Social Studies Praxis II (5086)

Expectations of Future Price (Demand)

- If people expect the future price of a product to go up, more people will want the product NOW and the demand curve will shift to the right - If people expect the future price of a product to go down, less people will want the product NOW and the demand curve will shift to the left

Blitzkrieg

-"lightning war" -consisted of fast, powerful surprise attacks that disrupted communications -made it difficult for the victims to retaliate -demoralized Germany's foes

Fichte and Hegel

-18th century German philosophers -supported a form of liberalism grounded largely in socialism and a sense of nationalism

French Society before Revolution

-18th century they were a rich and populous country, but it had a systemic problem collecting taxes because of the way its society was structured -had a system with kings and nobles, nobles and clergy never paid taxes -Estates General-their parliament (1st, 2nd, and 3rd estate) -deeply in debt after their help funding the Am. Revolution, basically declared bankruptcy -hailstorms ruined a year's harvest, thus raising food prices and causing widespread hunger

Russian Revolution (1917)

-2 phases: the February Revolution and the October/Bolshevik Revolution -workers' strike in Petrograd in 1917 set the revolutionary wheels in motion when the army sided with the workers -continued existence of a feudal system, combined with harsh conditions and overall size of the country led to massive food shortages and increasingly harsh conditions for the majority of the population -tyrannical rule favored by the Czars only made this worse, as did repeated losses in various military conflicts -came as a result of increasing poverty, decreasing supplies, and the Czar's violation of the October Manifesto

Han Dynasty

-206 BCE-220 CE -the most famous Chinese Dynasty -The Silk Road- network of trade routes linking China to the West -Golden Age-advanced science, medicine, and technology and expanded the arts -The most technologically advanced civilization in the world at the time -High taxes and crushing debt led to peasant revolt

Decolonization of European Colonies (1945-1960)

-A rise of nationalism among these colonies led to many of them declaring independence -1947 India and Pakistan became independent of Britain at this time, and numerous African and Asian colonies declared independence, as well -Some colonies moved successfully into independence but many, especially in Africa and Asia, struggled to create stable governments and economies, and suffered from ethnic and religious conflicts

Battle of the Bulge

-AKA Battle of the Ardennes -December 16, 1944-January 28, 1945 -largest land battle on the western front in WWII -the Germans pushed forward, making inroads into Allied lines, but in the end the Allies brought the advance to a halt -Germans were pushed back, with massive losses on both sides, but proved crippling to the German army

Flat-Plane Projection

-AKA Gnomonic Projection -projected onto a flat piece of paper that only touches the globe at a single point -make it possible to map out Great-Circle Routes, or the shortest route between one point and another on the globe

Prince Henry of Portugal

-AKA Henry the Navigator (wasn't a sailor or navigator) -helped usher in the Age of Discovery and the Atlantic slave trade -sponsored a great deal of exploration along the west coast of Africa -Under his patronage, his crews founded the country's first colonies and visited regions previously unknown to Europeans

Legend

-AKA the key -explains what symbols used on a particular map represent

Stages of Economic Development

-Agricultural -Manufacturing -Service Sector

The Norte Chico/Caral-Supe Civilization

-Ancient American Culture -civilization in Peru that existed over 5,000 years ago -an agricultural society of 20 individual communities -oldest known civilization in the Americas

Maya

-Ancient American Culture -emerged in S. Mexico and N. Central America as early as 2600 BCE -developed a written language and a complex calendar

The Anasazi/Ancient Pueblo People (1200 BCE)

-Ancient American Culture located in what is now the southwestern U.S. -built complex adobe dwellings -the forerunners of later Pueblo Indian Cultures

Mountain Ranges in South America

-Andes, Brazilian Highlands

Mountain Ranges in Antarctica

-Antarctic Peninsula and Transantarctic

Barrier to Entry

-Anything that would prevent entering or leaving an industry

Mountain Ranges in North America

-Appalachians, Sierra Nevada, Rockies, Laurentides

Peloponnesian War

-Athens and Sparta fought each other over resources and power for 27 years -Persia supported Sparta and provided them with funds -Athens was destroyed and surrendered

Mountain Ranges in Africa

-Atlas, Eastern African Highlands, Ethiopian Highlands

Central Powers

-Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Turkey

Allied Powers

-Britain, France, and Russia, and later Italy, Japan, and the U.S.

