Social Psych Practice Exam

Persuasion is most effective when individuals are: a) given strong messages to conform d) not given the freedom to make a choice c) not feeling that their freedom to make a choice is threatened d) intensely emotionally aroused

not feeling that their freedom to make a choice is threatened

The principle that people will make logical decisions based on maximizing their own gains and benefits is called rational self-interest. incentivized anomie. reinforced affectivity. motivated egoism.

rational self-interest.

From an evolutionary perspective, everyone wins when a person who has been helped in the past repays that assistance in the future. This concept is called ________ altruism. collectivistic societal bidirectional reciprocal

reciprocal

Philosopher __________ described the self as a reflexive project that one is continually working to manage, discipline, refine, improve, or develop. a) William Shakespeare b) Sigmund Freud c) Charles Taylor d) Charles Darwin

Charles Taylor

What does it mean that scientific claims can be falsified? a) Researchers always test two claims against one another so that they can determine which is better b) Claims are considered false until proven true by research c) Claims can be demonstrated to be untrue d) Claims can be reviewed and attacked by opponents

Claims can be demonstrated to be untrue

Which of the following is an example of a question that science cannot answer? a) Does coffee taste good? b) Does drinking coffee increase alertness? c) Is coffee consumption associated with living longer? d) Do people's judgments of coffee change when it is described as being a "drug"?

Does coffee taste good?

Which of the following is the best definition of inductive reasoning? a) Revising a conclusion after receiving several rounds of feedback b) Arriving at a conclusion based on the average of many observations d) Drawing a conclusion from an observation c) Drawing a conclusion about a specific observation based on general principles

Drawing a conclusion from an observation

Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience (1963, 1965, 1974) and more recent replications have shown that: a) Female participants obediently shocked the experimental victim at a rate similar to males in the Milgram and other studies. b) Participants in the Milgram studies who believed they were shocking victims to the maximum displayed significant distress in later follow up. d) Under conditions similar to Milgram's, about 90% of people would shock others if ordered to do so by a credible figure from a respected institution. c) For the minority who resisted the shocking orders, they were more likely to resist early, and were more likely to be female participants.

Female participants obediently shocked the experimental victim at a rate similar to males in the Milgram and other studies.

People who have a high social dominance orientation (SDO) are likely to agree with which of the following statements? a) Hierarchies are natural, some groups are simply better than others. b) Inequality is a socially constructed situation that should be changed. c) With limited resources we should share economic capital to maintain stability. d) Even with strong work ethic some people don't have the opportunity to advance

Hierarchies are natural, some groups are simply better than others.

Any group of people in which membership is defined by similarities between its members is called a(n) ________. a) ethnic stratification b) socioeconomic status c) social category d) sociological clime

social category

Which researcher produced the famous studies of obedience that involved deceiving participants into believing that they were delivering electric shocks to a helpless victim? a) Asch b) Milgram c) Hollingsworth d) Leininger

Milgram

Robert thinks of himself as non prejudiced, but he has noticed that many of the Black people he interacts with act unfriendly towards him. Based on what you learned about prejudice and bias in this class, which of the following is the most likely reason why many Black people act less friendly when interacting with Robert? (A) Robert may have explicit prejudice towards Blacks, which makes him act less friendly without his awareness, influencing the behaviour of his Black interaction partners. (B) Robert may have implicit prejudice towards Blacks, which makes him act less friendly without his awareness, influencing the behaviour of his Black interaction partners. (C)Blacks tend to be less friendly than Whites or Asians (D)all of the above (E) none of the above

Robert may have implicit prejudice towards Blacks, which makes him act less friendly without his awareness, influencing the behaviour of his Black interaction partners.

Betsy wants to convince her boyfriend Mickey to see a "chick flick" with her this weekend. Based on Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) classic study of cognitive dissonance , which of the following strategies should Betsy use today if she wants to maximize the likelihood that Mickey will go to more chick flicks with her in the future?

Use the mildest threat/inducement she can think of that will get him to go

The desire to help a partner without an expectation of reward, even if such actions bring potential cost to the helper, is called ________. cooperation empathy egoism altruism

altruism

Aversive racism is an example of ________ bias. a) automatic b) ambivalent c) implicit d) ambiguous

ambiguous

The area of social psychological that focuses on how people think about others and about the social world is called social __________. a) affect b) facilitation c) cognition d) influence

cognition

The Baltimore Bashers, a semi-professional football team, has been very successful this season. When interviewed, the head coach says that their success comes from having a tight-knit team of players who like and support each other and who believe that they can only be successful together. The coach is referring to group ________. a) identification b) cohesion c) facilitation d) socialization

cohesion

Conformity that results from a concern about what others think of us is called __________ influence. a) informational b) populist c) normative d) homeostatic

normative

Asch's study on conformity, where participants had to make line-judgments, can be best explained by what concept? a) obedience to authority b) descriptive norms c)normative influence d) informational influence

normative influence

Which of the following techniques is used to test a person's social value orientation in a laboratory? using a confederate. employing a deconstructed dilemma. utilizing an attribution task. using a decomposed game.

using a decomposed game.

Social psychologists are often interested in the phenomena of _________, in which one person influences the thoughts or actions of another. a) persuasion b) love c) empathy d) altruism

persuasion

Which of the following emotional prejudices might a person be most likely to experience in response to another person who is high in warmth but low in competence? a) envy b) pride c) pity d) disgust

pity

Sometimes a person looks to others to determine whether help needs to be offered in an ambiguous situation. When this person incorrectly concludes that no help is necessary, this is called ________ ignorance. pluralistic collective countersocial deindividuated

pluralistic

A larger group of individuals to whom we would like to generalize our research findings is called a(n) ________. a) sample b) control group c) experimental group d) population

population

Dr. Ramsey conducts research and draws a conclusion about the college athletes who participated in his study. He will now generalize from these research participants to the larger ________ of college athletes outside of his study. a) population b) sample c) confound d) control

population

Tracy enters a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a salesman offering her water or soda and a cookie. The salesman is likely relying on what social norm to help persuade Tracy to buy a car? a) door-in-the-face b) reciprocity c) reactance d) social proof

reciprocity

Which trick to persuasion can be loosely summarized by the saying, "If you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours?" a) psychological reactance b) reciprocity c) the sunk cost trap d) social proof

reciprocity

A __________ narrative is a life story that affirms one's transformation from suffering to an elevated status or state. a) developmental b) actualizing c) redemptive d) transactional

redemptive

One proposed aspect of the self is that you reflect on and try to change your own self. This describes the self as __________. a) unconscious b) agentic c) bidirectional d) reflexive

reflexive

According to social psychologists Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary, human beings have a fundamental psychological need to ________. a) excel b) belong c) achieve d) compete

belong

Everyone in Susi's dorm has suddenly started watching cat videos on youtube together at night. Susi wonders whether their strange behavior is driven more by informational social influence or normative social influence. In order to figure this out, which of the following questions would be most important for her to ask?

Are they also choosing to watch cat videos when they're alone?

Which is an example of using a downward comparison? a) Phil has been jealous of his colleague Cornelius for several months because Cornelius got a larger pay raise than Phil. b) Keely and Janeen go to a nightclub together to have fun and dance, and neither of them has a good time because nobody asks them to dance. c) Olin has a high paying job at a tech company. He feels sorry for people who do not make enough to afford education, vacations, and other highly priced experiences. d) Britni, who has earned a Master's degree, feels that she is better than her sister, Alicia, who never graduated from college.

Britni, who has earned a Master's degree, feels that she is better than her sister, Alicia, who never graduated from college.

The effect of the situation on a person's behavior depends on ____ as exemplified by___.

Individual dispositions, the power of the situation,and subjective construal all of effects of a person's behavior

All but which of the following are goals that would be considered mastery goals. a) Wanting to learn to speak French fluently b) Wanting to be better at French next year than you are this year c) Wanting to get an "A" in French class d) Wanting to improve the ability to conjugate verbs in French

Wanting to get an "A" in French class

Which of the following statements demonstrates the process of downward social comparison? a) "I wish that I was more attractive than I am. I really hate my own nose!" b) "Hey, let's all go out to the club tonight. I really don't want to go by myself, and they are having drink specials from 8 until 10 pm!" c) "I really want a better job because all of my friends make more money than I do." d) "Yes, I got an 82 on the exam, but the average class score was 71 so I'm doing better than most."

"Yes, I got an 82 on the exam, but the average class score was 71 so I'm doing better than most."

A person who is high in the characteristic of other-oriented empathy would be most likely to make which of the following statements? "each person is uniquely responsible for his or her own situation" "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" "do as I say, not as I do" "we have a moral obligation to help others when they are in need"

"we have a moral obligation to help others when they are in need"

Dr. Waehner is studying the relationship between sensation seeking behaviors and personality traits in college females. He finds that there is a relationship between these two variables, and that the relationship is significant. If he is using a typical cutoff to make that determination, then his study would have a p-value around ________ or less. a) .05 b) .08 c) .10 d) .15

.05

Dyanna is starting to develop more a purposeful and goal-directed approach to set the stage for her motivated self to grow. What age range is Dyanna likely in? a) 5 to 7 years old b) 18 months to 2 years c) 12 to 16 years old d) adolescence

5 to 7 years old

What is a primary obstacle that prevents people from engaging in cooperative actions? The natural desire to be seen as a unique individual. A divide between personal and collective interests. The instinctive resistance to being told what to do. An inability to understand the perspective of other individuals.

A divide between personal and collective interests.

Bethany conducts research and finds that students who attend class get better grades than those who skip. She develops a theory that says that students who attend benefit from class lectures and discussion and will generally get superior grades. Which of the following elements of scientific theory is represented here? a) Redundancy: Bethany has proven the obvious b) Consistency: because students consistently attend, they will benefit c) Accuracy: Bethany can accurately predict future performance based on her theory d) Complexity: because her observations apply to students of many different subjects Bethany's theory is complex

Accuracy: Bethany can accurately predict future performance based on her theory

According to Kuhn, there are several features of a good scientific theory. Which of the following is one of these features? a) Accuracy: good theories rely on actual data and make predictions that correspond to reality b) Complexity: good theories are complicated because life is complicated c) Non-controversial: good theories do not offend anyone d) Variability: good theories change on an on-going basis

Accuracy: good theories rely on actual data and make predictions that correspond to reality

Which of the following is not an important component to keep in mind when conducting a statistical investigation? a) Adjusting data to confirm the pre-study hypothesis. b) Drawing conclusions based on the data that have been collected. c) Planning out the study by asking a research question and deciding on how to collect data. d) Examining the data to see what is important and what is revealed.

