Social Psychology: Chapter 6- Attitudes
Persuasive communication is the outcome of three possible factors. Which is not one of those factors? a. source b. audience c. message d. context
d. context.
If you want to convince a friend to abandon an attitude and start thinking more like you, what would be the best approach? a. Provide information that will use fear to terrify your friend into changing his attitude. b. Use a subtle form of ridiculous so that you friend feels bad about himself for holding his current attitude. c. Be cautious in your approach and do not promote an idea that is too different than your friend's current attitude. d. Present a strong argument that is diametrically opposed to what your friend currently believes.
c. Be cautious in your approach and do not promote an idea that is too different than your friend's current attitude.
Research by Landau and colleagues (2004), in which participants were exposed to subliminal images of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and then asked questions about then-President George W. Bush, leads to the conclusion that a. the fear of death leads people to choose the central route to persuasion. b. reminders of mortality lead people to prefer one-sided messages to two-sided messages. c. fear arousal can influence even attitudes as important as political opinions. d. the higher the level of fear arousal in a persuasive communication, the stronger the agreement with it.
c. fear arousal can influence even attitudes as important as political opinions.
Wells and Petty (1980) videotaped students as they listened to a speech. The results of this study indicated that a. students revealed the intensity, but not the direction, of their attitudes through their body language. b. students' self-reported attitudes did not agree with their observed attitudes. c. students signaled their attitudes by nodding or shaking their heads. d. horizontal head movements indicate agreement, whereas vertical head movements indicate disagreement.
c. students signaled their attitudes by nodding or shaking their heads.
The theory of planned behavior posits that behavior is a function of attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral intentions, and the a. amount of time we have considered engaging in the action. b. correspondence between the attitude and the action. c. amount of control we perceive to have over our own actions. d. costs of engaging in the action.
c. amount of control we perceive to have over our own actions.
Yanquan is a staunch Democrat. He has been arguing with Marcela, who is a staunch Republican. In the course of their discussion, Yanquan is able to withstand the arguments Marcela offers for her position, and he does so in strong and convincing fashion. He realizes afterward that his own counterarguments to Marcela's were pretty solid. Subsequent to this realization, Yanquan's attitude will a. become less certain. b. remain unchanged. c. become more certain. d. change to agree with Jim.
c. become more certain.
Source credibility is determined by a. competence alone. b. trustworthiness alone. c. both competence and trustworthiness. d. competence, trustworthiness, and likeability.
c. both competence and trustworthiness.
Theory of Planned Behavior BROKEN DOWN: ___________________ & ____________________ & ________________ --> ___________________ --> ___________________.
Attitude toward a behavior & Subjective norm & Perceived behavior control --> Intention --> Behavior.
Peripheral Route Processing: - Receivers engaged in peripheral processing are MORE _________________ than those doing central processing.
PASSIVE
A multiple-item questionnaire designed to measure a person's attitude toward some object.
Attitude Scale
Self-Report Measures: What TWO 'tests' are used to measure self-report measures?
1) Attitude scale 2) Bogus Pipelines
Central Route Processing: - What are THREE reasons why central route processing may NOT occur?
1) Listener does not care about the topic. 2) Listener is distracted. 3) Listener has trouble understand the message.
Covert Measures: - What are THREE ways to test covert measures?
1) Secretly videotaping students 2) Facial Electromyograph (EMG) 3) Electroencephalograph (EEG)
The feeling of ambivalence can be described as an attitude that is A) mixed in terms of positive versus negative emotions. B) weak. C) strong. D) consistent in all circumstances.
A) mixed in terms of positive versus negative emotions.
Peripheral Route Processing: - Occurs when a listener is persuaded because he or she notices that a message has many arguments, BUT lacks the ______________ OR ________________ to think about them ___________________.
ABILITY OR MOTIVATION - INDIVIDUALLY.
