Social Psychology Chapter 11

Bystander Effect

The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help.

decreases

The presence of someone that is modelling not-help behavior *[increases/decreases]* helping behavior.

Prosocial Behavior

Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person.

empathy-altruism hypothesis of prosocial behavior

Batson - we empathize and therefore we help

15

In the study of helping behavior, what percentage of people in the city helped?

prosocial behavior

any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person

help: perceiving a need

noticing that something is wrong and deciding help is required

guilty

one kind of bad mood leads to an increase in helping, feeling ________. people often act on the idea that good deeds cancel out bad deeds

help: weight costs and benefits

people help if the potential gains outweigh the costs

in-group

the group with which an individual identifies as a member

In-Group

The group with which an individual identifies as a member.

increases

The presence of someone that is modelling helping behavior *[increases/decreases]* helping behavior.

Egoism

Underlying your selfless act is a selfish act; what seems to be a selfless act are actually selfish act. Humans can't really perform a selfless act.

altruistic personality

the qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations

blaming the victim

we assign responsibility to the victim and that way we can blame them instead of sympathizing with them

5 steps of bystandard Intervention Decision Tree

1)notice the event 2) identify the event as an emergency 3) Assume responsibity 4) know appropriate form of assistance 5) impliment decision

Attitudes are formed by peers and family; nature and nurture.

How are attitudes formed?

Kin Selection

The idea that behaviors help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection.

effect of a positive mood on prosocial behavior

"feel good, do good" - 85% helped pick up the papers when they found a dime.

Out-Group

Any group with which an individual does not identify.

negative state relief model of prosocial behavior

Cialdini - helping occurs to relieve negative feelings

genes

Evolutionary factors in helping and altruism emphasize survival of the individual's______ , not the survival of the fittest individual.

number of people present

Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) ________, 2) time constraints, 3) modelling behavior, 4) location (city vs town), 5) culture

time constraints

Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) number of people present, 2) ________, 3) modelling behavior, 4) location (city vs town), 5) culture

modelling behavior

Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) number of people present, 2) time constraints, 3) ________, 4) location (city vs town), 5) culture

location (city vs town)

Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) number of people present, 2) time constraints, 3) modelling behavior, 4) ________, 5) culture

culture

Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) number of people present, 2) time constraints, 3) modelling behavior, 4) location (city vs town), 5) ________

good mood makes us look on the bright side of life

Feeling good leads to helping because, 1) ________, 2) helping others can prolong our good mood, 3) good moods increase self-attention and attendance to our own values.

helping others can prolong our good mood

Feeling good leads to helping because, 1) good mood makes us look on the bright side of life, 2) ________, 3) good moods increase self-attention and attendance to our own values.

good moods increase self-attention and attendance to our own values

Feeling good leads to helping because, 1) good mood makes us look on the bright side of life, 2) helping others can prolong our good mood, 3) ________.

60

In Darley & Batson's (1973) "Good Samaritan" study, what percentage of participants that were ahead of schedule, offered to help?

43

In Darley & Batson's (1973) "Good Samaritan" study, what percentage of participants who were on time offered to help?

10

In Darley & Batson's (1973) "Good Samaritan" study, what percentage of participants who were running late offered to help?

Are there gender differences in prosocial behavior?

In many cultures, the male sex role includes helping in chivalrous and heroic ways, whereas the female sex role includes helping in close, long-term relationships.

less

In non-emergencies and in a non-valued domain, possibly *[less/ more]* likely to help.

50

In the study of helping behavior, what percentage of people in the small town helped?

pluralistic ignorance

In uncertain situations, people look to the actions of others (but others aren't doing anything)

Factors that explain altruism according to the evolutionary theory:

Kin Selection, Norm of Reciprocity and Group Selection. Evolutionary theory explains prosocial behavior in four ways. The first is kin selection, the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection. The seconds is the norm of reciprocity, which is the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future. The thirds is a group selection, the idea that social groups with altruistic members are more likely to survive in competition with other groups.

chivalrous or heroic, nurturing style

Men usually help in a scenario where they have to be___________. Women do more ___________ help

Negative State Relief Model

Model that explains altruistic behavior in terms of reducing negative arousal associated with witnessing another's suffering

small town

People in *[small town/ city]* are more likely to help

out-group members

People in interdependent cultures are less likely to help ________ than people in individualistic cultures.

in-group members

People in interdependent cultures are more likely to help ________ than people in individualistic cultures.

Residental Mobility

People who have lived for a long time in one place more likely to engage in pro-social behaviors. In many areas of the world it is common for people to move far away from where they were raised.

strengths, virtue

Positive Psychology focuses on people's ____ and _______.

kinship selection

Preferential helping of genetic relatives, so that genes held in common will survive. Strongest with genetically closer relatives.

diffusion of responsibility

Principle acting behind the bystander effect

How does religiosity affects helping behaviors?

