Social Psychology Chps 7-9
The larger the users' social networks, the higher were users' __________ and perceived levels of _______
life satisfaction, social support
External events can temporarily boost or reduce the need to
affiliate with others
Social adaptability
The capacity to adapt to a wide range of social situations and to interact effectively with a wide range of people
Social astuteness
The capacity to perceive and understand others (their traits, feelings, and intentions) accurately
reciprocity
acting toward others in the way they have acted toward us
there is _______ evidence for the suggestion that opposites attract.
little, if any
A negative affect often leads to _______ evaluations of other people
negative
______________ plays a role in our concept of an ideal romantic partner.
the stage of a relationship
Love
A combination of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors that often play a crucial role in intimate relationships
narcissism
An aspect of personality where persons high in narcissism have unjustified overinflated self-esteem, which leads them to focus on themselves while largely ignoring the needs and feelings of others
social comparison
Communicating about what is going on, comparing perceptions, and making decisions about what to do
Types of valuable social skills
Social astuteness, Interpersonal influence, Social adaptability, Expressiveness
Interpersonal influence
The ability to change others' attitudes or behavior by using a variety of techniques
Expressiveness
The ability to show emotions openly, in a form others can readily perceive
need for affiliation
The basic motive to seek and maintain interpersonal relationships
similarity-dissimilarity effect
The consistent finding that people respond positively to indications that another person is similar to themselves and negatively to indications that another person is dissimilar from themselves
Evolutionary psychology explains that because our ancestors successfully cooperated with other people to obtain food and surviving danger,
a strong desire to affiliate with others seems to be a basic characteristic of our species.
Students are most likely to become acquainted if they are seated in
adjoining chairs
to a person being flattered, the flattery in question is likely to appear _______, even if it's not completely honest
accurate
Which of the "Big Five" personality characteristics are apparent almost immediately?
agreeableness
The repeated exposure effect works with.....
almost everything
Repeated exposure is found to have a positive effect on _______.
attraction
similarity produces _____.
attraction
the rule of reciprocity operates with respect to _______.
attraction
______ people are judged to be healthier, more intelligent, and more trustworthy
attractive
Because most of us possess a very positive stereotype for people who are highly good looking, we generally view __________ as possessing desirable characteristics
attractive people
Three steps of the "what is beautiful is good" effect
desire to form relationships with attractive people, this desire leads us to perceive them as interpersonally responsive in return, this projection that generates very positive perceptions of them
passion
based on romance, physical attraction, and sexuality—the sexual motives and sexual excitement associated with a couple's relationship
interpersonal attraction is the _____ of many relationships
beginning
indirect effects caused by our emotions can be caused by ________
classical conditioning
decision/commitment
cognitive factors such as the decision to love and be with a person, plus a commitment to maintain the relationship on a permanent or long-term basis
Composite face study
composite faces were rated as more attractive than most of the individual faces used to make the composite
As the relationship develops, the effect of physical attractiveness _______.
decreases
"complementarities"
differences that, when combined, help to make the individual parts work well together
Positive and negative effects occur in two ways:
directly and indirectly
People who claim to have little or no need for affiliation actually ______.
do have a need for affiliation
This specific kind of complementarity leads to greater attraction than when the second person copies the first person
dominant and submissive
examples of complementarities
dominant and submissive, talkative and quiet, sadists and masochists
The repeated exposure effect is present _____ in life
early
The effect of attitude similarity is ____ effective on males and females
equally
consensual validation
evidence that others share our views
two basic features of love—desire and commitment—grew out of out of __________ conditions
evolutionary
A theory of love is that it is simply a ______ that people share at certain times of life
fantasy
The need for affiliation varies ______ from person to person.
greatly
Individuals ____ in social skills often receive ____ promotions and larger raises wherever they work
high, more
people ____ in social skills have ____ success in romance
high, more
The need for affiliation with others and to be accepted by them may be just as basic to our psychological well-being as _________ and _________ are to our physical well-being.
hunger, thirst
Despite widespread acceptance of the belief that attractive people are judged to be better, most of them appear to be _______.
incorrect
social exclusion leads to increased sensitivity to
interpersonal information
Being "left out" by others hurts because
it leaves people with the sense that they have lost control and makes them feel both sad and angry because they simply don't belong
we value other traits differentially depending on the.....