Adjusting data to confirm the pre-study hypothesis.

A person who grew up in American culture has likely developed a redemptive narrative. Which of the examples best represents this concept? a) Alison sees herself as a girl who had to endure great hardship growing up with divorced parents but has overcome this obstacle and is now happily married. b) DeWayne sees himself as a protagonist who has gotten lucky and been able to pursue his career and family dreams. c) Jarred sees himself as a victim who has no other choice but to stay at his job and provide for his family at home. d) Weying sees herself as a loyal friend who is willing to forego her own needs if it means her friends and family will be happy.

Alison sees herself as a girl who had to endure great hardship growing up with divorced parents but has overcome this obstacle and is now happily married.

Which of the following statements is the best description of science? a) Because science is objective it cannot be biased by values and opinions b) Although scientists try to remain objective, they cannot be perfectly objective. This is one reason it is important to conduct multiple studies with multiple measures c) Because scientists cannot remain objective, we cannot truly trust science d) Although the results of studies are usually incorrect, there are so many of them that—statistically speaking—some results have to be accurate

Although scientists try to remain objective, they cannot be perfectly objective. This is one reason it is important to conduct multiple studies with multiple measures

Uncritical trust in authority can lead to significant problems for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a) The authority figure may not be legitimate. b) Authority figures quite often have hidden agendas that must be protected against. c) Even well-intentioned authorities may not be correct about a given situation. d) Mindless respect for an authority can cause one to confuse specific expertise with general expertise.

Authority figures quite often have hidden agendas that must be protected against.

_____________ study of ego depletion

Baumeister et al's (1998)

_____________ study of students assigned to different lecture topics

Beaman et al's (1978)

Tasneem is interested in understanding the physical abilities of older adults. She recruits a sample of 60-80 year olds from a local gym and tests their abilities. Which might be a fair criticism of her scientific reasoning? a) Because Tasneem drew her sample from a gym it is likely that her results will not accurately reflect the larger population of older adults b) A single study cannot prove her hypothesis c) Her interest in this group means that she is not objective and her study will likely contain bias d) By excluding 90 and 100-year olds Tasneem is not defining "older adults" accurately

Because Tasneem drew her sample from a gym it is likely that her results will not accurately reflect the larger population of older adults

Why might it be most reasonable to state that groups may be the most useful invention of humanity? a) Because groups allow us to create a social hierarchy and establish dominance over others. b) Because groups allow us to reach goals that could not be accomplished individually. c) Because groups give us a mirror against which to assess our own status in society. d) Because groups provide opportunities to compete and win, and therefore boost self-esteem.

Because groups allow us to reach goals that could not be accomplished individually.

Which statement is NOT an example of an attribution? When talking bout attributions, we're asking the question "why?" So answers should be specific, not so generalizable. a) Boys are better at math than girls b) Jude is good at math because he's a boy c) The rain caused the accident d) I did well on the exam due to my high intelligence e) I did poorly on the assignment because I did not work hard enough

Boys are better at math than girls

Which of the following is the best historical example of cooperation? a) Dian Fossey's discovery that mimicking gorilla grunts and behaviors allowed her to get physically closer to them for better study and observation. b) Terry Fox running across Canada to raise money for cancer research. c) Construction of the "Chunnel" that connects France and England. d) Leonardo Da Vinci's invention of the steam powered cannon.

Construction of the "Chunnel" that connects France and England.

____________ Good Samaritan study of seminary students

Darley & Batson (1973)

What is the most fundamental principle of statistics? a) Data collected in a study will vary. b) Studies that fail to confirm hypotheses are not valuable. c) There is no such thing as a true constant. d) Any research question can be definitively answered.

Data collected in a study will vary.

Mike is a pretty poor bowler, but he always brags that he can beat anyone in his league. Christoff, however, is the league champion but he always thinks that his opponent will beat him. Mike's overestimation and Christoff's underestimation of their abilities demonstrates the ________ effect. a) Festinger-Carlsmith b) Dunning-Kruger c) Darley-Latane d) Rogers-Kleespies

Dunning-Kruger

The tendency for unskilled people to be overconfident in their ability and highly skilled people to underestimate their ability is the ________ effect. a) Dunning-Kruger b) Yerkes-Dodson c) frog pond d) regression to the mean

Dunning-Kruger

Which theorist proposed that one of the most important developmental challenges for adolescents is developing a sense of identity? a) Martin Seligman b) Karen Horney c) Erik Erikson d) Alfred Adler

Erik Erikson

LeVon convinces his wealthy clients that they can move objects with their minds. He tells them that if they truly believe, the objects will move. If the objects do not move, it is because they do not truly believe. LeVon's argument fails which important criteria of science? a) Deductive reasoning b) Inductive reasoning c) Falsifiability d) the null hypothesis test

Falsifiability

In one study, participants took part in a quiz-game competition where half were assigned the role of questioner and the other half the role of contestant. The questioner thought of challenging general knowledge questions, so they clearly had a tremendous advantage. The contestants had to field questions about the questioners' store of knowledge, which typically didn't match their own. The results showed that the contestants rated the intelligence of the questioner as higher than their own. These results provide evidence for: a) Fundamental attribution error b) Illusory correlations c) Self-fulfilling prophecies d) The perils of low self-esteem e) Self-handicapping

Fundamental attribution error

Which of the following is an example of the planning fallacy? a) Faith is shopping at a hardware store and asks for help. The sales clerk suggests several tools that, if used correctly, will shorten her project time by two hours. b) Corrine finished a group project and during peer evaluations stated that she did most of the work and deserves the highest grade. She is surprised when her group members do not agree. c) Gerard believes he can complete a term paper within a one-week time frame. He is surprised when he cannot complete the project as quickly as he anticipated. d) Herald is graduating next week and believes the happiness he will feel will last for the next year. Herald is surprised when his happiness returns to normal level only a day after graduation.

Gerard believes he can complete a term paper within a one-week time frame. He is surprised when he cannot complete the project as quickly as he anticipated.

Which historical event led directly to Milgram's research on obedience? a) The slave trade from Africa to the United States b) German citizens' willingness to go along with Nazi leaders during the Holocaust c) The virtual eradication of Native Americans by the settlers in the United States d) The Bolshevik revolution in Russia

German citizens' willingness to go along with Nazi leaders during the Holocaust

Kylo is taking a social psychology course and his teacher asks students to take a computerized test that asks them to sort pictures into different categories, such as "good" and "bad." The goal of this test is to help identify automatic preferences of which a person may not be consciously aware. What is this test called? a) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) b) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) c) Implicit Association Test (IAT) d) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

What type of tool is used to measure automatic preferences such as one's attitude toward different groups? a) Stereotype Content Model b) Evaluative Priming Task d) Fixed Action Patterns (FAPS) d) Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Steph gets stung by a bee. He notices that the sting is not very painful and concludes that stings from wasps, bees, and other insects do not hurt. This is an example of: a) Empirical research b) Deductive reasoning c) A scientific theory d) Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning

__________ influence refers to conformity that results from a desire to act in a manner that is clearly socially approved such as speaking softly in libraries. a) Culture-based b) In-group c) Informational d) Normative

Informational

Which of the following is the BEST description of a person's sense of self? a) It is "reflexive": People reflect on their own identities. b) It is "received": People learn their identity by receiving feedback from others. c) It is "opaque": People cannot know themselves. b) It is "terminal": People only know who they truly are at the end of their lives.

It is "reflexive": People reflect on their own identities.

Why does engaging in downward comparison provide a boost to an individual's self-esteem? a) It provides you with an opportunity to challenge your own current status. b) It reminds you that all standards are relative, and that nobody is truly better or worse than anyone else. c) It gives you an opportunity to learn from others who have performed better on a given task. d) It reminds you that other people are not as good as you in a given domain.

It reminds you that other people are not as good as you in a given domain.

Mood-congruent memory is occurring in which of the following scenarios? a) Yesterday Janis was remembering all the hardships she's been through in her life but today she felt happy after getting engaged. b) John is currently sad and can more easily recall a time when he got in trouble for a late assignment. c) Jasmine is feeling anxious but is having a difficult time recalling how nervous she was to give a public speech. d) The sunny day is making Jaden happy, helping him to recall what he ate for breakfast this morning when he was in a hurry.

John is currently sad and can more easily recall a time when he got in trouble for a late assignment.

In Asch's classic study of conformity, what were research participants asked to do? a) Judge the sizes of lines that were on a card held a few feet away from them. b) Listen to musical notes and indicate which was the loudest. c) Taste cups of coffee and figure out which cups had the same amount of sugar added. d) Determine which colors matched and which were different.

Judge the sizes of lines that were on a card held a few feet away from them.

______________ study in which a confederate has a seizure

Latane & Darley's (1968)

Which social psychologist produced a theory of social comparison, suggesting that in many cases people join with others to evaluate the accuracy of their own beliefs and attitudes? a) Leon Festinger b) Hugo Munsterberg c) Alfred Adler d) Merrill Carlsmith

Leon Festinger

Which social psychologist suggested that our need to compare ourselves to others is rooted in a basic human desire called self-evaluation? a) Elliott Aronson b) Merrill Carlsmith c) Leon Festinger d) Michael S. Wald

Leon Festinger

Recall that Dan Gilbert studied how people explain the causes/reasons for others' behavior. According to this theoretical framework, people tend to fall prey to the fundamental attribution error because they: a) Consider a person's behavior and his or her situation simultaneously b) Have a self-serving bias c) Make initial inferences about external factors without later adjusting them for internal factors d) Make initial dispositional inferences without later adjusting them on the basis of situational information e) Have difficulty identifying what other people's behaviors signify

Make initial dispositional inferences without later adjusting them on the basis of situational information

Maria defines herself in terms of many different domains, each of which includes distinct traits and abilities. Arthur defines himself in terms of just a few domains, with similar traits and preferences represented in each domain. According to Linville's self-complexity theory, who will be better able to manage a negative event that threatens one of these life domains? a) Maria will be better at managing a negative event than Arthur. b) Arthur will be better at managing a negative event than Maria c) Both Maria and Arthur will be able to manage a negative event. d) Neither Maria nor Arthur will be able to manage a negative event e)Self-complexity theory does is not relevant to this situation

Maria will be better at managing a negative event than Arthur.