Chinese Revolution of 1949

-Communists (CCP) v. Nationalists (KMT) -Communists winning over the peasants in their northwestern enclave by making sure troops didn't pillage local land and giving them a greater say in local government -Mao initiated a "rectification program" sending students to the countryside in an effort to re-educate them -Communists routed Chiang Kai-Shek's army and sent them off to Taiwan -military victories paved the way for Mao to declare it a republic

Third Amendment

-Congress cannot force individuals to house troops

Major Issues in Today's Political Climate

-Continued debate over women's rights, especially regarding equal pay for equal work -Debate over affirmative action to encourage hiring of minorities -Debate over civil rights of homosexuals, including marriage and military service -Decisions as to whether any minorities should be compensated for past discriminatory practices -Balance between the public's right to know and the government's need to maintain national security -Balance between the public's right to privacy and national security

Robinson Projection

-East and West sections of the map are less distorted -continental shapes are somewhat inaccurate

4 Factors of Production

-Every good and service requires certain resources, or inputs: 1) Labor 2) Land 3) Capital 4) Entrepreneurship -can be fixed or variable, and can produce fixed or variable costs

French Indochina War (1946-1954)

-France battled with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, ruled by Ho Chi Minh -siege at Dien Bien Phu ended in a Vietnamese victory

Economic Recession

-GDP falls, unemployment rises

Economic Boom

-GDP is high and the economy prospers

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

-Germanic tribes, including the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Saxons and Franks, controlled most of Europe -The increasing size of the empire made it harder to manage, leading to dissatisfaction throughout the empire as government became less efficient -In 768, Charlemagne became king of the Franks and these tribes waged several wars against Rome, including the invasion of Britannia by the Angles and Saxons -Far-flung Rome lost control over this area of its Empire, and eventually Rome itself was invaded

Aristophanes

-Greek playwright -laid the groundwork for modern theatrical performance

Tundras

-High Latitude Climate -ground is frozen throughout long, cold winters, but there is little snowfall -short summers, becomes wet and marshy -not amenable for crops

Taigas

-High Latitude Climate -lie south of tundra regions and include the largest forest areas in the world, as well as swamps and marshes -large mineral deposits and animals valued for their fur -colder winters than in tundras, and summers are hotter short growing season

Mountain Ranges in Asia

-Hindu Kush, Himalayas, Taurus, Elburz, and Japanese

Expectations of Future Price (Supply)

-If the future expected price goes up, the CURRENT supply will go down (because the supplier can make more money off the product later) and vice versa

Law of Demand

-If the price of a product goes up, the quantity demanded goes down -If the price of a product goes down, the quantity demanded goes up

Law of Supply

-If the price of a product goes up, the quantity supplied goes up -If the price of a product goes down, the quantity supplied goes down -If the cost of production goes up, the supply goes down and the supply curve shifts to the left -If the cost of production goes down, the supply goes up and the supply survey shifts to the right

Price of Related Products (Demand)

-If the price of a substitute (similar product) goes up, the demand curve will shift to the right (demand for "my" product goes up) -If the price of a substitute (similar product) goes down, the demand curve will shift to the left (demand for "my" product goes down) -If the price of a compliment product (ex. kindle, automobile) goes up, the quantity demanded for the original product goes down, and the demand curve shifts to the left

Price of Related Products (Supply)

-If the supply of a substitute product goes up (blueberries), the supply of the original product (grapes) will go down and the supply curve will shift to the left

Rwandan Genocide

-In 1994 hundreds of thousands of Tutsi and Hutu sympathizers were slaughtered during their Civil War -the UN did not act or authorize intervention during these atrocities

Campaign Funding

-In addition to the basic necessities of an office, a large quantity of the money that funds these goes toward advertising and is quite costly -funding can come from several sources including: -The candidate's personal funds -Donations by individuals -Special interest groups

Implicit Costs

-Input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm (e.g. interest forgone on money used) -The opportunity costs associated with a firm's use of resources that it owns.

Explicit Costs

-Input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm (e.g. rent) -Money that actually leaves a firm in the productive process

Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)

-International Organization -made up of members from various national governments -Ex. the UN -Treaties among the member nations determine the functions and powers of these groups

Past U.S. Foreign Policy

-Isolationism v. Internationalism -In the 1800s, the U.S. leaned more toward isolationism, exhibiting a reluctance to become involved in foreign affairs. -The World Wars led to a period of internationalism, as the U.S. entered these wars in support of other countries and joined the United Nations

Ming and Manchu Dynasties

-Isolationists -ended China's interaction with other countries until the 18th century

The Middle East and Globalization

-Its location and its preponderance of oil deposits, makes these countries a crucial factor in many international issues both diplomatic and economic -this area has been a hotbed for violence since before the beginning of recorded history -Conflicts over land, resources, religious and political power continue in the area today, spurred by conflict over control of the area's vast oil fields as well as over territories that have been disputed for thousands of years

