce physiological discomfort felt by seeing someone in need of help?

other-oriented empathy

what type of prosocial personality orientation refers to people who feel high amounts of empathy towards others?

narcissism

when people are self absorbed and crave admiration they have what?

pluralistic ignorance

when people rely on others to determine is help is needed this refers to what?

negativity bias

when you pay more attention to the negative events that happen to us than the positive is known as what?

cultural learning, preferences for prototype, mere exposure effect, mate quality, and reactions to bad genes

why are certain people attractive?

informational influence

you travel to another planet, where some nice aliens offer to show you around. They decide to take you to one of their sporting events that is unlike anything you have ever seen. The problem is that, since you have no idea what the game is about, you don't know what is good, bad, when to cheer, boo, or how to act in general. what influence should you use?