Social Psychology Chapter 11
Bystander Effect
The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help.
decreases
The presence of someone that is modelling not-help behavior *[increases/decreases]* helping behavior.
Prosocial Behavior
Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person.
empathy-altruism hypothesis of prosocial behavior
Batson - we empathize and therefore we help
15
In the study of helping behavior, what percentage of people in the city helped?
prosocial behavior
any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person
help: perceiving a need
noticing that something is wrong and deciding help is required
guilty
one kind of bad mood leads to an increase in helping, feeling ________. people often act on the idea that good deeds cancel out bad deeds
help: weight costs and benefits
people help if the potential gains outweigh the costs
in-group
the group with which an individual identifies as a member
In-Group
The group with which an individual identifies as a member.
increases
The presence of someone that is modelling helping behavior *[increases/decreases]* helping behavior.
Egoism
Underlying your selfless act is a selfish act; what seems to be a selfless act are actually selfish act. Humans can't really perform a selfless act.
altruistic personality
the qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations
blaming the victim
we assign responsibility to the victim and that way we can blame them instead of sympathizing with them
5 steps of bystandard Intervention Decision Tree
1)notice the event 2) identify the event as an emergency 3) Assume responsibity 4) know appropriate form of assistance 5) impliment decision
Attitudes are formed by peers and family; nature and nurture.
How are attitudes formed?
Kin Selection
The idea that behaviors help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection.
effect of a positive mood on prosocial behavior
"feel good, do good" - 85% helped pick up the papers when they found a dime.
Out-Group
Any group with which an individual does not identify.
negative state relief model of prosocial behavior
Cialdini - helping occurs to relieve negative feelings
genes
Evolutionary factors in helping and altruism emphasize survival of the individual's______ , not the survival of the fittest individual.
number of people present
Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) ________, 2) time constraints, 3) modelling behavior, 4) location (city vs town), 5) culture
time constraints
Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) number of people present, 2) ________, 3) modelling behavior, 4) location (city vs town), 5) culture
modelling behavior
Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) number of people present, 2) time constraints, 3) ________, 4) location (city vs town), 5) culture
location (city vs town)
Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) number of people present, 2) time constraints, 3) modelling behavior, 4) ________, 5) culture
culture
Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) number of people present, 2) time constraints, 3) modelling behavior, 4) location (city vs town), 5) ________
good mood makes us look on the bright side of life
Feeling good leads to helping because, 1) ________, 2) helping others can prolong our good mood, 3) good moods increase self-attention and attendance to our own values.
helping others can prolong our good mood
Feeling good leads to helping because, 1) good mood makes us look on the bright side of life, 2) ________, 3) good moods increase self-attention and attendance to our own values.
good moods increase self-attention and attendance to our own values
Feeling good leads to helping because, 1) good mood makes us look on the bright side of life, 2) helping others can prolong our good mood, 3) ________.
60
In Darley & Batson's (1973) "Good Samaritan" study, what percentage of participants that were ahead of schedule, offered to help?
43
In Darley & Batson's (1973) "Good Samaritan" study, what percentage of participants who were on time offered to help?
10
In Darley & Batson's (1973) "Good Samaritan" study, what percentage of participants who were running late offered to help?
Are there gender differences in prosocial behavior?
In many cultures, the male sex role includes helping in chivalrous and heroic ways, whereas the female sex role includes helping in close, long-term relationships.
less
In non-emergencies and in a non-valued domain, possibly *[less/ more]* likely to help.
50
In the study of helping behavior, what percentage of people in the small town helped?
pluralistic ignorance
In uncertain situations, people look to the actions of others (but others aren't doing anything)
Factors that explain altruism according to the evolutionary theory:
Kin Selection, Norm of Reciprocity and Group Selection. Evolutionary theory explains prosocial behavior in four ways. The first is kin selection, the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection. The seconds is the norm of reciprocity, which is the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future. The thirds is a group selection, the idea that social groups with altruistic members are more likely to survive in competition with other groups.
chivalrous or heroic, nurturing style
Men usually help in a scenario where they have to be___________. Women do more ___________ help
Negative State Relief Model
Model that explains altruistic behavior in terms of reducing negative arousal associated with witnessing another's suffering
small town
People in *[small town/ city]* are more likely to help
out-group members
People in interdependent cultures are less likely to help ________ than people in individualistic cultures.
in-group members
People in interdependent cultures are more likely to help ________ than people in individualistic cultures.
Residental Mobility
People who have lived for a long time in one place more likely to engage in pro-social behaviors. In many areas of the world it is common for people to move far away from where they were raised.
strengths, virtue
Positive Psychology focuses on people's ____ and _______.
kinship selection
Preferential helping of genetic relatives, so that genes held in common will survive. Strongest with genetically closer relatives.
diffusion of responsibility
Principle acting behind the bystander effect
How does religiosity affects helping behaviors?