Shang Dynasty

-Leather armor, bronze weapons, and horse drawn chariots -Stone tools for farming -Documented history on oracle bones -Writing system expanded to tens of thousands of symbols -Astronomers studied movement of planets and recorded eclipses of the sun -Calendar with 365 ¼ days -Dynasty weakened by repeated battles and rival tribes

Scarcity

-Limited quantity of resources to meet unlimited wants -places boundaries on what goods and services can be produced

Characteristics of a Developing Nation

-Low GDP -Rapid growth of population -Economy that depends on subsistence agriculture -Poor conditions, including high infant mortality rates, high disease rates, poor sanitation, and insufficient housing -Low literacy rate

Savannah

-Low Latitude Climate -found to either side of the rainforest region -mostly grasslands -dry winters, wet summers

Rainforest

-Low Latitude Climate -near the equator -experience high average temperatures and humidity -relatively high rainfall

Deserts

-Low Latitude Climate -receive less than 10 inches of rain per year -usually large areas -hot, dry climates -temperature fluctuations of up to 50 degrees from day to night

Mountain Ranges in Australia

-MacDonnell

Steppe

-Middle Latitude Climate -AKA prairie climates -found far inland in large continents -summers are hot, winters are cold -less rainfall than in continental climates

Marine

-Middle Latitude Climate -found near water or on islands -mild and rainy -mild summers and winters

Humid-subtropical

-Middle Latitude Climate -located on southeastern coastal areas -long summers, mild winters, and a long growing season

Mediterranean

-Middle Latitude Climate -occurs between 30 and 40 degrees latitude, both north and south and on the western coasts -experience year-long growing seasons -hot, dry summers followed by mild winters -sparse rainfall that occurs mostly during the winter months

Humid-continental

-Middle Latitude Climate -produces the familiar 4 seasons -winters are cold, summers are hot and humid

The Nuremberg Trials

-Nazi war criminals faced justice -individuals, rather than their governments, were held accountable for war crimes

East Asia

-Ocean currents provide milder climates to coastal areas, while monsoons provide the majority of the rainfall for the region -Typhoons are somewhat common, as are earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis

Monopolistic Competition

-Output Market -a number of firms sell similar products, but they are not identical -Ex. different brands of clothes or food -Barriers to entry are low

Monopoly

-Output Market -a single seller controls the product and its price -Barriers to entry, such as prohibitively high fixed cost structures, prevent other sellers from entering the market

Perfect Competition

-Output Market -all existing firms sell an identical product -firms are not able to control the final price -there is nothing that makes it difficult to become involved in or leave the industry -Ex. agriculture

Oligopoly

-Output Market -only a few firms control the production and distribution of products -Ex. automobiles -Barriers to entry are high, preventing large numbers of firms from entering the market

Zhou Dynasty

-Overthrew the Shang Dynasty -Mandate of Heaven- belief that one is chosen by God to rule -Expanded agriculture-soy beans -First use of money -Spoke one standardized language -Fell because Emperor couldn't control feudal lords -One noble united China into Qin dynasty

Ways Average Citizens can Participate in the Political Process

-Participating in local government -Participating in caucuses for large elections -Volunteering to help political parties -Running for election to local, state, or national offices -can also donate money to political causes, or support political groups that focus on specific causes such as abortion, wildlife conservation or women's rights -These groups often make use of representatives who lobby legislators to act in support of their efforts

Duties of a Citizen

-Paying taxes -Loyalty to the government, though the US does not prosecute those who criticize or seek to change the government -Support and defend the Constitution -Serve in the Armed Forces as required by law -Obeying laws as set forth by the various levels of government

Mountain Ranges in Europe

-Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, Apennines, Urals, and Balkan

Activities of Political Parties

-Recruiting and backing candidates for offices -Discussing various issues with the public, increasing public awareness -Working toward compromise on difficult issues -Staffing government offices and providing administrative support -At the administrative level, parties work to ensure that viable candidates are available for elections and that offices and staff are in place to support candidates as they run for office and afterwards, when they are elected

The Bolshevik Revolution (1917-1922)

-Red Guards and loyal troops seize key points around the capital -stormed the Provisional Government's headquarters at the Winter Palace -Lenin announced the overthrow of the Provisional Government at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which led to a civil war -USSR created in Dec 1922 -led to the spread of Communism throughout Eastern Europe and elsewhere, greatly affecting diplomatic policies throughout the world for several decades