Jaycee is extremely judgmental. She has strong opinions about politics, social issues, and moral concerns. Jaycee is high in the A) need for cognition. B) need for evaluation. C) evaluative conditioning. D) cognitive dissonance.
B) need for evaluation.
Covert Measures: - One possibility in this regard is to use __________________ observation such as __________________, __________________, and _____________________.
BEHAVIORAL - facial expressions - tone of voice - body language
Covert Measures: - Electroencephalograph (EEG): Detects, amplifies, and records ____________________; _______________ placed on the surface of your _____________. -->The result: Brain-wave patterns that are normally triggered by inconsistency increased more when a disliked stimulus appeared after a string of positive items or when a liked stimulus was shown after a string of negative items than when either stimulus evoked the same attitude as the items that preceded it.
BRAIN WAVES ELECTRODES SCALP
A phony lie-detector device that is sometimes used to get respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questions.
Bogus Pipeline
Attitudes are best understood as A) being either entirely positive or entirely negative. B) being initially positive but increasingly negative as new information arises. C) varying in strength along both positive and negative dimensions. D) ranging on a continuum from positive to negative.
C) varying in strength along both positive and negative dimensions.
Person thinks carefully about a communication AND is influenced by the strength of its arguments.
Central Route Processing.
- A situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. - This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance.
Cognitive Dissonance.
A positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea is called a(n) A) Aversion. B) Cognition. C) Emotion. D) Attitude.
D) Attitude.
Which of the following would NOT be considered an attitude? A) Darnell likes to play chess. B) Daphne hates liver. C) Daisy strongly favors universal health insurance. D) Dalton drives a silver minivan.
D) Dalton drives a silver minivan.
Peripheral Route Processing: - For example, a listener may decide to AGREE with a message because the source appears to be an _____________ OR is _______________.
EXPERT OR ATTRACTIVE
The process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing.
Evaluative Conditioning.
Covert Measures: - Facial Electromyograph (EMG): An electronic instrument that records ____________________ activity associated with emotions and attitudes.
FACIAL MUSCLE
Covert Measures: - Collect ______________, ____________ measures of attitudes that cannot be ____________.
INDIRECT COVERT CONTROLLED
Implicit Measures: What test is used to measure this?
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Theory of Planned Behavior --> Attitude toward a behavior: - Behavior is influenced _________ by ___________________ than by attitudes toward a _____________________.
LESS GENERAL ATTITUDES SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR
Central Route Processing: - It can ONLY occur when the receiver has BOTH _________________ AND the ________________ to think about the message and its topic.
MOTIVATION AND ABILITY
Covert Measures: - Secretly videotaping students giving speeches: --> Students signaled their attitudes—WITHOUT even realizing it—by ____________ AND ______________________.
NODDING AND SHAKING THEIR HEADS
- Person DOES NOT think carefully about a communication AND is influenced instead by superficial cues.
Peripheral Route Processing.
Theory of Planned Behavior --> - Although attitudes (along with ____________________ & ____________________) contribute to ________________ to behave in a particular manner, people often ____________________________________.
SUBJECTIVE NORMS PERCEIVED CONTROL INTENTIONS DO NOT FOLLOW THROUGH ON THEIR INTENTIONS
People immediately discount the arguments made by noncredible communicators, but over time, they dissociate what was said from who said it. In other words, we tend to remem- her the _____________ BUT forget the ______________.
Sleeper Effect --> Discounting Cue Hypothesis MESSAGE SOURCE
People immediately discount the arguments made by noncredible communicators, but over time, they dissociate what was said from who said it. In other words, we tend to remember the _____________ BUT forget the ______________.
Sleeper Effect --> Discounting Cue Hypothesis MESSAGE SOURCE
A delayed increase in the persuasive impact of a noncredible source.
Sleeper Effect.
Theory of Planned Behavior --> Subjective Norm: - Second, behavior is influenced not only by attitudes but by subjective norms— our beliefs about what others ______________________________.
THINK WE SHOULD DO.