Religion foster prosocial behaviors. People who are religious report on surveys that they help more than do people who are not religious, and they actually do help more in situations in which helping makes them look good to themselves or others. They are not likely to help, however, in private situations in which no one will know that they helped.
the same
Reviewing across many research studies about the likelihood of helping others, people with high scores on personality tests of altruism help *[less/more/the same]* as people with low scores.
Social Exchange Theory
Social exchange theory argues that prosocial behavior is not necessarily rooted in our genes. Instead, people help others in order to maximize social rewards and minimized social costs. PEOPLE HELP WHEN THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE COST
Empathy
The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them.
Pluralistic Ignorance
The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not.
Altruism
The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper.
Norm of Reciprocity
The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future.
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain.
bystander effect
The more people present at an emergency, the less chance any one person will help.
Diffusion of Responsibility
The phenomenon wherein each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases.
Altruistic Personality
The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations.
Urban Overload Hypothesis
The theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it.
egoistic perspective
Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism which say that people help others to reduce their own distress that is caused by the other's distress.
negative state relief model (Egoistic perspective)
Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) _________, 2) empathic joy hypothesis, 3) empathic altruism theory, 4) kinship selection, 5) reciprocal altruism
empathic joy hypothesis (Egoistic perspective)
Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) negative state relief model, 2) _________, 3) empathic altruism theory, 4) kinship selection, 5) reciprocal altruism
empathic altruism theory
Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) negative state relief model, 2) empathic joy hypothesis, 3) _________, 4) kinship selection, 5) reciprocal altruism
kinship selection (Evolutionary perspective)
Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) negative state relief model, 2) empathic joy hypothesis, 3) empathic altruism theory, 4) _________ , 5) reciprocal altruism
reciprocal altruism (Evolutionary perspective)
Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) negative state relief model, 2) empathic joy hypothesis, 3) empathic altruism theory, 4) kinship selection, 5) _________
Empathy-Altruism Theory
Theory of altruistic behavior that states that it is the nature of the helper's motives that counts, not whether or not the helper receives benefits or costs for the helping.
Empathic Joy Hypothesis
Theory that altruism makes people feel better about themselves (raises self-esteem). That is, we receive (vicarious) pleasure from other people's happiness through empathy.
personality, mood, gender, interpersonal factors
What are four personal variables that influence helping behavior?
much more
When people are in a good mood, they are *[much less/ less/ just as/ more/ much more]* likely to be helpful.
Empathy-Altruism Theory
Which altruism theory says that if empathy is high enough, we'll help out because of true altruism?
more
You are *[less/more]* likely to help people of similar race.
more
You are *[less/more]* likely to help someone you've just said hello to
altruistic behavior
an act performed voluntarily to help someone else with no expectation of receiving a reward in any form
out-group
any group with which an individual does not identify
social exchange theory
argues that much of what we do stems from the desire to maximize our rewards and minimize our costs
results of diffusion of responsibility
as the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, each individual feels less responsible for taking action and is less likely to act
negative-state relief hypothesis
asserts that people help to alleviate their own bad mood or personal distress
type of people we help
attractive people, people similar to ourselves, people who appear to deserve sympathy rather than blame
situational effects on prosocial behavior
environment: rural vs. urban and residential mobility
reasons for positive effects of positive mood on prosocial behavior
good moods make us look on the bright side of life, helping people is a good way to maintain our good mood, good moods increase the amount of attention we pay to ourselves and this makes us more likely to behave according to our values
type of bad mood that increases helping
guilt
Social psychology approach to positive psychology
investigate the conditions under which people act in positive and negative ways
help: taking personal responsibility
is it your responsibility to help or not?
Cultural Differences in Prosocial Behavior
people in all cultures are more likely to help anyone they see as a member of their in-group than those they perceive in out-groups
four steps in the decision to help
perceiving a need, taking personal responsibility, knowing how to help, weight costs and benefitss
gratitude
positive feelings that are caused by the perception that one has been helped by others; may have evolved in order to regulate reciprocity
how to increase helping
reduce ambiguity (make it clear help is needed), foster a helpful self-concept in others (teach children to think of themselves as "helpful kind of person"), promote identification with those who need help (similarity breeds empathy and willingness to help), teach norms that support helping behavior (model and reinforce helpful behavior), focus responsibility (oppose of diffusion of responsibility)
pluralistic ignorance
tendency to assume a situation is not an emergency if we look around and see no one else is acting
empathy
the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g. joy and sadness) that way that the person experiences them
altruism
the desire to help another person even if it involved a cost to the helper
norm of reciprocity
the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future
bystander effect
the finding that the greater number of bystanders who witness and emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help
kin selection
the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection
empathy-altruism hypothesis
the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain
diffusion of responsibility
the phenomenon wherein each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases
urban overload hypothesis
the theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it
less
there is* [less/more] *likelihood that you will help people with a stigmatized physical condition.
empathic joy hypothesis of prosocial behavior
this model suggests that we feel joy when we see others needs being met
evaluation apprehension
we don't want to look silly
genetic determinism model of prosocial behavior
we help those who are genetically similar to us