Social Psychology Review Review 5

Be able to recognize an example of gender stereotype (don't take for granted that this sounds easy).

...

How might the "self-regulation of prejudiced responses model" work...?.

...

How are Aronson's "jigsaw" classroom and Sherif's "Robbers Cave Experiment" similar?

....

Be able to recognize an example of stereotype-threat. Really be able to understand the nature of ST.

1. Stereotype threat is a situational predicament (difficult/unpleasant situation) in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group. 2. Stereotype threat refers to being at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group

1. Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another, are most accurately termed​ a.​ racism. b. ​implicit racism. c. ​modern racism. d. ​ambivalent racism.

A

A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts is called the a.jigsaw classroom. b.self-affirmation group. c.indirect contact method. d.Robbers Cave strategy.

A.

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize is called a. modern racism. b. relative deprivation. c. illusory correlation. d. reverse discrimination.

A.

A meta stereotype refers to a a.person's thoughts about the stereotypes out group members might hold about their own group. b.person's thoughts about the acceptability of a stereotype that applies to a large number of out groups. c.stereotype that is positive in nature. d.stereotype that is widely held.

A.

According to the self-regulation of prejudiced responses model, ____ motivated individuals may learn to control their prejudices ____ effectively over time. a.internally; more b.internally; less c.externally; more d.externally; evenly

A.

Bonnie feels very negatively toward lawyers. Whenever she meets a person who is a lawyer, she immediately feels a strong dislike for them the moment she finds out what they do for a living. This is an example of a.prejudice. b.discrimination. c.social categorization. d.a stereotype.

A.

Gender stereotypes are prescriptive. This means that gender stereotypes a.identify what men and women should be like. b.predict when men and women are likely to behave in stereotype-consistent ways. c.are more accurate than other kinds of stereotypes. d.are less influenced by cultural standards than other stereotypes.

A.

Lash on is an African-American student who believes that intelligence is fixed. Persuading him that intelligence is malleable may a.decrease his tendency to experience stereotype threat. b.make him less prejudiced against out group members. c.reduce his performance on an academic task. d.increase the probability of him dropping out of school.

A.

Palma thinks that all gay men have a superior fashion sense. She knows that her chemistry professor is gay, and notices that he is not a particularly snappy dresser. She rationalizes this by saying, "Well, he's a gay professor—they don't know how to dress that well." This is an example of how a.subtyping can lead to stereotype perpetuation. b.social identity can influence stereotyping. c.intergroup contact can alter stereotype exceptions. d.social categorization can color stereotype formation.

A.

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender (typically men) over another, are most accurately termed a.​sexism. b.​implicit sexism. c.​hostile sexism. d.​ambivalent sexism

A.

Research on stereotype threat implies that females at an all-girls school may ____ in mathematics than females at a mixed-sex school. a.perform better b.perform worse c.perform similarly d.be less confident, but perform better

A.

Research on stereotype threat suggests that underperformance by African Americans in academic settings may be due to a. a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of African Americans. b. an overemphasis on super ordinate goals in instruction. c. receiving negative feedback based on racist motives. d. the desegregation that tends to occur even in so-called integrated schools.

A.

Shortly after 9/11/01, even though a bitterly contested election had recently occurred, many Americans put aside their political differences in reaction to the national tragedy that occurred that day, viewing "American" as their primary identity rather than Republican or Democrat. This change is consistent with what the ____ proposes is necessary to reduce prejudice. a.Common Ingroup Identity Model b.social identity theory c.Social Categorization Model d.realistic conflict theory

A.

What process does the Common In group Identity Model emphasize? a.re-categorization b.self-affirmation c.thought suppression d.stigmatization

A.

11. Jane is from race X, and Jean is from race Y. Which scenario best demonstrates modern racism? a. Jane yells racial slurs and spits on Jean who is a stranger. b. Jane and Jean work together. Jane thinks Jean is not doing her share of the work. For this, Jane gives Jean a more negative evaluation than is deserved. c. Jane and Jean are on the same athletic team. The social norm of the team is for everyone to be friendly and personable to one another. Jane never talks to Jean. d. Jane is interviewing Jean as a pianist for her club. Jane is looking for a piano player who will play jazz. Jean plays classical music. Jane doesn't hire Jean for the job.

B.

38. describes an essential requirement for stereotype threat to occur? a.The individual in question must be a member of a minority group. b.The individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group. c.The individual in question must have below-average ability for the task in question. d.The individual in question must regularly participate in activities that draw racial disapproval from others.