Subjects developed a more favorable view of the people and things they experienced while they were eating
The Luncheon Technique
You remember the end of the speech the best.
The Recency Affect.
______________________. describe when messages are camouflaged in the background of noise (i.e. music, radio broadcasts, commercial jingles, etc.) and/or images in hopes of embedding certain information in your subconscious thoughts.
The Subliminal Affect.
Peripheral Route Processing: - This route occurs when the listener is ____________ OR _____________ to engage in much thought on the message.
UNABLE OR UNWILLING
Implicit Measures --> IAT: - A covert measure of _____________ attitudes derived from the ___________ at which people respond to pairings of concepts—such as black or white with good or bad.
UNCONSCIOUS SPEED
Theory of Planned Behavior --> Perceived Control: - Attitudes give rise to behavior ONLY when we perceive the behavior to be ____________________. - To the extent that people ___________________________ in their ability to engage in some behavior, they are ______________ to form an __________________ to do so.
WITHIN OUR CONTROL LACK CONFIDENCE UNLIKELY INTENTION
Which of the following concerning the use of facial electromyography (EMG) to assess attitudes is true? a. Facial EMG can detect muscular changes not observable to the naked eye. b. Facial EMG does not provide information about the direction of attitudes. c. One problem with using facial EMG is that the same pattern of activity could be interpreted as happiness or sadness. d. Facial EMG is only an accurate measure of attitudes if people know their attitudes are being assessed, so it is susceptible social desirability biases.
a. Facial EMG can detect muscular changes not observable to the naked eye.
Wilkin and others (2010) conducted a study where American and Japanese participants were asked about their favorite musical artists, TV shows, and restaurants, among other preferences. They found that a. the Japanese participants reported liking their favorites for a shorter time than the Americans did. b. Americans were more impacted by the preferences of their friends than were the Japanese participants. c. Japanese participants reported more discomfort in identifying their favorites than did the Americans. d. Americans were more likely to report that they had a wide variety of favorites at one time, while Japanese participants selected only one or two favorites at a time.
a. the Japanese participants reported liking their favorites for a shorter time than the Americans did.
Which statement concerning the impact of body movements on persuasion is true? a. People who nod their heads up and down express greater agreement with a persuasive message than those who shake their heads side to side. b. Stimuli associated with stretching the arms outward are rated more positively than those associated with flexing the arms inward. c. Nodding the head side to side makes people more likely to engage in central route processing than does nodding the head up and down. d. Stretching the arms outward makes people less likely to engage in central route processing than does flexing the arms inward.
a. People who nod their heads up and down express greater agreement with a persuasive message than those who shake their heads side to side.
Shaniqua plans to use a self-report measure in which people indicate their agreement or disagreement with a list of statements using a multi-point scale. She is using a. a Likert scale. b. the luncheon technique. c. a categorical matrix. d. an agreement index.
a. a Likert scale.
Attitudes are useful because they a. let us quickly judge whether something we encounter is good or bad. b. bias the way we interpret new information. c. make it more likely that we will change our minds later. d. allow us to take more time to evaluate others.
a. let us quickly judge whether something we encounter is good or bad.
Which theory suggests that intentions to perform a behavior are best predicted by attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control? a. theory of planned behavior b. cognitive dissonance theory c. self-perception theory d. self-affirmation theory
a. theory of planned behavior
Jon and Kate give consecutive speeches on opposing sides in a debate on solar energy. Audience members are asked to register their view a few weeks later. How might the order of the speeches affect the audience's decision? a. It should yield a primacy effect. b. It should yield a subliminal effect. c. It should yield a regency effect. d. It should not have any effect.
a. It should yield a primacy effect.
49. Which condition is not specified in Holland's model of persuasion as necessary for persuasion to occur? a. Message recipients must elaborate on the message. b. Message recipients must attend to the message. c. Message recipients must comprehend the message. d. Message recipients must be motivated to accept the message.
a. Message recipients must elaborate on the message.
