Social Psychology

measures anti-democratic personality.

What is the "F-Scale"?

Obedience

acting in accord with a direct order or command

politically right-wing or conventionalists and highly authoritarian.

adorno et al. hypothesized people who are highly prejudiced are also ___

Personal self-esteem

an individual's judgments about his/her personal abilities or competencies

stereotype formation

because social categories are characterised by exaggerated intra-category similarities, they are the basis of...

Ethocentric

believing in the superiority of ones own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups.

ingroup

"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.

outgroup

"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

collective self-esteem

Feelings of self-worth that are based on evaluation of relationships with others and membership in social groups.

contact predicts tolerant attitudes

Pettigrew & Tropp (2006)'s meta-analysis supports the argument that

29%

Pettigrew and Tropp (2000) estimate that approximately _____ of the effect of contact is mediated by contact also reducing anxiety.

compliance

conforming that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request even if privately disagreeing

Acceptance

conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure

equal status contact

contact between groups in which the groups have equal status, with neither group having power over the other

Self-categorization theory

develops social identity theory's point that people categorize themselves, along with each other into groups, favoring their own group.

negative behaviour

discrimination

norms

groups have their own set of

1. cognitive process resulting in stereotype inertia. 2. propensity of informal segregation. 3. contact interactions and place-related identities. 4. the salience of group memberships in contact encounters.

psychological factors affecting contact's impact

mood linkage

sharing ups and downs with the type of people around them (Totterdell & colleagues 2005)

self continuity

the self remains the same person over time

black sheep effect

the strong devaluation of ingroup members who threaten the positive image and identity of the ingroup

Adorno and his colleagues

who argued that while the child must repress their hosriliry towards their overpowering parents, they project it into perceivable weaker others.

Racism

(1) An individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race.

Sexism

1) an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex, or 2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex

symbolic immortality

A culturally shared belief that, by being part of something greater and more enduring than our individual selves, some part of us will live on after we die.

Parasocial Contact Hypothesis

A theory that explains that we can have contact with individuals from other cultures by seeing them portrayed in different media products, and this contact can influence how we understand a different culture

affect (feelings), behaviour tendency (inclination to act) and cognition (beliefs)

ABC's of attitude

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

common goal

An aim or purpose shared by members of a group.

Deviance

Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

be reduced by equal status contact between majority and minority groups in the pursuit of common goals

Gordon Allport hypothesised that prejudice (unless deeply rooted in the character structure of the individual) may...

increasing asian Americans (but not white Americans) preference for typically American foods

Guendelman et al (2011: Study 1) found that asking participants if they spoke English had the effect of:

Observed four-man groups working on problem-solving tasks and then began informing them over a loudspeaker that their answers were wrong, stupid etc. Other groups did not receive this harassment and Lanzetta observed that group members under duress became friendlier to each other, more co-operative, less argumentative.

How did Lanzetta (1955) study friendliness in intergroup relations?

overweight people

In correlations studies conducted in the West, who marry less, gain entry to less desirable jobs and make less money?

chameleon effect

Natural (unconscious) tendency to imitate other peoples speech, inflections & physical movements (Chartrand & Bargh 1999)

They tend to under-emphasise situational and cultural influences.

One problem with personality explanations of prejudice is that

mere presence

People are simply in each other's presence, either completing similar activities or apparently minding their own business

negative attitude

Prejudice is

attitude

Prejudice is an __________ about a group, or a member of a group based on their membership of it.

autokinetic phenomenon

Self (auto) motion (kinetic). The apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark.

dual identities

Suggests that minority group members might adopt a strategy of holding both superordinate and subordinate identities, to fit into mainstream society.

realistic conflict theory

The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination

Mutual intergroup differentiation model

The model states that contact between members of different groups will be most likely to result in positive intergroup relations when those involved embrace their respective group memberships and acknowledge the differences that exist between the groups.

authoritarian personality

What did Adorno and his colleagues (1950) theorize is particularly prone to engage in prejudice and stereotyping?

Condition which emphasised commonality produced higher levels of inter-group bias than a condition which emphasised their separate group identities.

What did Horsey and Hogg (2000) find in their experiment with humanities and maths/science students?

1. victim's distance or depersonalization 2. closeness and legitimacy of the authority 3. whether or not the authority was art of a respected institution 4. liberating effects of a disobedient fellow participant

What did Milgrim say bred obedience?

intergroup relations

When two or more groups interact

Milton Rokeach (1960)

Who agreed with the concept of a prejudiced personality, but wondered if it was more to do with a particular rigid style of thinking?

Walter Stephan (1986)

Who concluded that racial attitudes had been little affected by desegregation and instead focus was on attaining a space in one of these colleges?

Morton Deutsch & Mary Collins (1951)

Who conducted a study that surveyed white woman's attitudes towards blacks in desegregated housing?

Dixon et al. (2007)

Who conducted a survey of Black South Africans that showed a more positive interaction with Whites associated with less Black support for social policies challenging inequality.

