PSY 346 Final

_____ is the time interval between the initiation of a response and its cessation.

Persistence

According to a biological view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there?

a small number—between 2 and 10

Winter and Stewart (1978) reported that the need for power is a desire to make the physical and social world conform to their personal image or plan for it. Which of the following responses is not one of the three characteristics attributed to individuals high in the need for power?

affiliation

The principal antecedent of _____ is physical and psychological restraint or interference, as in the experience showing that a situation is "not what it should be."

anger

Which of the following group of theorists would most likely agree with this statement: "Before emotion can occur, a person engages in a meaning interpretation of the event to evaluate its importance or relevance to personal well-being."

cognitive emotion researchers only

Which of the following is not a way in which goal-setting improves performance? Goal-setting

decreases stress

Thirst comes mostly from

dehydrated cells

According to research conducted by Gollwitzer, Heckhausen, and Steller (1990), individuals show a "cognitive tuning" toward information expressing the pros and cons of one goal versus rival goals. This process represents a ________ mindset.

deliberative

In the chicken-and-egg debate over whether emotions are caused primarily by biology or by cognitions, the conclusion reached by the text is that:

emotion is a complex interactive chain of events

When an activity involves our psychological needs, we tend to feel high ___; when that same activity satisfies our psychological needs, we tend to feel high ___.

interest; enjoyment

Motivation and emotion are ________ and can be ___________

malleable; changed and strengthened

If a classroom teacher defines success as showing improvement and places a high value on learning and effort, then her students are likely to adopt which type of achievement goal during learning activities?

mastery goal

Which of the following experiences is central to object relations theory?

parental abuse and neglect

The environmental incentive that activates the emotional and behavioral potential of the social need for affiliation is

pleasing others and gaining their approval

If a person receives a paycheck for coming to work on time, then the worker becomes more likely to come to work on time in the future. This example illustrates that the paycheck acts as a(n):

positive reinforcer

Reinforcement is to _____, as punishment is to _____.

promoting behavior; suppressing behavior

Which one of the following happiness exercises is not a recommended approach to therapy within positive psychology therapy?

quest to avoid the daily mistake

What might be a take-home message from Chapter 17?

there is nothing so practical as a good theory

According to psychoanalysis, the basic purpose of dreaming is

wish venting

You might hear a person who is experiencing learned helplessness saying each of the following except:

"I failed, but it wasn't my fault"

For an entity theorist, the meaning of effort is

"The harder you try, the dumber you therefore must be."

When people have days that allow them to feel self-determined, competent, and interpersonally related, they are more likely to agree with which of the following statements

"Today was a good day. I feel energized."

Which of the following quotations best represents an outcome expectation?

"What I do will work."

Which of the following statements best reflects an effective implementation intention?

"When I encounter situation X, I will perform behavior Y"

_____ is the need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one's behavior, and it reflects the desire to have one's choices and preferences rather than environmental events determine one's actions.

Autonomy

_____ is the need to be effective in interactions with the environment, and it reflects the desire to exercise one's capacities and skills and, in doing so, seek out and master optimal challenges

Competence

Proponents of operant conditioning endorse the following conceptualization of behavior: Sà R à C. What does the "C" stand for?

consequence

The _______ is characterized by a relative insensitivity to inner guides and [A1] closer attention to behavioral incentives, cues, and pressures that exist in the environment

control causality orientation

In Buddhist thought (as expressed by the Dalai Lama), which are the three most destructive emotions?

craving, agitation, and hatred

During emotional socialization, an adult tells a child, "Louis, I see you are throwing a temper tantrum; boy-o-boy, you must be mad, really mad." This socialization experience exemplifies the passing along of:

emotion knowledge

Motivation study concerns itself with those processes that give behavior its:

energy and direction.