An attitude that is brought to mind quickly and easily is said to be a. accessible. b. strong. c. weak. d. dissonant.
a. accessible.
In a study about political attitudes and opinions during the 2004 presidential election, researchers used brain imaging to examine what happened in the brain when participants listened to positive or negative statements about the candidate of their choice. They found that most affected were those areas of the brain associated with which of the following? a. emotion b. reasoning c. speech d. mood
a. emotion
A political candidate is often eager to win the endorsement of celebrities who are popular with hordes of people. The candidate hopes that the association of his or her campaign with a popular figure will result in the masses feeling more favorable toward his or her candidacy due to a. evaluative conditioning. b. inoculation. c. the sleeper effect. d. behavioral intent.
a. evaluative conditioning.
The process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing is called a. evaluative conditioning. b. central persuasion. c. insufficient justification. d. psychological reactance.
a. evaluative conditioning.
Measuring attitudes by assessing physiological arousal tends to identify the ____ but not the ____ of the attitude. a. intensity; direction b. direction; accuracy c. accuracy; intensity d. direction; automaticity
a. intensity; direction
According to a 2014 Gallup poll, ____ were rated as being the most honest and having the highest ethical standards. a. nurses b. medical doctors c. clergy d. pharmacists
a. nurses
Implicit attitudes can be difficult to measure because a. people are not aware of having them. b. physiological measures are not effective in assessing them. c. they can only be measured by direct techniques. d. they are prone to the effects of social desirability.
a. people are not aware of having them.
The process by which attitudes are changed is called a. persuasion. b. dissonance. c. conditioning d. elaboration.
a. persuasion.
As personal involvement regarding an issue increases, a. the quality of the arguments becomes a more important determinant of persuasion. b. the credibility of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasion. c. the attractiveness of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasion. d. the likelihood of central route persuasion decreases.
a. the quality of the arguments becomes a more important determinant of persuasion.
Which factor has the biggest impact on whether or not there will be a primacy or regency effect in persuasion? a. time b. source credibility c. source likeability d. number of sides presented
a. time
79. Which statement concerning the use of fear appeals is not supported by research? a. Fear appeals may motivate change by increasing the incentive to think carefully about the arguments in the message. b. Fear appeals are generally less effective than messages that do not provoke fear. c. Fear appeals are most effective when they include specific information on how to avoid the threat. d. Fear arousal may reduce the ability of already fearful message recipients to carefully process a message.
b. Fear appeals are generally less effective than messages that do not provoke fear.
Louie runs a clinic that helps individuals to quit smoking, and he would like to use fear to motivate his clients. Which strategy would be most effective? a. First scare clients by showing them gory lung-cancer operations. Then outline the specific steps they could follow to stop smoking. b. First scare clients by showing them gory lung-cancer operations. Then allow them to come up with their own ways of quitting smoking so that they are more committed. c. Present statistics concerning the health hazards of smoking, but nothing too scary. Then allow the clients to come up with their own ways of quitting smoking so that they are more committed. d. Present statistics concerning the health hazards of smoking, but nothing too scary. Then outline the specific steps they could follow to stop smoking.
b. First scare clients by showing them gory lung-cancer operations. Then allow them to come up with their own ways of quitting smoking so that they are more committed.
Dr. Flintstone, president of Quarry College, needs to convince students that the college must double its tuition beginning in five years. He is hiring someone to promote this idea, as well as developing supportive arguments. Would he need to adopt a different strategy if he instead wanted to implement the change in the next academic year? a. No. He should do the same thing either way. b. Yes. If the change is to happen next year, the strength of the arguments will matter more than whom he hires to promote the idea. c. Yes. If the change is to happen next year, the person he hires will matter more than the strength of the arguments. d. Yes. If the change is to happen next year, obtaining a credible promoter and generating strong arguments will both be more crucial than if the change will happen in five years.
b. Yes. If the change is to happen next year, the strength of the arguments will matter more than whom he hires to promote the idea.