Based on your understanding of the research of Solomon Asch, you know that of all of the following choices, the person most likely to demonstrate conformity would be: a) Marie, a 50-year old French woman b) Guillermo, a 62-year old Italian man c) Sven, a 42-year old Swedish man d)Mika, a 23-year old Japanese woman

Mika, a 23-year old Japanese woman

Under which of the following circumstances would you expect a person to demonstrate the highest level of conformity in Solomon Asch's research protocol? a) Marsha has to write down her answer and submit it to the experimenter. b) Orlando has to give his choice out loud. c) Yadier has to tell his selection by holding up one, two, or three fingers. d) Anquaan has to indicate his answer by pressing the associated number on a keyboard.

Orlando has to give his choice out loud.

The well-known researcher Mead believed the reflexive self was a social actor sensitive to information about the self that came from others. This can also be described as which of the following? a) People realize that others have desires and goals in their minds as well which influence the feedback they give. b) Other people notice central traits in us that are stable while showing us that social roles are easier to change. c) Other people function like mirrors reflecting ourselves back to us. d) Other people show us what narratives to create for our own autobiographical story.

Other people function like mirrors reflecting ourselves back to us.

_______ are the threshold for the probability of making a type I/type II error. a) Null hypothesis significance tests b) P-values c) Distributions d) Falsifiable claims

P-values

Which of the following statements is true of Asch's research on conformity in groups? a) Participants who resisted appeared distressed, while those who conformed were calm. b) About two-thirds of participants agreed with the group against their beliefs, but did appear distressed. c) Participants who conformed appeared distressed, while those who resisted were calm. d) Participants conformed with the group norm on about a one-third of the total trials.

Participants conformed with the group norm on about a one-third of the total trials.

In Milgram's obedience study, participants displayed a range of peculiar reactions to being asked to continue to administer shocks to the 'learner', including laughing fits. Milgram concluded that these reactions occurred because:

Participants experienced a psychological conflict between two ingrained human dispositions.

People are usually motivated in some way when making social judgments and decisions. What often occurs as a result of having directional goals? a) People may be skeptical about evidence that goes against their directional goal. b) People may wait to make a decision on where to eat if they have a need for closure. c) People may ignore base-rates when judging representativeness. d) People may overestimate the intensity of future feelings.

People may be skeptical about evidence that goes against their directional goal.

What is a potential positive outcome of the planning fallacy? a) It causes people to finish projects ahead of deadlines, which can make for happy customers and/or allow other projects to be initiated. b) People might attempt projects that otherwise might have been avoided had the amount of effort or time needed been understood. c) It can help people to break free of the need to use various heuristics for problem-solving situations. d) It reduces the need for anticipatory planning and leads to more creative problem-solving approaches.

People might attempt projects that otherwise might have been avoided had the amount of effort or time needed been understood.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about affective forecasting? a) People tend to be accurate with predicting whether event will result in positive or negative feelings and how strong those emotions will be, but inaccurate regarding the duration of these emotions. b) People tend to be accurate with predicting whether event will result in positive or negative feelings and how long those emotions will last, but inaccurate regarding the strength of these emotions. c) People tend to be inaccurate with predicting whether event will result in positive or negative feelings, and will also be inaccurate regarding the strength or duration of these emotions. d) People tend to be accurate with predicting whether event will result in positive or negative feelings but inaccurate regarding the strength or duration of these emotions.

People tend to be accurate with predicting whether event will result in positive or negative feelings but inaccurate regarding the strength or duration of these emotions.

When Stanley Schachter put people in ambiguous, stressful situations to observe their responses to such circumstances, what did he observe? a) People often distract themselves from ambiguous situations by engaging in other activities, like reading magazines or playing on cell phones. b) People tend to seek out the company of others in such situations. c) Unclear and tense situations tend to produce aggressive, even hostile behaviors in most people. d) People prefer to deal with stressful and unclear situations alone.

People tend to seek out the company of others in such situations.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding blatant biases? a) People who openly hate one group of people also tend to hate others. b) Blatant biases are often maintained by accurate, supporting data. c) Blatant biases tend to be directed toward members of one's ingroup, while implicit biases are usually directed at an outgroup. d) Though blatant biases are very explicit, they tend to be directed at one singular outgroup.

People who openly hate one group of people also tend to hate others.

__________ is the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. a) Obedience b) Compliance c) Conformity d) Persuasion

Persuasion

Physically attractive people experience many benefits in life. Particularly, more physically attractive people have an easier time persuading others. Which characteristic is an example of why this occurs? a) Physically attractive people are seen as less intelligent. b) Physically attractive people are perceived as less successful. c) Physically attractive people are seen as unkind. d) Physically attractive people are perceived as having higher moral character.

Physically attractive people are perceived as having higher moral character.

__________ is an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership. a) Prejudice b) Attribution c) Discrimination d) Stereotype

Prejudice

Alice's Hotel has noticed that they spend a lot of money on water and electricity devoted to washing linens (towels, sheets, and pillowcases). In order to reduce this expense, the owner wants to encourage guests to reuse linens for more than one day. What would be the best way to accomplish this task? a) Put a card in the bathroom asking guests to reuse for the good of the environment. b) Offer a 1% reduction in the room cost for reusing linens for more than one day. c) Put a note on the bed indicating that most of their guests reuse linens, and asking this guest to do the same. d) Put a picture of the ocean in the bedroom with a note that says, "Save the Environment. Reuse your linens."

Put a note on the bed indicating that most of their guests reuse linens, and asking this guest to do the same.

Rafael has joined the Spanish Club at his school. According to the social identity theory, what is Rafael likely to do when he meets individuals from the German Club or French Club and defines them as outgroup members? a) Rafael will want to be friends with the outgroup members. b) Rafael will exaggerate the similarities between his ingroup and the outgroups. c) Rafael will see the groups as equal and want to decrease the social distance that exists. d) Rafael will exaggerate the similarities amongst outgroup members.

Rafael will exaggerate the similarities amongst outgroup members.

________ sampling refers to a method to select a subset of individuals for the sample from the population so that each has an equal chance of being assigned to the various study conditions. a) Random b) Stratified c) Snowball d) Convenience

Random

Which of the following procedures in research is the most important in allowing for cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn? a) Random sampling b) Regression to the mean c) Random assignment d) Analysis of variance e) Statistical significance

Random assignment

Why is it important to use random assignment when determining which research participants will comprise the different treatment groups in the study? a) Because there is no form of research that can be conducted without using random assignment. b) Random assignment eliminates variability from research. c) Without random assignment, there is no way to conduct statistical analyses of the data that are collected. d) Random assignment balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants.

Random assignment balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants.

What is the difference between Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right-Wing Authoritarianism? a) SDO concentrates on economic conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on value conflicts. b) SDO concentrates on culture conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on work ethic. c) SDO concentrates on value while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on culture conflicts. d) SDO concentrates on value conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on economic conflicts.

SDO concentrates on economic conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on value conflicts.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) Most Westerners tend to hold very accurate views of themselves and their abilities. b) Self-destructive behaviors can provide an explanation for possible failures and thereby help people perceive themselves more positively after a failure. c) Students with an entity theory of intelligence tend to get better grades (than those with incremental theory) because they try harder to avoid failure. d) Students with an incremental theory of intelligence tend to get better grades (than those with entity theory) because they care more about performance. e) The fundamental attribution error refers to people's tendency to jump to situational attributions for behaviors, without considering dispositional factors.

Self-destructive behaviors can provide an explanation for possible failures and thereby help people perceive themselves more positively after a failure.

In which of the following situations is pluralistic ignorance being demonstrated? At a hospital, several doctors are consulted to try to determine the nature of a patient's mysterious symptoms. The illness is unclear, and none of them can be sure of the diagnosis without extensive testing. At the grocery store a shelf collapses and dozens of boxes of cereal fall and are scattered all over the floor. None of the customers picks them up because they do not feel that it is their responsibility. While on the line with customer service, a man does not know the serial number of the product he's calling about. He asks others in the room if they know where to find the serial number, but no one can help him. Several people walk by a man who is laying motionless on the sidewalk but nobody helps. Some assume he is homeless and asleep. None recognize that he is in a diabetic coma.

Several people walk by a man who is laying motionless on the sidewalk but nobody helps. Some assume he is homeless and asleep. None recognize that he is in a diabetic coma.

After a well-designed research study, a scientist can conclude what about her findings? a) Nothing; science describes things without actually making any claims. b) Nothing; it takes a minimum of three studies before a claim can be made. c) She has proven her hypothesis. d) She has found support for her hypothesis.

She has found support for her hypothesis.

Dr. Jiminez conducts tests the hypothesis that people will eat more chips in a room with red walls than in a room with blue walls. Her results support her hypothesis; participants in the red room ate, on average, 1.3 times more chips than those in the blue room. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding her findings? a) She can say that she has proven her hypothesis, but only if she can prove that her sample was randomly assigned b) She has provided some evidence for her hypothesis, but the probability that her evidence is consistent with reality depends on the nature of her sample and method c) She has proven her hypothesis, but only if she replicates these results in an additional study d) She has proven that red walls increase chip consumption

She has provided some evidence for her hypothesis, but the probability that her evidence is consistent with reality depends on the nature of her sample and method

Walking down the street, Areanna is approached by a police officer. The police officer encourages Areanna to be a Good Samaritan and put money in a parking meter that's about to expire on a stranger's car. What factors might lead Areanna to obey this police officer's order and help pay for the parking meter? a) She suspects the police officer is off duty and friends with the stranger. b) The stranger who needs help is not around or close to her in proximity. c) She has seen the police officer ask others who have disobeyed. d) She views the police officer as an authority figure.

She views the police officer as an authority figure

According to __________, the ego is the part of personality that observes outside reality, engages in rational thought, and copes with the competing demands of inner desires and moral standards. a) Erik Erikson b) James Marcia c) Sigmund Freud d) Margaret Mead

Sigmund Freud

What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination? a) Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on behavior, and discrimination is based on emotions. b) Stereotypes are based on emotions, prejudice is based on beliefs, and discrimination is based on behavior. c) Stereotypes are based on behavior, prejudice is based on beliefs, and discrimination is based on emotions. d) Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on emotions, and discrimination is based on behavior.

Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on emotions, and discrimination is based on behavior.

The fundamental attribution error could lead to which of the following? a) Students overestimate the brilliance of their teachers b) People fail to hold others responsible for their misconduct c) People support greater leniency for convicted criminals d) People underestimate their own abilities e) Both A and B

Students overestimate the brilliance of their teachers

In Dracula, Bram Stoker wrote: "It is really wonderful how much resilience there is in human nature. Let any obstructing cause, no matter what, be removed in any way, even by death, and we fly back to first principles of hope and enjoyment." Which of the following concepts is most directly relevant to the idea expressed in this quote? a) The Dunning Kruger Effect b) The Psychological Immune System c) Affective Forecasting d) The Bystander Effect e) The Power of the Situation

The Psychological Immune System

Ethical concerns have been raised about Stanley Milgram's obedience research. Specifically, some have suggested that the project caused too much distress in the participants, distress that could not be justified. If you were asked your opinion of this issue, which of the following would be a legitimate response? a) Milgram's participants were paid for their participation, so there is no legitimacy to the statement that the research was unethical. b) Milgram conducted a follow-up survey of his participants, and most of them indicated that they were very angry at having been deceived. This means that the research was likely unethical. c) The majority of participants reported that they were pleased to have participated in the research, so it does not seem to have been damaging to most of those who were involved. d) Milgram's research was certainly unethical, because he conducted it even though he was advised not to do so by his University's Institutional Review Board (IRB).

The majority of participants reported that they were pleased to have participated in the research, so it does not seem to have been damaging to most of those who were involved.

In Stanley Milgram's research examining obedience, the participant was able to discontinue the experiment only after what took place? a) The participant began to raise his/her voice, indicating true distress or irritation. b) The participant stood up from his/her seat. c) The participant stated that he/she did not want to continue participating 4 consecutive times. d) The participant offered to return the check he/she had received for being part of the research.

The participant stated that he/she did not want to continue participating 4 consecutive times.

What does it mean when psychologists say that the "I" is perceiving the "me"? a) The self as an object or target is able to make executive decisions. b) The self as a knower is able to reflect on the self as a known object or target. c) The self as an object or target strives to get along and get ahead. d) The self as a knower is able to recognize the selves of others.

The self as a knower is able to reflect on the self as a known object or target.

Which is a distinct feature of the self? a) The self can reflect on itself. b) The self can remain stable throughout life. c) The self can never know itself. d) The self lacks intrapersonal insight.

The self can reflect on itself.

Which of the following is an example of manipulating the trustworthiness of a speaker? a) The speaker presents his/her message as educational or objective information. b) The speaker presents his/her message to a new audience he/she has not met before. c) The speaker gives a gift before requesting a favor. d) The speaker asks for a big request and then asks for the smaller request that was desired all along.

The speaker presents his/her message as educational or objective information.

Which of the following is a possible outcome when individuals' implicit and explicit attitudes do not match? a) Their direct, self-reports will best predict behavior such as their choice to purchase designer jeans. b) They are quicker at evaluating or categorizing attitude objects. c) They are unaware they hold an actual bias, such as a bias towards an ethnic minority. d) They will show resistance when being primed about a topic.

They are unaware they hold an actual bias, such as a bias towards an ethnic minority.

Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer (e.g., "Just answer one quick question")? a) They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction. d) They are hoping one person's cooperation will convince others nearby to follow the lead. c) They believe that being friendly will influence someone to consider buying their merchandise. d) They are utilizing what is well known in persuasion research as "inoculation".

They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction.

Carol and Martin are participating in the Prisoner's Dilemma, where each is promised a certain amount of money for either cooperating or defecting. If Carol and Martin are married and their goal is to win the highest possible combined total of money, what should they each do? Martin should cooperate and Carol should defect. They should both defect. Carol should cooperate and Martin should defect. They should both cooperate.

They should both cooperate.

What was one correct outcome of Asch's classic research on conformity in groups? a) Very few of the research participants "fell" for the trick because the correct answer was too obvious. b) Men were far more likely than women to conform to a group norm. c) More conformity was found in people who came from an individualistic society than those who were from a collectivist culture. d) Three-quarters of the participants conformed to the incorrect group norm at least one time.

Three-quarters (76%) of the participants conformed to the incorrect group norm at least one time.

Dr. Tanaka wants to know if the teams in his son's baseball league are relatively even so that no one team has a significant advantage over another. What would be the best way for him to accomplish this goal? a) To go to each game and keep statistical records of every player's performance. b) To take a random sample of players from each team and test them on various baseball drills. c) To study the way the players all performed in the previous season, which ended 10 months ago. d) To take a random team and evaluate its performance over the last two seasons.

To take a random sample of players from each team and test them on various baseball drills.

Levels of analysis suggests which of the following? a) Understanding the world requires thinking about a phenomenon at different levels (e.g., biological, psychological, cultural). b) Social factors are the most important to understanding human psychology. c) Biological factors are the most important to understanding human psychology. d) In order to understand the world, we should reduce natural phenomenon to their smallest components (e.g. atoms or neurons).

Understanding the world requires thinking about a phenomenon at different levels (e.g., biological, psychological, cultural).

How is it that schemas help people save time as they have new experiences or encounter new people or objects on a daily basis? a) Schemas allow us to immediately determine whether a new event is or is not significant in our lives. b) Schemas are the same as our episodic memories, so they are only useful when we're having a repeated experience. c) We compare new experiences to previously stored schemas and this allows us to put forth less effort to assess those new encounters. b) The use of schemas allow us to bypass memory processes as we have new experiences each day.

We compare new experiences to previously stored schemas and this allows us to put forth less effort to assess those new encounters.

WEIRD people

Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic

Which of the following is true of Milgram's (1963, 1965, 1974) research on obedience to authority? a) With each increment of shock voltage, a similar proportion of participants obeyed until the highest level (450 volts), where about 35% complied. b) With each increment of shock voltage, fewer participants obeyed, but about 65% still administered 450 volts (the highest level). c) Approximately one-third of participants complied at the highest level of shock (450 volts). d) Approximately two-thirds of participants refused to continue participation well before the highest level (450 volts).

With each increment of shock voltage, fewer participants obeyed, but about 65% still administered 450 volts (the highest level).

Kelly is at a college party and notices everyone is drinking. She concludes that the majority of students on campus must also drink alcohol frequently. What would we call Kelly's perception of what most people are doing? a) conformity observation b) informational influence c) conformational bias d) a descriptive norm

a descriptive norm

What is a heuristic? a) a mental shortcut that enables a person to make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently b) a step-by-step process of solving a problem that guarantees a solution c) a mental error that involves incorrectly attempting to use an ineffective past solution to a present problem d) an assumption that people make about other's foundational personality traits

a mental shortcut that enables a person to make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently

What is the definition of self-esteem? a) a person's sense of positive social reputation. b) a person's sense of social identity. c) a person's sense of feeling worthy or good. d) a person's sense of self as a motivated agent.

a person's sense of feeling worthy or good.

Jason believes that all Asian people are good at math. What is this belief an example of? a) aversive racism b) discrimination c) a stereotype d) prejudice

a stereotype

A belief that characterizes people based merely on group membership is __________. a) a stereotype. b) a prejudice. c) discrimination. d) an attribution.

a stereotype.

A study was published that suggested a new medication was an effective treatment for a disease. Follow-up research with much larger samples failed to confirm this original result. This follow-up research suggested that the small sample size in the first study may have unfairly biased the results to show an effect of the medication when, in reality, none existed. If this is true, then the results of the first study demonstrate ____________. a) the null hypothesis b) the alternative hypothesis c) a type II error d) a type I error

a type I error

An temporary committee to address company policy on promotions was formed at the Iwanna Workhere Corporation. The group had five meetings, ironed out new wording for the promotion procedures, and is now deciding that future meetings are no longer necessary. In Tuckman's model of group formation, what stage is this group now in? a) storming b) adjournment c) performing d) norming

adjournment

The durability bias occurs when a person overestimates how long their feelings might last. This bias is a type of: a) schema b) availability heuristic c) directional goal d) affective forecasting

affective forecasting

LaRae is described by her friends and coworkers as being very helpful and generous. They all note that she behaves in ways that make her likeable and that foster harmonious relationships among others. LaRae would probably receive a high score in a measure of ________. conscientiousness neuroticism openness agreeableness

agreeableness

Which of the Big Five personality dimensions, which is defined by being sympathetic, generous, forgiving, and helpful, has received in-depth research regarding its relationship to prosocial behavior? agreeableness conscientiousness openness extroversion

agreeableness

In null hypothesis significance testing, the researcher hopes to find support for the __________. a) correlation b) null hypothesis c) scientific theory d) alternative hypothesis.

alternative hypothesis.