In Kraut and Johnston's study of bowlers, the researchers found that bowlers were much more likely to smile when they _____ than when they _____.

engaged their friends; made a good bowling score

The smell of food, the appearance of food, the time of day, and the presence of other people who are eating all represent ___ that contribute to and regulate the rise and fall of hunger and eating.

extraorganismic mechanisms

The purpose of the cross-cultural investigations that tested whether human beings display similar facial expressions of emotion regardless of cultural/national differences was to demonstrate that:

facial behavior has an innate, unlearned component

According to Buck's proposition that emotions are the readout of motivational states, motives energize and direct behavior, while emotions

facilitate or inhibit that behavior

Carl Rogers did not like the term teacher because he felt that the only learning that mattered was student-initiated learning. Instead of teacher, he preferred the term

facilitator

In the Cultivating Compassion intervention, researchers developed a program to help members of a community cultivate a greater capacity for compassion. Specifically, the researchers developed, implemented, and tested the merits of a compassion cultivation training: The results showed that worry levels

for the control group were unchanged, while the experimental participants reported significant decreases in worry

The limited strength model of self-control suggests that the amount or strength of willpower is crucial to successful self-control and that when one exerts control, this depletes some of the resources that make later attempts more likely to fail. What is depleted during self-control attempts?

glucose

The fundamental assertion of positive psychology therapy is that

good mental health requires more than the absence of mental illness

Dweck (1999, 2006) asserts that people think about their personal qualities such as intelligence and personality characteristics in two ways. Some see them as fixed, whereas others see them as malleable. This view represents ______________ mindsets

growth-fixed

Compared to people in neutral moods, people who feel good (i.e., experience positive affect):

have greater access in memory to happy thoughts and positive memories

The environmental incentive that activates the emotional and behavioral potential of the social need for intimacy is

having a warm, secure relationship

Research on sexual orientation—one's preference for sexual partners of the same or opposite sex—suggests that sexual orientation is

not a choice, as best explained by genetics and prenatal hormonal influences

Which of the following is key to developing competent self-regulation?

observation and imitation of an expert model

Proponents of operant conditioning endorse the following conceptualization of behavior: SàR à C. What does the "S" stand for?

stimulus

Taking the time to go over with a student or employee why a task is worth their attention and effort represents which of the following autonomy-supportive strategies?

provides explanatory rationales

Motivational and emotional processes frequently operate parallel with one another such that people commonly want and fear the same thing at the same time. This statement describes

psychodynamics

A teacher gives a child a time-out for teasing a classmate, and then the time-out succeeds in making the child's future teasing behavior less likely in the future. This example illustrates that the time-out acts as a(n):

punisher

The more people strive for validation, the more likely they are to

suffer high anxiety during social interaction

Compared to people who pursue inner guides such as self-actualization, people who devote their lives to the pursuit of the American dream (money, fame, popularity):

suffer more psychological distress

The finding that heart rate and skin temperature increase for one emotion (e.g., anger) but change very little for other emotions (e.g., disgust) is an important finding because it ____ of emotion.

supports the James-Lange theory

Cognitive emotion theorists most endorse the position that

the appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion

People who write down when and where they will carry out their goal-striving behavior are more likely to actually attain their goals than people who set the same goal but do not write down how they will do it. The motivational construct that explains this effect is

the implementation intention

Which of the following best explains the process leading to feelings of hunger?

the liver sends a signal to the brain when blood glucose is low

In terms of the historical study of motivation, what was so important about the fact that motivational thinkers began to emphasize the active nature of the person?

the understanding that motivation is a constant, ever-present, never-ending, and universal aspect of every living person.

The problem with placing too much emphasis on self-esteem in a motivational analysis of behavior is that:

there are few findings that self-esteem causes anything at all

In the Supporting Psychological Need Satisfaction intervention,21 experienced middle and high school teachers implemented an Autonomy Support Intervention Program (ASIP). The intervention results showed that

there were significant between-group differences, and experimental participants demonstrated greater levels of autonomy support

According to Baumeister and colleagues, self-control depletes essential brain fuel. Besides not consuming sugar-rich foods, how else might someone exert effective self-control according to the text?

through practice

The goal of psychoanalytic therapy has been to:

understand the confusing activities of the unconscious so as to free the ego to deal effectively with reality

Self-perception theory is more applicable to situations in which people's attitudes are initially _____, while cognitive dissonance theory is more applicable to situations in which people's attitudes are initially _____.