Research on the attitudes of twins suggests a. that genetics are not useful in predicting the attitudes different people will hold. b. the attitudes of identical twins are more similar than the attitudes of fraternal twins. c. the attitudes of twins who are reared apart from one another are more dissimilar than the attitudes of twins raised together in the same household. d. that the first-born twin is likely to be more conservative than the second-born twin, even when their births are only separated by minutes.
b. the attitudes of identical twins are more similar than the attitudes of fraternal twins.
When message recipients use central route processing, which of the following will be true? a. Difficult messages will be more persuasive than easily learned messages. b. Memorable messages will be more persuasive than forgettable ones. c. Weak messages will engender more favorable responses than strong messages. d. Elaboration of message content will be objective and unbiased.
b. Memorable messages will be more persuasive than forgettable ones.
Ichiro, a member of a campus political group, is surveying how many students plan to vote in the 2018 interim election. According to the theory of planned behavior, which question would be the best predictor of whether or not a particular student would actually vote in the 2018 interim election? a. What are your attitudes about U.S. politics? b. What are your attitudes about voting in U.S. interim elections, when the presidency is not being decided? c. What are your attitudes about the politicians in general? d. What are your attitudes about use of the electoral college through which it is possible for the winner of the presidential election to receive fewer popular votes than the loser?
b. What are your attitudes about voting in U.S. interim elections, when the presidency is not being decided?
Professor Shackleford is elated because she has just learned that her paper has been accepted for publication. When a student passes her in the hallway and tells her that he missed the latest exam in order to stay home with his depressed cat, her good mood renders her likely to a. be even more skeptical than usual about such an unlikely excuse. b. be less skeptical than usual about the excuse. c. overlook the student's cognitive dissonance. d. fall victim to the sleeper effect.
b. be less skeptical than usual about the excuse.
Jacqueline, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about alcohol. She would be well-advised to use a a. Likert scale because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects. b. bogus pipeline because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects. c. Likert scale because it is more likely to be affected by social desirability. d. bogus pipeline because it is more likely to be affected by social desirability.
b. bogus pipeline because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects.
The more products a celebrity endorses, the a. more competent she becomes in the eyes of consumers. b. less trustworthy she becomes in the eyes of consumers. c. more likeable she becomes in the eyes of consumers. d. less likely an audience member is to use to peripheral route to persuasion.
b. less trustworthy she becomes in the eyes of consumers.
When used to measure attitudes, physiological measures such as heart rate and perspiration a. are particularly susceptible to social desirability bias. b. reveal the intensity of an attitude. c. reveal whether an attitude is positive or negative. d. are easier to control than behaviors such as nodding.
b. reveal the intensity of an attitude.
Gloria has a negative attitude toward smoking, but she continues to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day. According to the theory of planned behavior, one reason that her attitude and behavior are inconsistent could be that a. her attitude is based on feelings rather than beliefs. b. she doesn't believe that she can control her smoking behavior. c. her family and friends also have negative attitudes toward smoking. d. her attitudes are usually accessible when she reaches for a cigarette.
b. she doesn't believe that she can control her smoking behavior.
Stephen Kraus's (1995) meta-analysis on the relationship between attitudes and behaviors showed that attitudes a. are only tenuously linked to behavior. b. significantly and substantially predict future behavior. c. significantly predict future behavior, but it is a relatively small effect size. d. invariably predict future behavior.
b. significantly and substantially predict future behavior.
According to research by Formula and Petty (2002), an attitude can be ____ by a persuasive message or argument ____ it. a. weakened; for b. strengthened; against c. weakened; against d. strengthened; for
b. strengthened; against
Eric does not really know how to answer the essay question about cognitive dissonance on his social psychology exam. He decides to write as many facts as he knows about the topic of attitudes in his exam book, hoping that the professor will not read the exams too closely and will be impressed enough by the length of his essay to give him a good score. Eric is hoping to take advantage of a. the sleeper effect. b. the peripheral route to persuasion. c. the central route to persuasion. d. dissonance-related insufficient justification.
b. the peripheral route to persuasion.