Eriqa's neighbor, Peter, has a flood that ruins his apartment. Eriqa invites him to wait in her home for the clean-up professionals to arrive. When they don't come, Eriqa tells Peter that he can stay in her guest room overnight even though she was looking forward to a night on her own. She does not ask for or expect anything in return. Eriqa is demonstrating ________. cooperation rational self-interest empathy altruism

altruism

Hamet's parents divorced when he was twelve. Since that time, his father has been re-married and appears happy but his mother is still single and is unhappy. Based on this, Hamet suspects that divorce leads to unhappiness, unless a person gets re-married. Hamet is using ___________ to arrive at this conlusion. a) anecdotal evidence b) representativeness c) null hypothesis significance testing d) sampling

anecdotal evidence

Researchers have studied whether being left out of a group can cause the same neural responses as physical pain. Through fMRI studies, they found that two areas of the brain - the dorsal anterior cingulate and the ________ showed heightened activity when a person experienced social ostracism. This suggests that social pain can be as problematic as physical pain! a) posterior putamen b) suprachiasmatic nucleus c) substantia nigra d) anterior insula

anterior insula

A(n) __________ is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a target with a degree of favor or disfavor. a) assessment b) attitude c) opinion d) attribution

attitude

What are the three characteristics of a speaker that makes him/her more trustworthy when delivering a persuasive message? a) honesty, similarity, expertise b) authority, honest, likability c) authority, attractiveness, familiarity d) likability, expertise, familiarity

authority, honest, likability

Around adolescence a person is able to start reconstructing their personal story. In other words, the self becomes a(n): a) motivated agent b) autobiographical author c) social actor d) reflexive self

autobiographical author

The ________ heuristic is one in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily examples come to mind. a) representativeness b) means-end c) availability d) mental set

availability

The ________ route to persuasion employs direct, relevant, and logical messages to convince a listener to make a specific change. a) distal b) central c) unilateral d) proximal

central

Which heuristic would you likely use if you were asked, "are there more words in the English language that start with the letter "k" or that have "k" as the third letter in the word?" a) fluency heuristic b) systematic heuristic c) representativeness heuristic d) availability heuristic

availability heuristic

Brandon does not believe he is prejudiced. However, he got very nervous when told he was randomly assigned to room with a man from Costa Rica for his first year in college. He plans to spend as little time as possible in his room because of this reason. Brandon is probably experiencing which of the following? a) implicit stereotyping b) right-wing authoritarianism c) aversive racism d) social dominance orientation

aversive racism

While walking out of a convenience store, Nicholas openly mocks the clerk's accent to his friend. "EVERY convenience store I go into is owned by an Indian," he says. "Can't they do anything else?" Nicholas's open expression of his opinion and his lack of embarrassment suggests that this is a(n) ________ bias. a) discriminatory b) blatant c) implicit d) prejudicial

blatant

Having conscious beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of hostility toward outgroup members that you are perfectly willing to admit reflects what type of bias? a) subtle bias b) ambivalent bias c) ambiguous bias d) blatant bias

blatant bias

The phenomenon in which people intervene to help others in need even if the other is a complete stranger and the intervention puts the helper in danger is called ________ intervention. passerby bystander altruistic anonymous

bystander

Kyron is driving down the highway when the car in front of him gets a flat tire, swerves, and steers onto the side of the road. Kyron slams on his brakes, jumps out of his car, and runs to help the complete stranger even though he smells smoke coming from the car. Kyron's behaviors demonstrate __________. diffusion of responsibility egoistic assistance pluralistic ignorance bystander intervention

bystander intervention

Jedediah reads that every astronaut who has ever stepped foot on the moon has been a vegetarian. He looks at his wife and says, "I wonder why being a vegetarian increases one's likelihood of going to the moon!" Jedediah has arrived at an (incorrect) __________ conclusion. a) inferential b) efficacy-based c) statistically significant d) cause-and-effect

cause-and-effect

Whenever he travels to Denver for business meetings, Calvin notices that he gets bad headaches that don't go away until he returns home to Toronto. He assumes that it is just the travel that causes his migraines, but he does not consider that the elevation change and atmospheric pressure might be at fault. Calvin is making incorrect ________ conclusions about his headaches. a) experimental b) statistical c) practical d) cause-and-effect

cause-and-effect

While reading a magazine Juan notices an advertisement for tennis shoes. Juan is very interested in reading about the materials the shoes are made out of and logically concludes the tennis shoes would be a good purchase. Juan was likely in which persuasion route? a) peripheral b) trigger c) central d) heuristic

central

When being considered for a job opening, people being interviewed often mirror the interviewer's behavior. This can be explained by what concept? a) need for closure b) emotional nervousness c) chameleon effect d) planning fallacy

chameleon effect

Which of the following is the best definition of conformity? a) communicating a direct desire to have another person alter a previously held attitude b) changing one's attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm c) performing a specific behavior at the direct request of an authority figure d) agreeing to a direct request to engage in a particular behavior

changing one's attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm

The need for ________ refers to the desire to come to a decision that will resolve and conclude an issue. a) resolution b) finality c) closure d) equipotentiality

closure

The idea that feelings of self-worth are based on our evaluation of relationships with others and membership in social groups is called _________. a) collective self-esteem. b) social facilitation. c) assignment of shared value. d) aggregate self-concept.

collective self-esteem

After her high school football team loses a game, Maricella reminds herself that they are still at the top of their division, and are likely to make it to the championship at the end of the season. By taking pride in the team's superiority, Maricella is bolstering her feelings through _________. a) the fundamental attribution bias. b) social facilitation. c) upward social comparison d) collective self-esteem.

collective self-esteem (2)

The tendency of a group to spend more time discussing information that several (two or more) group members know than information that is known by fewer members is called the ________ effect. a) common knowledge b) ad populum c) social facilitation d) groupthink

common knowledge

After a new library opens in the community guests borrow almost all of the books within the first week. The manager of the library did not anticipate such interest so she now places a limit of two books on loans so that more people will have access to them. In this case the books in the library are serving as a ________. common-pool resource scarce dilemma community asset egoism-inducing measure

common-pool resource

One beach in Malibu, California has been available to beachgoers for years without restriction, but lately so many people have visited it that it has become dirty and littered. As a result nobody wants to go anymore. This beach is an example of a _________. cooperative resource common-pool resource free riding asset community thinning asset

common-pool resource

Greg and Richard live in a neighborhood where there is a community garden. Each is allowed to take fruit and vegetables for their own family, but they must also remember that if they take too much the garden will fail and nobody will be able to benefit from it. This is analogous to a ________ game. decomposed prisoner's dilemma social value orientation commons dilemma

commons dilemma

After William went to college, he decided to join the Young Republicans club. He went to make sure that his political beliefs where shared and supported by others, and that he could feel confident that his positions were legitimate. According to Leon Festinger, William's decision to join this group was driven by the process of social ________. a) bias b) validation c) comparison d) loafing.

comparison

The process by which people understand their own ability or standing by mentally contrasting themselves against others is called social ________. a) referencing b) norming c) examination d) comparison

comparison

When Jarvis goes to his first karate class, he watches some of the other new students and wonders if he is as good as they are. "They really seem to have the natural ability for kicks and punches," Jarvis thinks. Jarvis is engaging in social ________ when he studies the other students and rates his own skills against theirs. a) direction b) comprehension c) comparison d) facilitation

comparison

Dr. Sipps administers an intelligence test for his client, Mr. Robey, and determines that his IQ is 105. On the report of the test, he writes, "The client's intelligence quotient was found with 95% certainty to fall between 102 and 108." This range that allows for a variation within a statistic is called a _______. a) p-value b) confidence interval c) distribution d) margin of error

confidence interval

Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn't really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________. a) groupthink b) conformity c) compliance d) obedience

conformity

According to the stereotype content model, what would be a person's most likely response to a person who is perceived as being low in warmth and low in competence? a) envy b) contempt c) admiration d) paternalism

contempt

What are the possible actions that a person can take when involved in the prisoner's dilemma? cooperate or aggress defect or assert aggress or assert cooperate or defect

cooperate or defect

The coordination of multiple partners toward a common goal that will benefit everyone involved is a working definition of _________. cooperation altruism compliance conformity

cooperation

Tressa and Arnold are playing at recess and they decide to create a new game. They work out the rules, get a few other kids involved, and have fun with this project of theirs. Their coordinated efforts are an example of ________. social facilitation cooperation altruism egoism

cooperation

A decision-making process that compares how much time and effort would be invested in providing assistance to the perceived rewards or outcomes of that action is called a(n) _________. pro-con assessment prosocial potential evaluation empathy-intervention appraisal cost-benefit analysis

cost-benefit analysis

Over the last 3 hours, Lyndon lost $2,500 playing blackjack in Monaco. As he walks out of the casino, he thinks about the hands that lost him the most money and wonders what would have happened if he had only played those hands differently. This "what if" kind of speculation is called ________ thinking. a) counterfactual b) growth mindset c) altered scenario d) reversal of fortune

counterfactual

Contemporary research on the self as an autobiographical author has found a strong effect of __________ on one's narrative identity. a) spirituality b) culture c) sexual orientation d) parenting style

culture

Which circumstance provides an example of social facilitation? a) When at the library, Gina tends to take many more books than she will actually read because they are free and considered a public resource. b) When Victor is assigned to work on a group project in his sociology class, he doesn't do very much because he assumes the other group members will do his work for him. c) When Akira sees a customer yelling at a cashier for crushing her bread while bagging groceries, Akira assumes that the customer must be having a very bad day. d) When working out at the gym, Josh runs faster on his treadmill when another customer is running on the treadmill beside him than he does when he's all alone.

d)

"I need the group to work quickly and come up with an answer. We don't have time to spare, so make a decision as soon as possible!" If this instruction as given to a group who was charged with making an important decision, groupthink would be more likely to occur as a result of: a) isolation. b) group cohesiveness. c) decisional stress. d) biased leadership.

decisional stress

Good scientific theories __________. a) tend to mimic common sense understandings of the world b) are unbiased explanations of the natural world c) describe, explain, and predict the world in empirically-testable ways d) are fairly limited

describe, explain, and predict the world in empirically-testable ways

The perception of what most people do in a given situation is called a(n) __________ norm. a) informational b) descriptive c) influential d) confirmational

descriptive

According to Erickson, which is one of the greatest achievements for the self as a motivated agent? a) developing an identity b) developing theory of mind c) creating a self-narrative d) creating a social reputation

developing an identity

There are three friends - Masako, Elida, and Renata - who notice that one of the boys in their class looks very sad one morning and is holding back tears. Each of the girls thinks the others will ask him what is wrong and be supportive and so none of them say a word. This failure to act because they thought others would is called ________. bystander apathy prosocial paralysis pluralistic ignorance diffusion of responsibility

diffusion of responsibility

Which of the following concepts was most at play in the murder of Kitty Genovese and the failure of others to assist her? pluralistic ignorance diffusion of responsibility altruistic intention fundamental attribution error

diffusion of responsibility

Chukwudi believes that atheists cannot be trusted. As a result, he refuses to hire anyone who does not regularly attend church. Chukwudi's action is an example of __________. a) discrimination. b) a heuristic. c) a stereotype. d) the self-serving bias.

discrimination.