vague, ambiguous, and weak; clear, salient, and strong

As one person watches a peer perform incompetently and verbalize distress, the observer comes to believe, "If she can't do it, what makes me think I can?" The observer's self-efficacy belief has been affected by:

vicarious experience

When one student who doubts his computer skills watches another student cope very well with the demands of a computer, the first student's efficacy expectation rises. The student's increased efficacy expectation was due to the influence of:

vicarious experience

Proponents of operant conditioning endorse the following conceptualization of behavior: SàR à C. What does the "R" stand for?

response

According to Averill (1968, 1979), ______________ indirectly motivates people to seek and maintain social cohesion within groups.

sadness

Bauer and Baumeister (2011) assert that _____________ is the ability to suppress, restrain, and even override an impulsive desire, urge, behavior, or tendency to pursue a long-term goal

self-control

The following question represents which motivational construct: "If things start to go wrong during my performance, do I have the resources within me to cope successfully and turn things around for the better?

self-efficacy

In the case study vignette of the "Suffering Student" on page 500, what might this student have benefitted from in terms of his motivation for the class?

self-management techniques development of growth mindset positive, successful experiences in class all of the above

Having the benefit of a tutor or coach who models how to do do things such as setting goals, developing strategies, formulating implementation intention, monitoring performance, and evaluating how well one is doing is a description of:

self-regulation

De Hooge and colleagues suggest that the functional purpose of ___________ is to motivate behaviors that will restore a positive view of the self that has just been threatened or challenged by one's own moral violation or display of incompetence

shame

Compared to people in a neutral or negative mood, people under the influence of positive affect are significantly more likely to:

solve problems in a creative way

When presented with a _____, people generally experience not only positive emotions like hope that energize their approach behavior but also negative emotions like anxiety that energize their avoidance behavior

standard of excellence

____ refers to a physiological stop system that terminates drive.

Negative feedback

What does the cognitive mechanism TOTE stand for?

test, operate, test, exit

Which of the following is not taken as evidence that emotions are biologically generated events?

Emotions can only be found in the human species

__________ revolve(s) around a flexible decision-making process in which the individual considers many different ways to reduce incongruities between a present state and an ideal state.

Corrective motivation

________ functions as a warning signal for forthcoming physical or psychological harm that manifests itself in an impulse to freeze or flee (as in the "flight" part of the fight-or-flight response)

Fear

Whose theory of motivation is being summarized: The purpose of behavior is to serve the satisfaction of bodily needs. If need-based energy accumulates unchecked over time, motivation arises as a sort of emergency warning system in the form of psychological anxiety that signals action needs to be taken. Once action is initiated, both bodily need and psychological anxiety are quieted.

Freud's drive theory

Which of the following ways of delivering praise best supports the motivation of the other person? Saying:

Great job! I like how you colored inside the lines on this picture!

What does research say about the cultural prescription to drink 8 glasses of water each day?

No evidence exists to support this advice.

A motivation researcher interested in understanding why a person eats a meal needs to answer all of the following questions, except:

How is food digested?

Which of the following sequence of events best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?

I see a dog, my heart races, I feel fear

Which of the following proved to be an important criticism to refute instinct theory?

Instinct theory confuses naming with explaining.

Which one of the following best represents Lazarus's concept of primary appraisal?

Is this event a personal threat?

Which of the following is NOT one of the themes proposed by Maslow's need hierarchy?

Needs vary in how innate they are, as some are innate and others are learned

Which of the following statements is true about sexual motivation?

Men and women experience and react to sexual desire very differently

_________ are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and well-being.

Needs

With which of the following statements would an intrinsic motivation theorist most readily agree?

People are inherently active.

People fail to self-regulate their bodily appetites for three primary reasons. Which one of the following is not one of those reasons?

People pay relatively too much attention to their long-term goals and relatively too little attention to their short-term goals

Which of the following statements regarding self-esteem is most true?

Self-esteem is a by-product of life's satisfactions, triumphs, and positive relationships

Consider the motivation of an athlete. Which of the following relationships between a coach and an athlete reflects a person-environment dialectic?

