Social Psych- Social Cognition
Behavioral confirmation is a form of ________ when individuals' social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.
self-fulfilling prophecy
_______ effect occurs when one incorporates wrong information into a memory after witnessing an event and attaining wrong, misleading information about it.
Misinformation
Research in 1999 by Kruger and Dunning found that incompetence feeds _______.
Overconfidence
Research in 1999 by Kruger and Dunning found that incompetence feeds ________.
Overconfidence
When one overestimates the accuracy of one's beliefs, one is displaying ______.
Overconfidence
Activating particular associations in memory is ______.
Priming
Even when stimuli are presented unconsciously, their effects can become conscious due to __________.
Priming
Kiley is attending college to be a nurse. As she learns of high blood pressure she starts to worry about the headache she has experienced. This can happen due to ______.
Priming
The awakening or activating of certain associations is the definition of ___________.
Priming
When the persistence of one's initial conceptions are discredited, but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives, this persistence is identified as ______.
belief perseverance
We tend to see our worlds through _______ glasses.
belief-tinted
A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconception is identified as confirmation ________.
bias
Studies of dating and newly married couples identified that idealization in relationships created ______.
buffered conflict relationship satisfaction better images of each other NOT: more conflict with more reality
Jessica was told that "blonds have more fun" so she colored her hair blond and actually believed she was meeting more people and that her social life improved. Jessica is an example of ______ thinking.
illusory
The perception of a relationship where none exists or a perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists is the definition of an ________ correlation.
illusory
Being the person who actually rolls the dice or spins the wheel while gambling have higher confidence than if they are just watching someone roll the dice or spin the wheel. What phenomena explains this?
illusory control
Our system of heuristics allows us to use mental shortcuts to ______.
invent explanations form impressions make judgments NOT: analyze machines
Sam is asked to testify in a court hearing as an eyewitness to a robbery. Sam's testimony is relying on his construction of ______.
memory
Your manager insists that all proposals and recommendations include a reason why they might not work. By asking this, your manager is trying to reduce ______.
overconfidence
The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average is an example of ______ toward the average.
regression
Mitchell, Thompson, and colleagues report that people recall mildly pleasant events more favorably than they experienced them, a phenomenon called _____.
rosy retrospection
Jake's teacher kept telling him he could get an A in the class. His teacher helped Jake believe in himself and he did get the grade. Jake accomplished his ______-fulfilling prophecy.
self
People believe that vivid events, such as shark attacks, are more common than events that are harder to picture, even when this is statistically incorrect. This tendency is an example of ______.
the availability heuristic
Most students underestimate how long it will take to complete papers and other major assignments. Students are not alone. Which of the following also describe issues with estimating?
-Political overconfidence in which overconfident decision makers can wreak havoc. -Planning fallacy that individuals overestimate how much we will get done and how much free time we will have. -Stockbroker confidence that experts are overconfident they can beat the stock market average. NOT: -CEO overconfidence in which one individual decides all the major decisions and judgments of the corporation.
In one study where teachers were videotaped talking to, or about, unseen students, it took a _____ clip to determine if the teachers viewed the student as a good or poor.
10-second
David prepares his cereal and accidentally puts the cereal away in the refrigerator and the milk in the cupboard. David's action is an example of ______ thinking.
Automatic and impulsive
In recent months, national media spent a lot of time on stories about gays and lesbians. Yesterday, you conducted a poll asking people to estimate what percent of Americans are gay and lesbian. They results indicate that people estimated 23% are gay and lesbian but actually only about 4.1% identify as gay or lesbian. Why did people overestimate this percent?
Availability heuristic
Imagining an alternative scenario or outcome that might have happened but did not is known as ______ thinking.
Counterfactual
Joey placed second in the state wrestling meet. He spent some time thinking about what might have been if he had gotten one more take down. Joey is demonstrating ______ thinking.
Counterfactual
Psychologists Nisbett and Ross (1980) recommended four ways that education can reduce people's vulnerability to cognitive error. Which of the recommendations below is NOT one of their suggestions? Distract people while they make decisions, so they rely on emotions Demonstrate good and bad logic with concrete examples Create memorable and useful slogans about biases Teach statistics courses focused on everyday logic
Distract people while they make decisions, so they rely on emotions
______ _______ explains how our physical sensations can prime our social judgments.
Embodied cognition
Using the belief perseverance policy, consider a person who has a risk-prone personality trait. He or she would be most suited in which of the following occupations?
Firefighter Police officer NOT: college professor computer programmer
Which of the following methods can help remedy overconfidence?