The stereotype content model suggests that when we interact with homeless people we feel what type of emotional prejudice? a) pity b) pride c) envy d) disgust

disgust

Dr. Parikh has conducted a study that involves gathering data about her students' performance on an exam. She observes that some students did very poorly, while other students made no errors at all. This pattern of variation within her data set is referred to as the ________. a) distribution b) covariance c) arithmetic mean d) measure of central tendency

distribution

What is the correct term for a pattern of variation that is noted in a given data set? a) correlation b) standard deviation c) distribution d) histogram

distribution

Which of the following is the correct method for calculating a margin of error in research? a) determine each data point's distance from the arithmetic mean ,and take the average of those scores. b) add all of the scores together and divide by the sample size c) divide 1 by the square root of the sample size d) determine the score that appeared with the greatest frequency in the data set

divide 1 by the square root of the sample size

Oscar would like to go to a movie without supervision. To try and get what he wants, he starts by asking his mom if he can go on a trip to the Rollercoaster Park with just his friends. When his mom says no, like he predicted, he goes on to ask if he can at least go to the movies by himself. Oscar's strategy in asking to go to the movies is an example of what persuasion trick? a) sunk costs b) reactance c) door-in-the-face d) foot-in-the-door

door-in-the-face

When a person lacks the skill to excel at a task and also lacks awareness that they are poor at this task, it can lead them to predict that they will perform well even though they cannot do so. This is the ________ explanation of the Dunning-Kruger effect. a) downward drift b) upward comparison c) double curse d) social loafing

double curse

"Oh I know that I'll just be sad forever," Monique cries, after her first boyfriend broke up with her. "I'm never going to love again. My life is RUINED!" Given that she is unlikely to be sad forever, Monique is demonstrating the __________ bias. a) impact b) durability c) halo d) affective forecasting

durability

Carl is at a movie where the main character has to endure the death of her husband. During the funeral scene, Carl cries a bit as he feels the pain of the widow's loss. This ability to understand and relate to another person's emotional experience is called ________. identification egoism empathy altruism

empathy

"In order to want to help other people, you must first imagine yourself in their situation and feel their pain." This statement summarizes the ________ model of prosocial behavior. kin selection empathy-altruism reciprocal altruism arousal: cost-reward

empathy-altruism

A feeling of confidence in one's own abilities or worth is called self-________. a) efficacy b) evaluation c) concept d) esteem

esteem

When she first gets into the swimming pool, Theresa takes a moment to think about her swimming ability. She feels confident in her skill and swims immediately to the deep end of the pool. Theresa's momentary assessment is an example of self-________. a) schematizing b) scripting c) construal d) evaluation

evaluation

Which of the following is an implicit attitude task: the task presents images of faces of men and women and then measures the time it takes the research participant to label the photo as good or bad? a) chameleon effect task b) automaticity attitude task c) evaluative priming task d) mood-congruent memory task

evaluative priming task

Which of the following is not a part of the proposed "triad of trustworthiness?" a) likability b) expertise c) authority d) honesty

expertise

Calvin is interested in measuring his school's willingness to do volunteer work around the community. He sends out a self-report survey that asks students to directly fill out their _________ attitudes on the topic. a) ambiguous b) explicit c) automatic d) implicit

explicit

Which of the following actions from a child would exemplify having a sense of self as a social actor? a) expressing emotions such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride b) demonstrating emotions such as fear, anger, and happiness c) showing a clear motivation to a specific end, such as getting a toy or getting food when hungry d) learning to use a toilet properly

expressing emotions such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride

What evidence supports the idea that social pain might be as devastating to a human being as physical pain?... a) Body temperature studies find that the human body reduces temperature in response to social pain, such as ostracism. b) Analyses of blood chemistry find that social pain can decrease the levels of stress hormones in one's blood. c) Sleep studies find that brain activity during sleep changes if one experiences social ostracism within 2 or 3 hours of going to sleep. d) fMRI imaging studies find similar brain areas activated by both experiences.

fMRI imaging studies find similar brain areas activated by both experiences

According to Karl Popper, the ________ of claims is an important difference between science and pseudoscience. a) falsifiability b) interpretation c) scope d) simplicity

falsifiability

A statement that can be shown to be untrue is considered to be ____________. a) consistent b) deductive. c) a null hypothesis d) falsifiable

falsifiable

Even though her parents offer to get her a tutor, Alaine feels that she is not good at math and never will be. She believes that she is just not smart "in this way," and she's not interested in trying to get better. Alaine has a ________ mindset about her math skills. a) growth b) fixed c) downward comparative d) locked-in

fixed

The peripheral route to persuasion takes advantage "trigger features" that activate sequential behavior in animals and humans. What is this sequence of behavior called? a) reciprocity b) inoculation c) fixed action patterns (FAPs) d) social proof

fixed action patterns (FAPs)

Randy has joined a new social club on campus. Is it likely that Randy will: a) form the impressions he makes of these club members after only one meeting b) form the most positive impressions of those with whom he interacted least c) not form impressions of these club members on physical characteristics d) carefully form the impressions he makes of these club members only after repeated meetings

form the impressions he makes of these club members after only one meeting

Latroya, Gary, and Katelyn are assigned to work together in their psychology class. Latroya and Gary are very organized, and start working right away. Katelyn decides that she doesn't have to put forth any effort because the other two will do the job well-enough. If she gets a high grade without contributing to the project, she has demonstrated the ________ problem. shifting social scripts social facilitation free-rider attributional bias

free-rider

Eliza earned a 61% on her first exam in Psychology, and the class average was 84%. On the second exam, Eliza again earned a 61%, but this time the class average was 63%. She felt much better about herself on the second exam as a result of the ________ effect. a) frog pond b) parallel process c) social categorization d) self-enhancement

frog pond

The extent to which we can infer that findings with a sample will be true of the larger population from which it was drawn is referred to as _________. a) the outgroup homogeneity bias b) interpersonal variation c) internal validity d) generalizability

generalizability

Amanda and Toni work for a polling institute. They spend hours polling citizens about their positions on various political topics and then the results are compiled. The polling institute then assumes that the trends they see in several hundred respondents apply to the larger population as a whole. This conclusion suggests that the findings are _________. a) valid b) generalizable c) reliability d) bimodal

generalizable

Anushka is generally in favor of a new candidate for Prime Minister of England, but knows that the candidate is controversial and extreme. She discusses her concerns with other people who support the candidate, and at the end of the talk they are all much more in favor of their candidate. This demonstrates the process of ________. a) social diffusion b) group polarization c) observational bias d) the bystander effect

group polarization

The belief that personal qualities, such as intelligence, can be developed through effort and practice is indicative of a person who has a(n) ________ mindset. a) growth b) constructive c) upward d) accommodating

growth

Annette has provided assistance to others in the past and believes she can be useful to other people. As a result, she is more likely to than others to provide assistance to others in the future. Annette would rate high on a measure of _______. conscientiousness other-oriented empathy helpfulness past-future consistency

helpfulness

Which of the following is defined as engaging acts that typically involve situations in which one person is in need and another provides the necessary assistance to eliminate the other's need? altruism helping bystander intervention empathy

helping

People naturally use mental "shortcuts" to simplify their social world. These shortcuts are known as: a) priming b) heuristics c) attitudes d) impact bias

heuristics

Which of the following combinations would most likely combine to create a person's schema of the "model minority" individual? a) low in competence but high in sociability b) high in competence but low in sociability c) low in competence and low in sociability d) high in competence and high in sociability

high in competence but low in sociability

Sasha is taking her family to Disney World. She predicts that she will feel immense happiness seeing her young daughter, Emerald, meet all the princesses at the theme park. However, when her daughter Emerald meets the first princess, Sasha does not feel as happy as she thought she would. Sasha's experience is an example of what concept? a) representativeness heuristic b) durability bias c) impact bias d) availability heuristic

impact bias

The Implicit Association Task (IAT) used in research, which records participants' reaction times to categorizing objects, is measuring what type of attitude? a) ambiguous attitude b) explicit attitude c) controlled attitude d) implicit attitude

implicit attitude

Drawing general conclusions from specific observations is __________. a) pseudoscience b) falsifiability c) deductive reasoning d) inductive reasoning

inductive reasoning

Research results do not prove hypotheses because __________. a) hypotheses are unable to be falsified b) theories prove hypotheses c) inductive reasoning is based on probabilities, not proof d) anecdotal evidence proves hypotheses

inductive reasoning is based on probabilities, not proof

Facts focus on _________. a) information about the world b) beliefs about the world c) hypotheses d) proof

information about the world

Hammond has just started working at a new job stacking items at the supermarket. He notices that most of his colleagues do stretching exercises before they begin their shift. Hammond assumes that this is a workplace regulation and also begins to do the stretching exercises. Which of the following concepts explains Hammond's behavior? a) informational influence b) obedience c) fixed action patterns d) normative influence

informational influence

Nora has decided to visit the new community recreation center for a swim. As she enters the change room she notices both of the two other people present put their shoes into a locker. Before she walks out to the pool she does the same. What concept helps explain her actions? a) obedience b) fixed action patterns c) normative influence d) informational influence

informational influence

Exposing participants to weak arguments before presenting them with strong persuasive messages helps participants resist persuasion. What is this effect called? a) stinging b) reactance c) inoculation d) door-in-the-face

inoculation

When the Sigma Alpha Mu (SAM) fraternity plays the Zeta Beta Tau (ZBT) fraternity in a baseball game, the brothers of the two groups are highly competitive and see each other as enemies. When the SAM and ZBT brothers work together for a charity fundraiser, they are more cooperative and work well together. The difference here represents ___________. the free-rider problem. interindividual-intergroup discontinuity. collectivist-vs-individualistic mentalities. the ultimate attribution error.

interindividual-intergroup discontinuity.