The athlete shows interest, the coach recommends a game to play as practice and the athlete plays the game out of interest

The textbook concludes that contemporary motivation study is in a new paradigm. What is so new about the new paradigm?

The contemporary landscape is more like an intellectual democracy of ideas than it is like the kingship of the grand theories era.

Goals are generated

by others by ourselves all of the other answer choices are correct

Which of the following is the more likely outcome of a smoker's repeated efforts to suppress the thought of smoking a cigarette?

The thought will gradually become more and more like an obsession

Which statement concerning negative reinforcement and punishment is most true?

They have opposite effects on behavior.

As an individual learns from parents and peers what behaviors and characteristics are "good and bad" and "right and wrong," he or she learns

conditions of worth

A motivational psychologist would agree with each of the following statements, except:

To adapt optimally, people need positive, approach-based motives rather than aversive, avoidance-based motives.

__ is an unpressured willingness to engage in an activity; ___ refers to an environment that offers decision-making flexibility in regulating one's behavior.

Volition; perceived choice

Among the following questions, which is considered to be a core, perennial question within motivation study?

What causes behavior?

Which of the following statements best defines motivation? Motivation is:

a force that energizes and directs behavior.

People who adopt a mastery rather than a performance goal show a greater tendency toward the following except

a preference to work on the task by themselves without asking for help from others

A reward is different from a reinforcer in that:

a reinforcer increases the behavior that precedes it in the future, while the reward may or may not have that effect.

In order to satisfy the relatedness need

a social bond must form

The ______ runs on automatic pilot as it carries out countless computations and innumerable adjustments during acts such as driving a car and playing the piano

adaptive unconscious

If you were going to measure how motivated a person was, you could:

all of the above.

In his research with chess masters, rock climbers, dancers, and surgeons, Csikszentmihalyi found that the fundamental antecedent to "flow" is that the activity must provide its participants with

an optimal challenge

The facial feedback hypothesis:

asserts that emotion arises from proprioceptive feedback from facial behavior

The greater one's effectance motivation, the greater one's desire to seek out and approach situations that

challenge existing skills and competencies

According to current research, general personality factors are not necessarily the regulators of achievement behavior in specific life domains such as school, sports, and work. This statement represents a problem associated with the

classical approach to achievement motivation

______ is a "messy construct" that functions as an umbrella to unite beliefs, expectations, goals, plans, and self-concept.

cognition

According to Condon and Barrett (2013), ___________ is often regarded as a positive emotion, but the sympathy it entails for another's suffering produces elements of psychological distress.

compassion

Structure enhances engagement because it involves and satisfies the need for

competence

Pairing "science" and "motivation" in the phrase "motivational science" means that answers to motivational questions require:

data-based, empirical evidence to validate objectively one's claims about how motivation works.

In their studies in which participants judged how much control they had in a low-control situation, Alloy and Abramson concluded that:

depressed individuals made accurate judgments of control while nondepressed overestimated their control

Nolen-Hoeksema and colleagues assert that rumination-based __________ impairs problem solving, distracts attention, stimulates negative thinking, erodes social support, and replaces reparative coping behaviors with self-harm and destructive bingeing behaviors.

depression

Humanistic theorists emphasize that human beings are motivated to

develop their full potential

When one's current GPA is several points lower than the GPA one had wished for at the beginning of the school year, what sort of motivational construct comes into existence?

discrepancy

__________ is the considered the oldest emotion, with its original function being to prevent the oral incorporation of offensive substances

disgust

In the marshmallow study, a young child is shown a marshmallow and offered the following deal: "You may eat the marshmallow whenever you want to, but if you hold off and do not eat the marshmallow and instead wait until I return to the room in 15 minutes, then you will get a second marshmallow." The results showed that children who demonstrated higher self-control (i.e., they waited the 15 minutes) had:

higher grade point averages

Bodily systems show a remarkable capacity for maintaining a steady state of equilibrium, even as these systems perform their functions and are exposed to widely differing and stressful environmental conditions. The term that describes the body's tendency to maintain a steady state is:

homeostasis.