Adorno and his colleagues

Who created the "F" scale?

Levine & Hogg (2010)

Who found that intergroup relations can prompt anxiety?

Gordon Allport (1954)

Who is often credited with the development of the "Contact Hypothesis"?

John Lanzetta (1955)

Who observed that friendliness is common among those who experience a shared threat?

Glasford and Dovidio (2011)

Who remarked that a common ingroup identity can encourage positive intergroup attitudes and reduce tension?

Gaertner et al (1989)

Who reported that working co-operatively leads people to define a new, inclusive group that dissolves their former subgroups.

Sherif (1935, 1937)

Who studied Norm Formation?

Knowles & Gardner (2008)

Who studied a group of participants who wrote about a time in which they felt intensely rejected in some way, and another group wrote about a time in which they felt very accepted in some way

James (1890)

Who suggested the self is experienced as a continuous entity

Rick van Baaren and colleagues (2004)

Who's experiment indicated that your mimicry would also incline the other to like you and be helpful to you and others?

Intergroup cooperation

Working cooperatively to achieve a common goal can help reduce intergroup bias by bringing members of different groups closer together

group identification

a feeling of belonging to a certain group of people

Muzafer Sherif

a founder of social psychology, studied social norms, developed the realistic conflict theory and conducted Robber's Cave experiment

authoritarian personality

a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status

Schisms

a split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief.

disagreement with ingroup members

can be profoundly destabilising

a stereotype is a

generalisation about a social group, in the sense that similar characteristics are ascribed to virtually all group members (Airport, 1954).

support by social and institutional authority

i.e., education, workplace etc. The Little Rock Nine were blocked entry to the school.

boost performance on easy tasks and hurt performance on difficult tasks

if social arousal facilitates dominant responses

imagined contact hypothesis

imagining intergroup contact changes explicit out-group attitudes by activating conscious processes that parallel the processes involved in actual intergroup contact

social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

It prompts behaviour that maintains anxiety which can include avoiding contact completely with outgroup.

in what ways is intergroup anxiety self-reinforcing?

disagreement with outgroup members

not problematic and does not endanger the ingroups worldviews

vicarious contact

observing an ingroup member interact with an outgroup member

The degree of resemblance to the category prototype (Rosh, 1978) and degree of similarity to some category exemplar (Smith & Zarate, 1992)

on which basis are people assigned into categories?

Schismatic Process

perception that a change to norms overthrows the group identity --> aversive emotional states, lowered group identification --> schism

prejudice

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience but is a negative judgement of a group and it's individual members

participants who thought about rejection saw their groups as much more cohesive and United that participants who thought about experience

results of Knowles and Gardner's (2008) experiment

accentuation effect (Tajfel & Wilkes, 1963)

tendency to exaggerate differences between members of different categories

reinforce the virtue of group identity define more precisely the normative criteria for group membership

the existence of deviants may constitute an opportunity to:

whether the group holds an individualistic or a collective ethos

the extent to which deviants are disliked will depend on

social category

the mental (cognitive) representation of a social group

extended contact hypothesis

the mere knowledge that a member of one's own group has a close relationship with a member of another group can reduce one's prejudice toward that group

groups with a collectivistic ethos

they value group cohesion and harmony, members who avoid co flight and criticism and make an effort to fit in

groups with an individualistic ethos

they value independence, people who elaborate and express their own opinions in spite of pressures from other group members

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

group salience

we should form trusting friendships across group lines but also recognise that the friend represents those in another group. what is this?

scale item working is quite leading and is scored in such a way that people's tendency to agree on items would produce artificial correlations

weaknesses of the f-scale

choice of sample and the artificial conditions under which the experiments were carried out and were all middle class boys

what are criticisms of the robbers cave experiment

racism and sexism

what are institutional practices that discriminate, sometimes even when there is no prejudicial intent.

positive contact - mutual self-disclosure and co-operation.

what can be done to break the anxiety that comes with intergroup relations?

a positive correlation between the perception of collective continuity and social well-being

what did Sani, Bowe and Herrera (2008) find?

hostility towards Jews often coexisted with hostility towards other minorities.

what did the Berkeley researchers discover?

group cohesiveness

what holds a group together?

social identity is a

what is a powerful source of continuity as it links a person to groups that extend through time?

conflict between groups is not simply down to the personalities of a few individuals, but a consequence of the environment, which can lead to displays of aggression, intergroup solidarity, stereotyping and prejudice.

what was the basis of sherif and sherif's realistic conflict theory?

De-categorization

where ingroup contact is facilitated by 'de-categorising' group members through an emphasis on individual personal characteristics rather than group identity.

Re-Catholization of Bohemia

where ingroup contact is facilitated by 're-categorising' group members under an inclusive common ingroup focusing on a superordinate identity.

Common Ingroup Identity Model (CIIM)

where members of different social groups re-categorise themselves into one group.