Social psychologists seek to understand a. whether persuasion is moral or not. b. how and why persuasion occurs. c. the central route persuasion, but not peripheral. d. the peripheral route persuasion, but not central.
b. how and why persuasion occurs.
Sammy and Mark watch a ballgame together. Sammy favors the home team, while Mark is an avid fan of the road team. The star player for Sammy's team makes a great play and starts to celebrate in a rather demonstrative fashion. Sammy gets caught up in the celebration, while Mark is angered because he feels this display is an insult to the players of his team. This demonstrates that a. two people's evaluations of the same event are more likely to be similar than different. b. we often interpret events and behavior based upon pre-existing attitudes. c. central route processing leads to stronger opinions than peripheral route processing. d. we can hold both positive and negative evaluations about the same object.
b. we often interpret events and behavior based upon pre-existing attitudes.
Which of the following is NOT used to overcome the limitations of traditional self-report methodology? a. the bogus pipeline b. a Likert scale c. the facial electromyography d. covert videotaping
b. a Likert scale
A sleeper effect occurs when a. persuasion occurs in response to subliminal stimuli. b. a persuasive message from a non credible source becomes more persuasive over time. c. distraction interferes with the ability to pay attention to a persuasive message. d. people fall asleep during exposure to a persuasive message.
b. a persuasive message from a non credible source becomes more persuasive over time.
An attitude is implicit if you a. try to hide it. b. are unaware of it. c. cannot measure it. d. disagree with it.
b. are unaware of it.
Because communicator trustworthiness is important, people tend to be readily impressed by speakers who a. take popular stands. b. argue against their own interests. c. talk slowly and deliberately. d. are well-dressed.
b. argue against their own interests.
While watching the presidential debate on television, Matilda critically evaluated the arguments made by each candidate and was persuaded to support a particular candidate because of the quality of her arguments. Matilda exhibited a. psychological reactance. b. central route persuasion. c. peripheral route persuasion. d. insufficient justification.
b. central route persuasion.
51. The primary difference between the models of persuasion proposed by Hovland and McGuire and that proposed by Greenwald is that Greenwald's model a. does not allow for central route processing. b. emphasizes the role of elaboration in producing persuasion. c. does not include reception as one of the information-processing steps in persuasion. d. proposes that memory of message content is the most important determinant of persuasion.
b. emphasizes the role of elaboration in producing persuasion.
Roger and Mike always seem to disagree on music. When Roger tells Mike that he has heard a new song on the radio that he likes a lot, this experience is likely to lead Mike to a. like the song more than he would have had he not talked to Roger ahead of time. b. like the song less than he would have had he not talked to Roger ahead of time. c. be skeptical about Roger's motivation for telling him about the song. d. view Roger as an unlikable message source.
b. like the song less than he would have had he not talked to Roger ahead of time.
Brady and Quinn are trying to develop an ad campaign in which a key element is the trustworthiness of the message's communicator. Toward this end, they may wish to utilize a. a public service message. b. overheard communications. c. novel advertising. d. political campaigns.
b. overheard communications.
Sleeper effects can be reduced by reminding people that the source of a persuasive message was not credible. This supports which explanation of sleeper effects? a. the inoculation hypothesis b. the discounting cue hypothesis c. psychological reactance theory d. cognitive dissonance theory
b. the discounting cue hypothesis
63. Vicki is a lawyer who is trying to decide which of two forensic experts she should hire to provide testimony in a case. There is a large discrepancy in the fees each of the experts demands for their services. If Vicki wants the jurors to perceive her expert as trustworthy—and if she expects the witness's fees to become part of the trial record when he testifies—then she should select a. the more expensive expert. b. the less expensive expert. c. either one because of their status in their field. d. the expert who has the most experience testifying in court.
b. the less expensive expert.