Null-hypothesis significance testing... a) is a way to apply deductive reasoning to data b) is a way to verify that the pattern of results in the data accurately reflect the relationship of these variables in reality c) is the scientific test used to prove a researcher's hypotheses d) is a way to determine the probability that the pattern of results in the data would have been found if there was really no relationship between the variables

is a way to determine the probability that the pattern of results in the data would have been found if there was really no relationship between the variables

Showing favoritism for helping one's own blood relatives is called ________. the familial empathy effect kin selection genetic preference hereditary augmentation

kin selection

At what point in life does one begin to construct a narrative identity? early adolescence late childhood early adulthood late adolescence

late adolescence

Dr. Smeet is a cognitive psychologist. When she teaches students about memory, she highlights the neurological, cognitive, and social components of memory, indicating that in order to understand "memory" we must consider multiple __________. a) hypotheses b) levels of analysis c) facts d) causality

levels of analysis

That the same questions can be answered differently, by appealing to biological, cognitive, behavioral, or cultural mechanisms, is the essence of the idea of ___________. a) empirical testing b) science c) levels of analysis d) hypotheses

levels of analysis

When surveyed, over 87% of Americans reported that they... a)had a social media account. b)were married or wanted to be married. c) lived with other people. d) preferred to spend significant periods of time without other people around.

lived with other people

Lori is training to be an opera singer, and is in a performance with several other singers. She tends to compare herself to the other women in the show, but she does not compare herself to the famous soprano Maria Callas, whose opera career was legendary. This is an example of the ________ effect. a) self-enhancement b) social-categorization c) downward comparison d) local dominance

local dominance

Kym has collected data from a large group of research participants and he is pleased that the statistical analysis seems to be confirming his original hypothesis. To be sure that his conclusions are accurate, he must calculate a ________. This is done by dividing 1 by the square root of his sample size. a) standard deviation b) confidence interval c) margin of error d) measure of central tendency

margin of error

In a situation where a thief needs to be confronted by a bystander, why might a man be more likely to intervene than a woman? men tend to have more upper body strength than women and thus may be less likely to be injured when confronting the thief men are more concerned with impressing others with their actions, so they will intervene to "look good" to others television programs and media depictions of emergencies do not include women in helper roles, and thus women are socialized not to help in such situations women are taught from an early age that intervening in the affairs of others is not a "ladylike" behavior, regardless of the type of need that is required

men tend to have more upper body strength than women and thus may be less likely to be injured when confronting the thief

Kari visited the doctor recently who told her she needed to start eating better or she is at risk for a heart attack within the next few years. Kari is very motivated to view herself in a positive light and doesn't like the news the doctor gave her. She wonders if the doctor's tests could have been inaccurate. Kari's uncertainty over her health results from the doctor is an example of what? a) mood-congruent memory b) planning fallacy c) affective forecasting d) motivated skepticism

motivated skepticism

Development of a mature identity involves an internalized and evolving story of the self that reconstructs the past and anticipates the future in such a way as to provide a person's life with some degree of unity, meaning, and purpose over time. This is also known as ___________. a) motivational identity b) reflexive identity c) theory of mind d) narrative identity

narrative identity

Clara is extremely hungry after having a 3 hour meeting. She wants food as quickly as possible but is unsure of where to eat. Because of her motivation to eat, she makes a quick decision to eat at the coffee shop a few buildings away. Her motivation to make a quick decision is an example of what concept? a) impact bias b) need for closure c) planning fallacy d) motivated skepticism

need for closure

Jeremiah knows that his roommate Hank has a financial problem, but he really does not want to pay Hank's rent this month. He does so, however, so that he won't feel guilty and sad for declining to offer help. Jeremiah's decision to pay Hank's rent is based on the ________ model. kin selection cost-benefit analysis arousal: cost-reward negative state relief

negative state relief

Which model of helping explains prosocial behaviors as having an egoistic or selfish motivation? negative state relief arousal: cost-reward cost-benefit analysis kin selection

negative state relief

Dr. Nguyen conducts a study to examine the hypothesis that exercising in the morning increases subjective well-being. In this study, the null hypothesis is that there is/are ________. a) no relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being b) a relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being c) physical exercise leads to subjective well-being d) physical exercise does not lead to subjective well-being

no relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being

Is there a difference between the likelihood that men or women will provide help when it is needed? sort of, as sex differences in helping depend on whether there is a genetic relationship to the person in need yes, men tend to provide help far more rapidly than women no, the general levels of helpfulness are pretty much equivalent between the sexes. yes, women tend to provide help far more rapidly than men

no, the general levels of helpfulness are pretty much equivalent between the sexes.

In null hypothesis significance testing, the __________ is a statement that two variables are not related. a) correlation b) null hypothesis c) distribution d) alternative hypothesis

null hypothesis

Research on social pressure and conformity suggests which of the following factors can help individuals resist conformity in a group? a) being from a collectivist society with the desire to prove one's competence b) being observed by other members, which increases individual accuracy c) a very large group size, which decreases pressure on individuals d) observing just one person disagreeing with the majority

observing just one person disagreeing with the majority

Paulette recently irritated some of the girls in a sorority at her college, so they have decided to exclude her from their group. The group of girls ignores Paulette-- shuns her-- and communicates that she is not welcome at their events. The group of sorority sisters is using ________ to communicate their displeasure with Paulette...... a) ostracism b) affiliation c) social facilitation d) reactance

ostracism

The practices of excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contract with that person, often by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them, is called ________... a) marginalizing b) ostracism c) prejudice d) peripheralization

ostracism (2)

What are the two sets of characteristics that have been identified in a prosocial personality orientation? altruism and empathy postformal morality and postconventional empathy other-oriented empathy and helpfulness self-other distinction and conscientiousness

other-oriented empathy and helpfulness

A social category or group with which an individual does not personally identify is called a(n) ________. ingroup outgroup social pariah distanced other

outgroup

The likelihood that a research finding was due to random chance rather than being due to an actual observed change is called the __-value. a) s b) t c) p d) r

p

Harmony runs an analysis on her research data. She discovers that there is a 5% probability that her findings would have resulted purely by chance. This is known as the ____________. a) p-value b) Null hypothesis significance test c) correlation d) the Kuhn-Popper rule

p-value

When Lucia finds out that her friend Vina is dating the "hottest boy in school," she feels jealous. She doesn't want Vina to know that she feels this way, so she tells Vina, "I'm happy for you. I guess you're happy, if that's really the kind of guy you want to be seen with." Lucia is using ________ communication to overcome her disappointment. a) counterfactual b) passive-aggressive c) negating d) comparative

passive-aggressive

During a political debate, one candidate continually avoids questions about the details of his policies. Instead, he focuses on pointing out problems that he know worry people and reassures them with a warm smile that they will be "in good hands" if he is elected. This candidate is using the ________ route to persuasion in trying to garner votes. a) preconscious b) central c) peripheral d) direct

peripheral

The ________ route to persuasion relies on superficial cues that have little to do with logic. It requires a target who is not thinking carefully about what you are saying. a) proximal b) central c) peripheral d) convergent

peripheral

Diana and Paul decide to rob a fast food restaurant together but both are caught by the police. They are questioned in separate rooms and each is given the choice to reveal their participation or to stay quiet. If they are promised a lighter sentence for being cooperative and a harsher sentence for refusing to confess, they are engaged in the ________. prisoner's dilemma separate interrogation maneuver good cop-bad cop ploy lineup schema

prisoner's dilemma

Engaging in actions that benefit another person is called ________behavior. sympathetic social prosocial empathetic

prosocial

Research has repeatedly supported the notion that adult personality exists as a combination of the "big five" personality traits. Which of the following is NOT a big five personality trait? a) psychoticism b) openness to experience c) neuroticism d) extraversion

psychoticism

Using some probability based method of dividing a sample of research participants into different treatment groups is called ________. a) random sampling b) in-group stratification c) random assignment d) out-group stratification

random assignment

Which of the following procedures in research is the most important in allowing for cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn? a) regression to the mean b) analysis of variance c) random sampling d) random assignment

random assignment

Duncan is aware that he does not have any skill at golf; in fact, he can barely swing a club! He watches the Ryder Cup and sees the amazing skill of the professional golfers. He doesn't care much about the game and is not motivated to work on his own golf swing. Duncan does not really compare himself to the professional golfers because golf lacks ________ to him. opportunity relevance accessibility availability

relevance

Which of the following are the criteria that are necessary for a person to engage in the process of social comparison? a) relevance and similarity b) pragmatics and proximity c) relevance and proximity d) proximity and similarity

relevance and similarity

Javari is teaching a psychology class and tells his students, "Kenna is 31, single, outspoken, and bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, Kenna was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues." When Javari asked his class if it was more likely that Kenna was A) a bank teller or B) a bank teller AND a feminist, most people in his class chose option B. Javari explained that their answer was incorrect because their _____________ heuristic led them astray. a) representativeness b) availability c) shortcut d) fluency

representativeness

The ________ heuristic is one in which the likelihood of an object belonging to a category is evaluated based on the extent to which the object appears similar to one's mental conceptualization of the category. a) compare and contrast b) similarity c) representativeness d) availability

representativeness

Dr. Stuart wants to study whether there is a relationship between the number of hours a high school senior spends on social networking sites and their grade point average. He obviously cannot study every12th grader, so instead he will select a smaller ________ of seniors to study. a) cross-section b) population c) sample d) confounding group

sample

Researchers want to know the average weight of people living in Toronto. To accomplish this, they weigh 500 people of all ages who show up to a public park on Saturday. This is an example of a _______. a) value b) sample c) population d) hypothesis

sample

Which of the following is a potential negative effect of using downward social comparisons? a) envy b) egocentrism c) scorn d) dissatisfaction

scorn

16-year-old high school student Gregory thinks of himself as a member of the "musical clique" at school and feels that the musicians are the best group of students. He thinks poorly of athletes and spends most of his time with peers who share similar interest. This is an example of __________ theory. a) self-categorization b) benevolent schemata c) automatic bias d) subtle prejudice

self-categorization

It is a natural and adaptive social process to classify people into groups. However, because we inhabit one of these groups, we tend to favor our ingroup. What concept explains this tendency to put people, including yourself, into groups? a) stereotype content bias b) spontaneous group bias c) self-categorization theory d) ingroup bias

self-categorization theory

"I may not live in the biggest house in the city, but at least I'm not homeless like some other unfortunate people!" If this use of downward comparison makes a person feel better about their own situation, it demonstrates the ________ effect. a) stereotyping b) affective referencing c) counterfactual d) self-enhancement

self-enhancement

Lilly is having a conversation with her grandmother about her school, friends, and various activities and interests. Lilly also says, "Grandma, I think that I'm a good person. I like making other people feel happy!" Lilly's feeling that she is worthy and good reflects her _________. a) self-schema b) self-efficacy c) self-esteem d) self-concept

self-esteem

Janine loves to play chess but she is only a beginner. The members of her chess club laugh when she suggests her opening moves are similar to those of Kasparov, one of the greatest players of all time. Janine's social comparison is really unusual, since there is no ________ to the figure to which she is comparing herself. relevance proximity complementarity similarity

