Social psychology

The "ABCs of the self" refer to affect, behavior, and cognition. Which one of these three concepts is most relevant to the idea of self-esteem?

affect

According to self-discrepancy theory, experiencing negative emotions, such as anxiety or depression, is often caused by the

degree of incongruity of actual, ought, and ideal self.

In Kahneman's (2011) work on judgment and decision making, System 1 is to _____________ as System 2 is to _____________.

easy: effortful

All of the following are considered "primary" emotions except

embarassment

Based on research on counterfactual thinking, in which of the following scenarios is Jamal most likely to wonder what life might have been like had he been richer?

financially, jamal is in the upper class, his parents were slightly richer.

According to the looking-glass model of self-concept development, the self-concept develops

from the way one believes they are viewed by others

Rebecca fills out a survey in which she asserts complete agreement with the statement, "I enjoy being unique and different from others." With which cultural orientation does she most likely identify?

individualism

Which one of the following statements concerning introspection is true?

introspection can sometimes impair self knowledge

According to terror management theory, to mute the defensive and anxious response that most people have when confronted with the thought of their own death, one should experience some form of

positive feedback boosts self esteem

Colin and Erin are waiting to meet with their caterer so that they can discuss the menu for their wedding. The caterer is 30 minutes late and still hasn't arrived. Colin suggests that the caterer is probably delayed because of traffic. Erin suggests that the caterer is probably disorganized and unreliable. Colin is making a(n) _____________attribution, whereas Erin is making a(n) _____________ attribution.

situational; personal

According to theories regarding self-perception of emotions, what would be the likely effect of sitting at your desk slumped over in the chair with a bowed head?

you'd be feeling dejected

Willis and Todorov (2006) showed college students photos of strangers' faces and found which one of the following results?

Even when they saw the photos for less than one second, participants' ratings of the faces were highly correlated with the ratings made by others who were allowed to look at the faces for as long as they wanted to.

Jerry makes frequent eye contact with the person to whom he is talking. This behavior is most likely to elicit Correct!

a positive impression is he is talking to his friend, a negative impression if he is talking to an enemy.

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute

another persons behavior to personal factors rather than the situation

Goldstein and Cialdini's 2007 study on vicarious self-perception demonstrated that

people infer something about themselves by observing the behavior of those who they believe to be biologically similar to them

Schachter (1959) examined the preferences of participants who were expecting to receive a series of painful electric shocks. He found that these participants preferred to wait in a room

with those expecting shocks

Todd, considered to have a baby face, and Martin, viewed as having more mature features, are both being interviewed for the same position in a bank. Which one of the following choices is the most probable outcome?

Because of his more mature features, Martin will be recommended for the position.

Males tend to have ____________ self-esteem than females, and this difference is quite ____________.

Higher:small

Estimates of the probability that an event will happen based on the ease with which one can recall previous instances of this event reflect the

availability heuristic

While traveling around the world, Teun shows various people pictures of men and women from his hometown who are smiling and frowning, and he asks these people to infer what emotions the individuals in the pictures are experiencing. According to the research on perceptions of primary emotions, Teun should find that

perceptions of emotions are relatively consistent across most cultures

The process by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and urges is called Correct Answer

self regulation

According to correspondent inference theory, in which one of the following situations would a personal attribution be most appropriate? Correct Answer

steve, a world reknown playboy joins a monastery and takes a vow of celibacy

When people are self-focused, they Correct!

tend to behave in ways that are consistent with personal standards

Bing loves to sing. Lately people have been paying him to sing at weddings, anniversaries, and funeral. If Bing starts to not enjoy singing as much as he used to, he is probably experiencing

the overjustification affect

What is self-concept?

the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is

The study of social perception addresses all of the following except

the strategies people use to create a positive self image

People enhance their self-esteem in all of the following ways except

upward social comparison

One of the reasons that we are not very successful at detecting deception is because Correct!

we fail to attend to nonverbal cues that actually signal deception

According to Festinger, social comparison is less likely to occur

when objective criteria are available