Get prompt feedback. Consider disconfirming information. NOT: Continue to focus on expertise. Unpack a task
Our personal system of mental shortcuts is the definition of ________.
Heuristic
_____ intuition appears in how we take in, store, and retrieve social information.
Illusory
______ thinking is the term for perceptual misinterpretations, fantasies, and construed beliefs that change to fit our current beliefs or behaviors.
Illusory
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of controlled thinking? Deliberate Conscious Reflective Impulsive
Impulsive
Dan had a feeling he should buy Apple stock, and it proved to be an excellent choice. His decision was based on a "gut feeling" instead of logic or reasoning. This feeling is an example of ______ judgment.
Intuitive
Our immediate knowledge of something without reasoning or analysis is identified as ___________ judgment.
Intuitive/snap
In lab studies in which two participants play a game against each other, if one participant is told that the other person is going to be competitive and non-cooperative, this usually results in the first participant _____.
acting in a hostile, aggressive manner
In an experiment, people anticipated interacting with another person of a different race. When led to believe that the other person disliked interacting with someone from their race, they felt more ______.
anger
Studies have shown that teachers who know students are in the gifted range will ______.
call on them more often for answers look and smile at them more set higher standards for them NOT: spend more time with low achievers
Jonas was certain his computer program for grading classes was the best system to use. When others tried to offer feedback, Jonas did not really listen. Jonas is displaying ______ bias.
confirmation
We respond not to reality but to reality as we ______ it.
construe
Our social judgments are affected by our physical sensations thanks to our _______ cognitions. For example, if one is holding a warm drink they are more likely to rate someone warmly as they approach.
embodied
Our social judgments are affected by our physical sensations thanks to our ____________ cognitions. For example, if one is holding a warm drink they are more likely to rate someone warmly as they approach.
embodied
Sally met Samuel at a party and really enjoyed his company. When Sally learned Samuel lived in a poor neighborhood, she began to develop ______ impressions of him.
false
On the first day of class you are the second person to enter the classroom. The other person does not acknowledge that you came in the door and you think, "how rude." The next few times you enter the classroom the other person says hello, smiles, and engages you in conversation and you find this person quite pleasant. Your initial impression was a(n) _____.
false impression
Joey believes he can make the varsity team as a freshman and he does it. Joey is demonstrating self-______ prophecy.
fulfilling
A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is identified as availability _______.
heuristic
Our social judgments and beliefs influence ______.
how we act how we feel our own reality
When someone loves and admires us, it helps us become the person he or she imagines us to be. This is called ________.
idealization
Repeated findings in experiments show that when witnessing an event and then repeatedly receiving misleading information about that event, an individual will incorporate the errors into his or her memory. This is referred to as the ______ effect.
misinformation
When estimating chances for success on some future task, people's confidence is highest when the moment of truth is _________.
near
John is a leader in his career; he speaks as an expert in all areas of the company. John's impression of expertise is an example of the ______ phenomena.
overconfidence
According to research presented the book, students who score the lowest on tests of grammar, humor, and logic are the most prone to _______ their abilities.
overestimating
We worry about remote possibilities while ignoring higher probabilities. Social scientists refer to this as our _____.
probability neglect
Our social beliefs and judgments influence how we feel and act to help generate our own _____.
reality
In the construction of memories, research shows that ______.
recall is often biased by current knowledge and beliefs
Don and Dana were married for 20 years before they divorced. Prior to the divorce, Dana said she was happy in her marriage; following the divorce, Dana felt they should have divorced much sooner. This is an example of ______ past attitudes.
reconstructing
Changing our memory of past behaviors to fit current perspectives or attitudes is called ______ of past behaviors.
reconstruction
Miguel is having a terrible week; he failed an exam, his stocks fell in value, and his golf score hit a low. However, Miguel is not upset because he knows that over time, bad trends get better (just like good trends get worse). Miguel is counting on which idea to improve his situation?
regression toward the average
John is a 23-year-old male who is an atheist and a drug user. You are asked to guess what kind of music he likes. You guess heavy metal music. Your guess is based on the _____ heuristic.
representativeness
The tendency to presume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if it resembles a typical member is a description of ________heuristics.
representativeness
Research has shown through behavioral confirmation that people who are more lonely behave less ______.
socially
Robyn Dawes, Richard Nisbett, and Lee Ross all agree that what is needed to reduce errors in our social thinking is, at heart, to _____.
teach
Gamblers continue to gamble and feel more in control when they have picked their own lottery numbers (compared with picking random numbers). These actions are an example of ______.
the illusion of control
Anthony Greenwald describes our tendency to revise the past to suit our present views as having _____ egos.
totalitarian