Religion foster prosocial behaviors. People who are religious report on surveys that they help more than do people who are not religious, and they actually do help more in situations in which helping makes them look good to themselves or others. They are not likely to help, however, in private situations in which no one will know that they helped.

the same

Reviewing across many research studies about the likelihood of helping others, people with high scores on personality tests of altruism help *[less/more/the same]* as people with low scores.

Social Exchange Theory

Social exchange theory argues that prosocial behavior is not necessarily rooted in our genes. Instead, people help others in order to maximize social rewards and minimized social costs. PEOPLE HELP WHEN THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE COST

Empathy

The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them.

Pluralistic Ignorance

The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not.

Altruism

The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper.

Norm of Reciprocity

The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future.

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain.

bystander effect

The more people present at an emergency, the less chance any one person will help.

Diffusion of Responsibility

The phenomenon wherein each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases.

Altruistic Personality

The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations.

Urban Overload Hypothesis

The theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it.

egoistic perspective

Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism which say that people help others to reduce their own distress that is caused by the other's distress.

negative state relief model (Egoistic perspective)

Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) _________, 2) empathic joy hypothesis, 3) empathic altruism theory, 4) kinship selection, 5) reciprocal altruism

empathic joy hypothesis (Egoistic perspective)

Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) negative state relief model, 2) _________, 3) empathic altruism theory, 4) kinship selection, 5) reciprocal altruism

empathic altruism theory

Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) negative state relief model, 2) empathic joy hypothesis, 3) _________, 4) kinship selection, 5) reciprocal altruism

kinship selection (Evolutionary perspective)

Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) negative state relief model, 2) empathic joy hypothesis, 3) empathic altruism theory, 4) _________ , 5) reciprocal altruism

reciprocal altruism (Evolutionary perspective)

Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) negative state relief model, 2) empathic joy hypothesis, 3) empathic altruism theory, 4) kinship selection, 5) _________

Empathy-Altruism Theory

Theory of altruistic behavior that states that it is the nature of the helper's motives that counts, not whether or not the helper receives benefits or costs for the helping.

Empathic Joy Hypothesis

Theory that altruism makes people feel better about themselves (raises self-esteem). That is, we receive (vicarious) pleasure from other people's happiness through empathy.

personality, mood, gender, interpersonal factors

What are four personal variables that influence helping behavior?

much more

When people are in a good mood, they are *[much less/ less/ just as/ more/ much more]* likely to be helpful.

Empathy-Altruism Theory

Which altruism theory says that if empathy is high enough, we'll help out because of true altruism?

more

You are *[less/more]* likely to help people of similar race.

more

You are *[less/more]* likely to help someone you've just said hello to

altruistic behavior

an act performed voluntarily to help someone else with no expectation of receiving a reward in any form

out-group

any group with which an individual does not identify

social exchange theory

argues that much of what we do stems from the desire to maximize our rewards and minimize our costs

results of diffusion of responsibility

as the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, each individual feels less responsible for taking action and is less likely to act

negative-state relief hypothesis

asserts that people help to alleviate their own bad mood or personal distress

type of people we help

attractive people, people similar to ourselves, people who appear to deserve sympathy rather than blame

situational effects on prosocial behavior

environment: rural vs. urban and residential mobility

reasons for positive effects of positive mood on prosocial behavior

good moods make us look on the bright side of life, helping people is a good way to maintain our good mood, good moods increase the amount of attention we pay to ourselves and this makes us more likely to behave according to our values

type of bad mood that increases helping

guilt

Social psychology approach to positive psychology

investigate the conditions under which people act in positive and negative ways

help: taking personal responsibility

is it your responsibility to help or not?

Cultural Differences in Prosocial Behavior

people in all cultures are more likely to help anyone they see as a member of their in-group than those they perceive in out-groups

four steps in the decision to help

perceiving a need, taking personal responsibility, knowing how to help, weight costs and benefitss

gratitude

positive feelings that are caused by the perception that one has been helped by others; may have evolved in order to regulate reciprocity

how to increase helping

reduce ambiguity (make it clear help is needed), foster a helpful self-concept in others (teach children to think of themselves as "helpful kind of person"), promote identification with those who need help (similarity breeds empathy and willingness to help), teach norms that support helping behavior (model and reinforce helpful behavior), focus responsibility (oppose of diffusion of responsibility)

pluralistic ignorance

tendency to assume a situation is not an emergency if we look around and see no one else is acting

empathy

the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g. joy and sadness) that way that the person experiences them

altruism

the desire to help another person even if it involved a cost to the helper

norm of reciprocity

the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

bystander effect

the finding that the greater number of bystanders who witness and emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help

kin selection

the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection

empathy-altruism hypothesis

the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain

diffusion of responsibility

the phenomenon wherein each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases

urban overload hypothesis

the theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it

less

there is* [less/more] *likelihood that you will help people with a stigmatized physical condition.

empathic joy hypothesis of prosocial behavior

this model suggests that we feel joy when we see others needs being met

evaluation apprehension

we don't want to look silly

genetic determinism model of prosocial behavior

we help those who are genetically similar to us