The integration of self-efficacy and perceived control beliefs that one can attain desired goals leads to the psychological experience of

hope

During failure feedback, mastery-oriented individuals generally focus on:

how they can remedy the failure.

According to McClelland, Koestner, and Weinberger (1989), the best predictor of people's behavior is a(n)___________ motive

implicit

Identify the type of need described here: It is inferred from a person's characteristic thought, emotions, and behavior

implicit needs

In the Promoting Emotion Knowledge intervention, researchers developed a program within the context of Head Start to deliver an "Emotions Course" and an "Emotion-Based Prevention Program" to promote children's emotion knowledge. Overall, this intervention showed that children could

increase their emotion knowledge and increase their effective emotion regulation abilities

Researchers suggest that acts of kindness are just as likely to activate ___________in us as they are to activate ___________

indebtedness; gratitude

The consensus in humanistic thinking about the problem of evil is that evil

is not inherent in human nature

An essential part of effective goal pursuit is:

knowing when to give up on one goal and switch over to another

The time a person delays a response following an initial exposure to a stimulus event (e.g., how much time it takes before one starts studying upon entering the library) is called:

latency.

Helplessness is

learned

In the Increasing a Growth Mindset intervention, researchers developed an intervention program to help adolescents endorse a growth mindset in thinking about a person's personality. The results of the intervention showed overall that aggressive retaliation became

less likely, while a prosocial behavior response became more likely

Which one of the following is an autonomy-supportive behavior?

listens carefully

According to the ice cream eating study, which of the following is true? Compared to how much they eat when alone, people eat:

more in the presence of other people who are also eating

Internalization of "good and bad" and "right and wrong" learned from our parents

moves the person away from the organismic valuation process

Which of the following events increases the future probability of a behavior?

negative reinforcement

If a person takes an aspirin and the aspirin makes a headache go away, then the person becomes more likely to take an aspirin for a headache in the future. This example illustrates that the aspirin acts as a(n):

negative reinforcer

In the radish study (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998), participants in the experimental group were assigned the high self-control task of eating radishes (and resisting the chocolate chip cookies), while participants in the control group were assigned the no-self-control task of eating the chocolate chip cookies. Participants were then asked to complete a series of impossible-to-solve geometry problems. The results showed that:

on average, participants who ate the chocolate chip cookies persisted in solving the geometry problems for longer periods of time

A(n) _______ is the personal tendency to explain why bad events happen to the self by using attributions that are unstable and controllable.

optimistic explanatory style

The most frequent source of a person's day-to-day emotion is:

other people

Research finds that those with high self-esteem choose to interact with people who evaluate them positively, while those with low self-esteem choose to interact with people who evaluate them negatively. This shows that, generally speaking

people choose to interact with people who treat them in a way that they want to be treated

The following statement expresses a _______ goal orientation, "My goal in this class is to get a better grade than most of the other students."

performance-approach

People high in the dispositional need for achievement tend to adopt ______________, whereas people high in the dispositional fear of failure tend to adopt ________________.

performance-approach, performance-avoidance

All other things being equal, the person who adopts a ________ goal orientation is relatively more likely to suffer a low sense of personal control, low vitality, and low life satisfaction

performance-avoidance

Flow occurs when

personal competence and activity challenge are high

People often say that the best way to motivate others is to increase their self-esteem, as in "Find a way to make people feel good about themselves, and then all sorts of good things start to happen." In response to this approach to motivation, the textbook concluded that:

practically no evidence supports this approach to motivation.

An individual who is sensitive to negative outcomes, avoids possibilities of loss, and adopts a vigilant behavioral strategy of caution that might be characterized as "do the right thing" is demonstrating a ____________ mindset

prevention

Regulatory Focus Theory (RFT; Higgins, 1997, 1998) suggests that people strive to achieve their goals by using two separate and independent motivational orientations or mindsets. These mindsets are

prevention and promotion

Many people with long-term goals, such as becoming a doctor, eventually abandon their long-term goal pursuit. The essential motivational problem with long-term goals is that they:

provide insufficient opportunity for performance feedback and positive reinforcement.