kind of relationship we have with the other person
Facebook users most susceptible to mild depression are the ones with a ______ number of Facebook friends
large
In some research, frequent use of Facebook has been found to result in ___________ for many users
mild depression
"misery doesn't just love any kind of company, it loves only _______ company"
miserable
two students assigned to adjoining classroom seats are ____ likely to interact with each other than if their seats were several rows apart
more
We ordinarily respond with at least mild discomfort when we encounter anyone or anything _______.
new and unfamiliar
Attachment styles exert strong effects on........
our thinking about others and our relationships with them
irrelevant affective states can influence our liking for something, and hence our....
overt actions
_________ often plays a powerful role in interpersonal attraction and influences many aspects of social behavior
physical appearance
Before a relationship forms, _______________ may predict the choice of a romantic partner
physical attractiveness
proximity
physical nearness to others
Other aspects of appearance that influence attraction include....
physique, the extent to which a person is overweight
A positive affect, regardless of its source, often leads to ______ evaluations of other people
positive
implicit egotism
positive associations with something about ourselves do indeed increase attraction toward others who share whatever these are
in many ancient cultures, as well as many modern ones, the color ____ has been associated with increased attractiveness, at least for women
red
When initial reactions to another person are negative, repeated contact leads to _______ attraction.
reduced
A theory of love is that because it was necessary for early humans to reproduce successfully,.....
reproductive success would be more likely if heterosexual pairs were erotically attracted to one another
self-disclosure
revealing our innermost thoughts and feelings
Attachment styles affect our tendency to engage in......
self-disclosure
couples who were ______ in physical attractiveness were more likely to continue dating than those who were _______ from each other
similar, different
the need to affiliate with others is both _____ and ______
strong, general
triangular model of love
suggests that each love relationship is made up of three basic components that are present in varying degrees in different couples - intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment.
intimacy
the closeness two people feel and the strength of the bond that holds them together
attitude similarity
the extent to which two individuals share the same ways of thinking or feeling toward something or another person
attachment anxiety
the fear of rejection and abandonment by others
similarity hypothesis
the theory that similarity is often the basis for an important kind of relationship
We enjoy being evaluated positively, we welcome such input even when we know it is simply
undeserved flattery
social skills
a combination of aptitudes that help individuals who possess them to interact effectively with others
balance theory
a framework that suggests that people naturally organize their likes and dislikes in a symmetrical way
When people are reminded of their own mortality, a common response is the desire to.............
affiliate with others
attractive defendants are found guilty by judges and juries _____ often than unattractive ones
less
if you meet a stranger shortly after you receive a low grade on an exam, you will tend to like that person ____ than if you had received a high grade
less
social exclusion leads to ____ effective cognitive functioning
less
people respond to the similarity-dissimilarity effect in a surprisingly ______ way
precise
Attraction is determined by the _________
proportion of similarity
Variables that can exert powerful effects on interpersonal attraction
proximity, repeated exposure, others' physical appearance, and our own need for affiliation, our degree of similarity to others, the extent to which they like us
falling in love leads to an increase in.......
self-efficacy and self-esteem
social comparison theory
suggests that people compare themselves to others, because for many domains and attributes, there is no objective yardstick to evaluate ourselves against, and other people are therefore highly informative.
"Big Five" theory
suggests there are five broad aspects of personality: openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, and emotional stability
repeated exposure effect
the more often we are exposed to a new stimulus, the more favorable our evaluation of it tends to become
parental investment theory
the one who invests and risks the most in reproduction—usually the female—will be the most particular when selecting a mate
attachment style
the ways in which we form emotional bonds and regulate our emotions in close relationships; the degree of security experienced in interpersonal relationships
narcissists may actually seem very likable at first because....
they are seen as charming, extraverted, more open, and even more competent than other people
"ideal person" study
trustworthiness and cooperativeness are seen as the most important traits, followed by agreeableness and extraversion
there are several traits that we value in everyone, which are.....
trustworthiness, cooperativeness, agreeableness, and extraversion
Physical appearance can be such a powerful factor in our liking for others that it influences us even when.....
we don't want it to
matching hypothesis
we tend to choose partners who are similar to ourselves in physical attractiveness, even though we'd prefer very attractive ones
Interpersonal attraction
why people like or dislike each other
Compared to ______, ______ invested more effort in building a relationship with the stranger when they were more similar to that person in attractiveness than when they were different
women, men
_______ are generally much less willing to express overt interest in a potential romantic partner than ______.
women, men