similarity

In scientific theories, when there are competing explanations for empirical observations, the _______ explanation should be selected. a) oldest b) simplest c) most complex d) longest

simplest

Mordechai lives in a neighborhood where nearly every home is owned by other orthodox Jewish families. He is very upset when he finds out that a house on his block has been purchased by a family who is Catholic. He feels that Jewish families are better than others, and does not want this family to live on his block. Mordechai is demonstrating a ________ orientation. a) subtle bias b) right-wing authoritarianism c) social dominance d) implicit bias

social dominance

During his early work, social psychologist Normal Triplett noted that cyclists were faster in races against other riders than they were when they were racing alone against a clock. This lead to his concept of __________. a) social facilitation b) social loafing c) dominance hierarchy d) actor-observer biases

social facilitation

According to ________ theory, people tend to categorize each other into groups and then show favoritism to their own group. a) blatant bias b) social identity c) schematic stratification d) implicit personality

social identity

The idea that one's self-concept and self-esteem is affected by the way in which an individual categorizes him- or herself as a group member is called ________ theory. a) realistic identification b) out-group homogeneity c) social identity d). in-group comparison

social identity

Aaruna believes that all fans of the Toronto Maple Leafs are strong, tough people who are loyal in any circumstance. Since he has become a fan of that sports team, he starts to think of himself in exactly these ways, and describes himself as tough, strong, and loyal. Aaruna's adjusted self-concept reflects the basic concepts of ________ theory. a) social identity b) attributional c) downward drift d) social comparison

social identity (2)

Ingrid goes to a community build of a new playground where dozens have people have shown up to lend a hand. Ingrid doesn't really want to help, so she makes sure to take the easiest tasks possible, and puts very little effort into them. She does not think her lack of effort will matter or will be noticed. Ingrid is demonstrating ________. a) collective reduction b) deconstructed effort c) social loafing d) social facilitation

social loafing

Ben is playing basketball with his friends one day when he notices everyone else has name brand shoes. He is uncertain how the quality of his shoes compares to his friends but because of __________ he feels pressure to conform and ends up buying name brand shoes for himself by the following week. a) foot-in-the-door b) social proof c) reciprocity d) scarcity

social proof

Traits and social roles attributed to an actor is known as: a) social reputation b) identity c) ego d) narrative identity

social reputation

Dr. Maweldi is studying children in his laboratory and he places Maryam and Tameika at a table together. The kids are given a plate of chocolates and Tameika is told to decide how many candies she will get and how many Maryam will get. Dr. Maweldi is studying Tameika's ________ when he examines how she allocates the treats to herself and her partner. interindividual discontinuity social value orientation altruistic motivation rational self-interest

social value orientation

The Dean of the Education department at a major college is awarded a $250,000 grant. He is allowed to pay himself out of that grant, and can also use the money for his department's improvement. A study of how much he gives himself and how much he uses for other purposes would be studying the Dean's ________. level of empathy and altruism social value orientation response to a prisoner's dilemma common=pool resource

social value orientation

The idea that self-esteem functions to mentally monitor one's degree of inclusion or exclusion in social groups is called the ________ model. a) social comparison b) social identity c) sociometer d) affiliative joining

sociometer

Which researcher is well-known for having conducted a study of conformity that involved having participants express a judgment of the sizes of lines? a) James Carlsmith b) Leon Festinger c) Solomon Asch d) Stanley Milgram

solomon Asch

The numerical result computed from a sample (for example, a mean or a proportion) is called a(n) ________. a) inference. b) confidence interval c) statistic d) validity rating

statistic

When the findings in a research study are believed to be due to an actual phenomenon under investigation and not due to chance or random occurrence, this is called __________. a) statistical significance b) practical significance c) covariance d) cause-and-effect

statistical significance

When Ashley conducts research and determines that the results are highly unlikely to have been due to random chance, she can state that her findings are ___________. a) efficacious. b) practically significant. c) high in external validity. d) statistically significant.

statistically significant.

The________ content model suggests that we judge social groups based on their perceived warmth and competence. a) stereotype b) external assessment d) dispositional c) subjective

stereotype

Researchers pointed out to participants how gullible they were in being influenced by advertisements. As a result the participants were less affected by ads. What is technique effect called? a) blocking d) stinging c) defending d) door-in-the-face

stinging

Charlotte is forming a new medieval singing group on her college campus. There are 12 singers involved, and they are trying to determine how the group will exist. Right now there is a lot of disagreement and conflict among the singers, and they are trying to determine a solution that will make everyone happy. According to Tuckman's model, the group is in the ________ stage. a) storming b) adjourning c) norming d) forming

storming

When considering the ways that people develop and communicate their senses of identity which of the following activities may be the most powerful form of self-transformation that human beings have ever invented. a) storytelling b) painting pictures c) sculpture d) songwriting

storytelling

Elsa purchased concert tickets about two months ago. Today is the concert but it's raining out, meaning Elsa would have to purchase an umbrella and rain boots if she still wants to go. Why is Elsa still likely to be persuaded to attend the concert? a) sunk costs b) reciprocity c) reactance d) social proof

sunk costs

When people reflect on the ways in which their past experiences have informed their sense of identity and wonder about how they might change in the future they are considering _________. a) mortality salience b) self-actualization c) temporal continuity d) self-esteem

temporal continuity

When an individual reflects on her sense of self as an embodied actor whose social performances may be construed in terms of more or less consistent self, upon which aspect of the self is she reflecting? a) the "social actor" b) the "motivated agent" c) the "reflexive artist" d) the "autobiographical author"

the "social actor"

The double curse explanation provides a rational for which of the following? a) self-evaluation maintenance b) counterfactual thinking c) the Dunning-Kruger effect d) the frog pond effect

the Dunning-Kruger effect

Which of the following factors does NOT influence conformity? a) the collectivist culture of the group b) the size of the group c) the unanimity of the group d) the age of the group

the age of the group

Which of the following has not been a focus of research into when people help others? how bystanders come to define an emergency how the costs and benefits of intervening affect a bystander's decision of whether to help when bystanders decide take responsibility for helping the physical distance between the bystander and the emergency

the physical distance between the bystander and the emergency

What is indicated by the p-value in a research study? a) the probability of observing a particularly outcome in the study b) the frequency with which two variables in a given study will co-occur c) the likelihood that participants in a research study were randomly assigned to the various conditions of that study d) the likelihood that the independent and dependent variables in an experiment have been confounded

the probability of observing a particularly outcome in the study

Johnny and his family are watching TV. One of Johnny's favorite shows comes on so he gets up and sits in front of the TV to be closer to the screen, not realizing he is blocking the screen for the rest of his family. From this example, what is Johnny most likely still developing? a) theory of mind b) ego c) autobiographical reasoning d) identity

theory of mind

Specific, sometimes minute, aspects of a situation that activate fixed action patterns are called __________ features. a) central b) persuasion c) trigger d) peripheral

trigger

In perhaps the most famous study ever conducted in social psychology, approximately ______ of men studied were willing to administer a lethal shock of electricity to a helpless victim when they were ordered to do so by a person who appeared to be in a position of authority. a) two-thirds b) one-third c) one-half d) three-quarters

two-thirds

When a researcher concludes, based on data, that there is a relationship between two variables, but this is not really the case, the researcher has made a/an _________. a) pseudoscientific claim b) egregious error c) type I error d) type II error

type I error

When a researcher does not find a relationship between two variables in their data but there is actually a relationship between these variables, the researcher has made a/an _________. a) pseudoscientific claim b) type II error c) type I error d) egregious error

type II error

Jabon is given $50 to do with as he sees fit. He can decide how much to give to Alisa. Alisa can accept Jabon's money offer, or she can reject it. If she accepts it they both keep those amounts, but if she rejects it neither gets to keep any money. This situation is an example of the ________. fundamental egoism task prisoner's dilemma interindividual-intergroup discontinuity stratagem ultimatum game

ultimatum game

Which word would be the best synonym for "empathy?" understanding hostility sympathy pity

understanding

When you get a test back in your statistics class, you initially feel good about your score of 87. When you find out that your buddy got a 93, your satisfaction with your own grade diminishes. You have engaged in ________ comparison and that has impacted your evaluation of your own performance. upward parallel competitive downward

upward

The belief that psychological research should be used to improve people's lives (for example, in making people happier, healthier, and more interpersonally successful) is an example of _______ in science. a) objectivity b) values c) facts d) generalizability

values

When a person places him or herself in a position in which he or she might be exploited by another, and does so willingly with the trust that another person will not take advantage of them, they are experiencing a state of ________. susceptibility dilemma personalization vulnerability

vulnerability

While at an automatic cash machine, Louise is approached by a man who gives her a story about how his car broke down and how he only needs taxi fare to get home. He promises to send her back the money. If Louise gives him the money, knowing that it may never be returned, she is placing herself in a state of ________. vulnerability impracticality empathy altruism

vulnerability

The stereotype content model suggests that we judge social groups on which two features? a) competence and attractiveness b) competence and values c) attractiveness and values d) warmth and competence

warmth and competence

Under which of the following circumstances would a cost-benefit analysis be most likely to result in a person offering helpful assistance? when both the costs and rewards are both low when the costs are high and the rewards are low when the costs are low and the rewards are high when both the costs and rewards are both high

when the costs are low and the rewards are high

Under which situation is diffusion of responsibility least likely to occur? when the potential helper is either younger or female when the potential helper is the only one present who can help when there are several potential helpers nearby, all of whom can render assistance when the potential helper is either older or male

when the potential helper is the only one present who can help

Which of the following is a traditional female gender role that might impact one's tendency to offer specific types of assistance? women are chivalrous women are heroic women like to take physical risks women are compassionate

women are compassionate

Yolanda is hosting a jewelry party during which her friends will come to her home and (hopefully) buy jewelry that she recommends. In this situation, there are many different ways in which perceptions of trustworthiness are being manipulated. Which of the following best describes why Yolanda might be successful in selling jewelry? a) word of mouth b) authority compliance c) maven endorsements d) social proof

word of mouth

If you are participating in the prisoner's dilemma, which scenario would lead to the best outcome for you? you cooperate and your partner defects. both you and your partner defect both you and your partner cooperate you defect but your partner cooperates

you defect but your partner cooperates