According to the theory of planned behavior, one reason that a person's behavior might not be consistent with that person's attitudes is that the behavior a. is determined by norms that are consistent with the person's attitudes. b. is one that the person feels is within his or her control. c. is determined by norms that are counter to the person's attitudes. d. occurs only when the person is self-aware.
c. is determined by norms that are counter to the person's attitudes.
People who want to hold correct attitudes will often engage in central route processing. Doing so means that they a. will always end up with a valid attitude. b. will avoid biased information processing. c. may fall prey to overcorrection. d. will become more liberal in their thinking.
c. may fall prey to overcorrection.
One potential problem with self-report measures is that a. respondents typically dislike them. b. they do not provide information concerning the direction of an attitude. c. respondents might not respond truthfully. d. it is not possible to assess the validity of self-report measures.
c. respondents might not respond truthfully.
The most direct and straightforward way to assess an attitude is through the use of a. covert measures. b. implicit measures. c. self-report measures. d. behavioral observation.
c. self-report measures.
Which indicator is NOT used to distinguish weak attitudes from strong ones? a. how much the attitudes affect one's self-interests b. the attitude's relationship to deeply held philosophical, political, and religious values c. the amount of perceived behavioral control d. how much the attitude impacted family, friends, and social inter groups
c. the amount of perceived behavioral control
Miss Roberto is concerned that Talia and Emily avoid playing with Michael because he is African American. Which strategy would best enable her to assess any unconscious dislike these two students feel toward Michael? a. Ask them why they don't want to play with him. b. Measure the girls' brain activity when they are forced to play with Michael. c. Administer an IAT to examine the girls' racial attitudes. d. Administer a self-report questionnaire examining the girls' racial attitudes.
c. Administer an IAT to examine the girls' racial attitudes.
Cacioppo and Petty (1981) recorded facial muscle activity of college students as they listened to a message with which they agreed or disagreed. The results of this study indicated that listening to a(n) ____ message INCREASES activity in the ____. a. disagreeable; cheek muscles b. disagreeable; chin muscles c. agreeable; cheek muscles d. agreeable; muscles in the forehead and brow area
c. agreeable; cheek muscles
The main factor(s) influencing source likeability is/are a. similarity alone. b. physical attractiveness alone. c. both similarity and physical attractiveness. d. similarity, physical attractiveness, and proximity.
c. both similarity and physical attractiveness.
The covert attitude measure that uses electrodes pasted onto the scalp to record the waves of electrical brain activity is called a(n) a. facial electromyography. b. bogus pipeline. c. electroencephalograph. d. implicit association test.
c. electroencephalograph.
50. People who are high in intelligence and/or self-esteem tend to be ____ vulnerable to persuasion when compared to people low in intelligence and/or self-esteem. a. more b. less c. equally d. somewhat less
c. equally
67. Which source characteristic best explains why a company might recruit a supermodel to endorse its products? a. similarity b. credibility c. likeability d. trustworthiness
c. likeability
The process by which a person is persuaded by cues in the persuasion context rather than thinking critically about the content of a persuasive message is called a. psychological reactance. b. theory of planned behavior. c. the peripheral route to persuasion. d. the central route to persuasion.
c. the peripheral route to persuasion.
31. Which statement regarding LaPeer's (1934) study of attitudes is false? a. Even though respondents who were asked self-report questions claimed that they would not be racially prejudiced, their behavior showed clear discrimination. b. The study examined racial attitudes at a time when prejudice was much more overt and blatant than it currently is. c. LaPeer was not a psychologist. d. Over 90 percent of the respondents claimed that they would not offer service to a Chinese patron.
d. Over 90 percent of the respondents claimed that they would not offer service to a Chinese patron.