B.

A stereotype exists in many cultures that men are better than women at math. Ramie is about to take a diagnostic achievement test in math. According to research on stereotype threat, under which condition is Ramie most likely to perform poorly on the test? a.Ramie does not believe that the test is an accurate measure of math ability. b.Ramie is asked to indicate her sex at the beginning of the test. c.Ramie does not include math as an important part of her identity. d.Ramie is unaware of the cultural stereotype concerning sex and math

B.

According to social identity theory, people display ingroup favoritism a.as a way of displacing negative feelings toward the outgroup. b.as a means of increasing self-esteem. c.because they expect to be treated unfairly by outgroup members. d.because intergroup competition demands it.

B.

Aronson's jigsaw classroom work is similar to Sheriff's Robbers Cave experiment because both illustrate how a.social roles can influence the use of stereotypes. b.super ordinate goals can reduce prejudice. c.social identification with a group can increase in group favoritism. d.overcoming feelings of relative deprivation can decrease prejudice

B.

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy, and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club. Bridgette is exhibiting ____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting ____. a.discrimination; prejudice b.stereotyping; discrimination c.prejudice; stereotyping d.prejudice; discrimination

B.

Forming subtypes for individuals who do not conform to a group stereotype a.makes it easier to change the content of the stereotype. b.serves to protect the stereotype from change. c.prevents the stereotype from being applied to other group members. d.has the greatest impact on atypical group members.

B.

Ingroup members are believed to display the outgroup homogeneity effect because a.both groups always compete for shared resources. b.they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup. c.they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group. d.they usually encounter the most typical members of the outgroup.

B.

Negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a certain group is called a.discrimination. b.prejudice. c.a stereotype. d.the in group homogeneity effect.

B.

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally is called ____ racism. a. modern b. implicit c. benevolent d. ambivalent

B.

Research on stereotype threat indicates that a.only a handful of minority groups experience such threats. b.they can be attenuated by expressing positive expectations of the potential targets. c.stereotypes are just as likely to improve the math scores of women as to harm them. d. .it is an exclusively American phenomenon.

B.

Self-fulfilling prophecies perpetuate stereotypes by a.increasing the likelihood that perceivers create subtypes. b.eliciting stereotype-confirming behavior from targets. c.threatening individual self-esteem. d.reducing in group favoritism.

B.

The ABCs of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition. Place three major concepts in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition. a.​stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination b.​prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping c.​discrimination, prejudice, and stereotyping d.​stereotyping, discrimination, and prejudice

B.

The concept that concerns the ambivalence between one's sincere, fair-minded attitudes and beliefs, and their largely unconscious and unrealized prejudicial feelings and beliefs, is called ____ racism. a. modern b. aversive c. explicit d. implicit

B.

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of stereotyped groups possess attributes and perform behaviors consistent with the group stereotype results from a.subtyping. b.illusory correlations. c.stereotype threat. d.in group favoritism.

B.

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of stereotyped groups possess attributes and perform behaviors consistent with the group stereotype results from a.subtyping. b.illusory correlations. c.stereotype threat. d.ingroup favoritism.

B.

Which of the following is not predicted by social identity theory? a.Self-esteem is derived from positive ingroup associations. b.Threats to self-esteem tend to decrease ingroup favoritism. c.Expressions of ingroup favoritism tend to increase self-esteem. d.Self-esteem is increased to the extent that the ingroup is perceived as better than the outgroup.

B.

Cross-cultural research indicates that people from collectivist cultures are ____ likely to boost their self-esteem through enhancing their ingroups and ____ likely to draw sharp distinctions between ingroup and outgroup members than are people from individualist cultures. a.more; more b.more; less c.less; more d.less; less

C.

Gunner thinks that Jews are particularly funny. He overestimates the association between being a stand-up comedian and being Jewish because both characteristics are very distinctive from the normal population. This demonstrates a.a contrast effect. b.the outgroup homogeneity effect. c.an illusory correlation. d.social-role theory.

C.

Ingroup members are believed to display the outgroup homogeneity effect because a. both groups always compete for shared resources. b. they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup. c. they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group. d. they usually encounter the most typical members of the outgroup.

C.

Stereotypes differ from prejudice and discrimination in that stereotypes concern a.positive feelings about a social group. b.negative feelings about a social group. c.beliefs or associations about a social group. d.negative behavior directed at members of a social group.