Josie listened to a speech on the radio advocating the increased use of automobiles that are not reliant on fossil fuels. One would expect the sleeper effect to be greatest if Josie found out about the background of the speaker ____ the speech and was asked about his views about the issue ____. a. before; that same day b. after; that same day c. before; a few weeks later d. after; a few weeks later
d. after; a few weeks later
The hypothesis that there is a genetic component to some attitudes would be supported by all BUT which finding? a. Attitudes of identical twins are more similar than those of fraternal twins. b. Adults who shared certain physiological characteristics also hold common political beliefs. c. When asked about attitudes for which there seems to be a genetic predisposition, research participants are quicker to respond to questions and less likely to alter their views toward social norms. d. The human genome project has identified specific genes that are responsible for the ability to hold positive or negative attitudes.
d. The human genome project has identified specific genes that are responsible for the ability to hold positive or negative attitudes.
Michael believes that one's family is more important than one's career. In order for him to successfully convince his achievement-oriented friend Ronald that he should also possess such a value system, Michael should a. take the very discrepant position that careers never provide satisfaction anywhere close to what a family provides. b. use peripheral cues. c. present as many arguments for his position as possible. d. suggest more of a balance between family and career concerns than is currently true for Ronald.
d. suggest more of a balance between family and career concerns than is currently true for Ronald.
Which of the following is not an explanation for why people in a positive mood are more susceptible to persuasion? a. A positive emotional state is cognitively distracting, making evaluation of arguments difficult. b. A good mood makes you feel that all is well, and you don't work as hard to evaluate arguments. c. Happy people want to maintain that mood, so they don't want to ruin it with critical evaluation of information. d. A positive mood makes people more thoughtful, so they are more likely to engage in central processing.
d. A positive mood makes people more thoughtful, so they are more likely to engage in central processing.
Gino, a salesperson, wants to use techniques that will lead his potential customers to rely on peripheral route persuasion. He should do all of the following except a. speak quickly (but not too quickly) when presenting information about his product. b. get the customer to nod in the affirmative while he is presenting his sales pitch. c. present his sales pitch to customers who are clearly in a rush. d. approach prospective buyers who obviously care deeply about his product.
d. approach prospective buyers who obviously care deeply about his product.
One way to increase the accuracy of self-report measures of attitudes is to a. offer many, rather than fewer, response options. b. use a single attitude scale, rather than multiple scales. c. focus on attitudes regarding sensitive and personal issues. d. convince respondents that any deception can be detected.
d. convince respondents that any deception can be detected.
Stanley's stock broker calls him and says, "I have a great stock buying opportunity for you, but I need to know right away if you want to make the purchase." Stanley refuses to act so quickly, and says, "sorry but I really need to take time to think about this and decide if it is right for me. I'll get back to you." Stanley is going to use ____ as he decides if he should follow his broker's advice. a. the availability heuristic b. extension c. peripheral processing d. elaboration
d. elaboration
In trying to assess attitudes about particular subjects, public opinion pollsters have become aware that attitude responses seem to be affected by all of the factors below EXCEPT a. the context in which the question appears. b. the wording of the question. c. the order of the questions. d. the length of the questionnaire.
d. the length of the questionnaire.
For which type of attitude would an implicit attitude measure be more predictive than an explicit attitude measure? a. an attitude toward wearing a seat belt b. an attitude toward owning a pet c. an attitude toward church attendance d. an attitude toward committing suicide
d. an attitude toward committing suicide
While shopping at the local mall, Ithon is approached by a man who asks her to sign a petition for stricter gun control laws. If Ithon uses the central route to decide whether to sign the petition, then she will be more likely to sign if the man who approaches her a. is physically attractive. b. is a member of the National Rifle Association. c. is a police officer. d. presents strong arguments.
d. presents strong arguments.
Implicit Association Tests (IATs) can detect implicit attitudes by measuring a. the participants' mood after responding to word pairings. b. the time it takes participants to complete the whole test. c. participants' facial muscles as they are exposed to positive or negative stimuli. d. the speed at which participants associate stimuli with a positive or negative word.
d. the speed at which participants associate stimuli with a positive or negative word.