C.

Which experimental procedure would a researcher investigating stereotype threat be least likely to use? a.having women complete a math test b.having non-English-speaking students complete a verbal skills test in English c.having African Americans complete an athletic task d.having individuals with a history of mental illness complete a logical reasoning task

C.

You think all professors are uncoordinated, but then you see your social psychology professor make a diving catch down the left-field line at an intramural softball game against the Arts Department team. You also notice that your professor hits lead-off for the team and is able to score from second base on a ground-out. You maintain your original stereotype of professors as uncoordinated by deciding that this one individual is an exception to the rule because he is a "young professor." This is an example of a.social identity theory. b.implicit personality theory. c.subtyping. d.a self-fulfilling prophecy.

C.

What does research on boosting self-esteem suggest about differences between collectivistic and individualistic cultures?

Collectivists less likely to show biases favoring their ingroups in order to boost their self-esteem

. Research on the jigsaw method has found that jigsaw classrooms saw a(n) a.improvement in minority group test scores. b.decline in majority group test scores. c.decline in minority group test scores. d.improvement in minority group and maintenance of test scores for the majority group.

D.

. Which of the following does not demonstrate the influence of gender stereotypes? a.Parents see their newborn sons as stronger than their newborn daughters. b.Parents underestimate the crawling ability of their infant girls and overestimate that of their infant boys. c.When a baby boy cries in response to a toy, he is thought to be angry. When a baby girl exhibits the same response, she is thought to be afraid. d.Newborn boys tend to be taller and weigh more than newborn girls

D.

Dr. Charles does not feel that African American students are as academically qualified as other students. He does not give them as much of his attention, is less willing to make appointments to give them help, and spends less time reading and making comments on their papers. Dr. Charles is engaging in ____ toward his African American students. a.​subgrouping b.​prejudice c.​stereotyping d.​discrimination

D.

James is not satisfied with his $5 million annual salary because he feels that other basketball All-Stars are paid far more money. James' dissatisfaction is most likely the result of a.realistic conflict theory. b.in group favoritism. c.out group homogeneity. d.relative deprivation.

D.

Research using minimal groups has demonstrated that a.competition for limited resources is necessary for ingroup favoritism. b.in group favoritism will not occur in trivial laboratory groups. c.in group cohesion is necessary to produce ingroup favoritism. d.mere categorization is sufficient to produce ingroup favoritism.

D.

Samantha thinks that all social psychology professors are intelligent, attractive, and fabulously good dancers. This is an example of a.prejudice. b.discrimination. c.social categorization. d.a stereotype.

D.

Subtyping is least likely when confronted with a group member who a.is dramatically different from the group. b.causes observers to bring to mind others who confirm the stereotype. c.is perceived to have violated a stereotype for situational reasons. d.deviates from the stereotype on only a few dimensions.

D.

Please be sure to, thoroughly, read up on "Shared Identities".

common ingroup identity model-If members of different groups recategorize themselves as members of a more inclusive superordinate group, intergroup attitudes and relations can improve.

Be able to recognize the difference between illusory correlations and the "outgroup homogeneity effect" when presented in an example.

illusory correlations play important roles in forming stereotypes-> since minorities have more distinct characteristics, these characteristics are more biased to be noticed-> negative behaviors are also distinctive, further contributing to formation of biases The Outgroup Homogeneity Effect- we tend to think outgroups within-group similarity is much stronger than our ingroup's similarity.-> princeton/rutgers assumed more similar musical tastes among opposite school than their own

What might examples of the "outgroup homogeneity effect", "relative deprivation" and "ingroup favoritism" look like?

outgroup-the tendency to view an outgroup as homogenous or as "all the same" relative deprivation- driven by an individuals feelings of being treated unfairly compared to to others in the group ingroup favoritsm- wanting to be favorite in the group causes a direct effect on self-esteem

Be able to recognize examples of: racism (and modern racism), discrimination, and stereotype...based on the terminology used in the text.

racism- belief that one race is superior to another discrimination- actions against someone due to their race, gender, etc Prejudice- a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority steroetype- grouping people together and giving them certain characteristics due to the group they have

How might subtyping contribute to the perpetuation of stereotypes? Be able to recognize an example.

subtype-Accommodating individuals who deviate from a stereotype by thinking of them as an exception. self-fulfilling prophecies-people can act in ways toward minority that encourage stereotyped behavior