Sun Yat Sen

-Republic of China calls him the father of the nation -the People's Republic of China calls him the forerunner of the democratic revolution -3 principles of the people: Nationalism, Democracy, and the People's livelihood -leader of the Guomindang/Kuomingtang party (KMT), trying to reform China into a nation-state

Byzantine Empire

-Roman Empire split in the early 4th century and became the Eastern Empire -founded the city of Constantinople, which became the capital of the empire -major influences came from Mesopotamia and Persia -its position gave it an advantage over invaders from the east and west, as well as control over trade from both regions -protected the Western empire from invasion from the Persians and the Ottomans -practiced a more centralized rule than in the West -famous for lavish art and architecture and the Code of Justinian -conquered by the Ottomans

Russian Purges under Stalin (1921-1953)

-Scholars have attributed between 3 and 60 million deaths to the policies and edicts of this regime

Qin Dynasty

-Shi Huangdi (first Emperor)- ushered in China's classical age -Standardized weights and measures -Uniformity in writing style -The Great Wall of China -Revolts in response to heavy taxes, forced labor, and cruel policy

Civilizations of Mesopotamia (The Middle East)

-Sumerians, Amorites, Hittites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Persians -early cities engaged in a form of socialism -enduring conflict between country and city -city-states were walled with an extensive canal system -monumental temples, called ziggurats -controlled different areas during various periods, but similar in that they were all autocratic -a single ruler served as the head of the government and often the main religious ruler -These often tyrannical, militaristic leaders, controlled all aspects of life, including law, trade, and religious activity -Portions of the legacies of these civilizations remain in cultures today including mythologies, religious systems, mathematical innovations and even elements of various languages

Utility

-The ability of a product or service to satisfy the need of a consumer -the satisfaction experienced by a consumer in relation to acquiring and using a good or service -Providers of goods and services will stress this to convince consumers they want the products being presented

The Reserve Ration

-The amount of money banks must maintain in reserve -determined by the Federal Reserve System -if it's raised, less money is available for loans and spending decreases -if it's lower it increases available funds and increases spending

Classification of Markets

-The conditions prevailing in a given market are used to classify markets -Conditions considered include: 1) Existence of competition 2) Number and size of suppliers 3) Influence of suppliers over price 4) Variety of available products 5) Ease of entering the market

Marginal Cost

-The extra, or additional, cost of producing one more unit of output.

South Asia

-The longest alluvial plain -three major river systems in the Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra -has large deposits of minerals, including iron ore that are in great demand internationally -has mountains, plains, plateaus, and numerous islands -climates range from tropical to highlands and desert areas and experiences monsoon winds that cause a long rainy season

Gross Domestic Product

-The overall economic condition of a nation -measures a nation's economic output over a limited time period, such as a year -measured by the expenditures or income approach

Free Press and Mass Media

-The right to free speech guaranteed in the first amendment to the Constitution allows them to report on government and political activities without fear of retribution -has access to information about the government, its policies and actions, as well as debates and discussions that occur in Congress, and can ensure that the people are informed about the inner workings of the government -can also draw attention to injustices, imbalances of power, and other transgressions the government or government officials might commit -may align themselves with certain political viewpoints and skew their reports to fit that viewpoint -The rise of the Internet has made reporting even more complex, as news can be found from an infinite variety of sources, both reliable and unreliable

Major Contributions to the development of Greek Culture

-Theatre -Greek Alphabet -Geometry -Historical writing -Philosophy

Economic Recovery

-Unemployment lessens, prices rise, and the economy begins to stabilize again

Characteristics of Civilizations

-Use of metal to make weapons and tools -Written Language -A defined territorial state -A calendar

India

-Vedas are the earliest texts of what will come to be known as Hinduism -the caste-system is one of its most enduring institutions -Brahmins-priests who speak to the gods -Kshatriyas-the warriors -Vaisyas-merchants and artisans; provide money for the priests and warriors -Sudras-the laborers and farmers; the foundation of the social order -Dharma-one's role in life and society, defined by birth and caste -believe in Samsára-reincarnation -Law of Karma -Buddhism

Responsibilities of a Citizen

-Voting in elections -Respecting one another's rights and not infringing upon them -Staying informed about various political and national issues -Respecting one another's beliefs

The Cold War (1947-1991)

-WWII left large regions of Europe and Asia in disarray -Communist governments moved in with promises of renewed prosperity and economic stability -The USSR backed Communist regimes in much of Eastern Europe -Germany was divided into 2 parts, and its capital Berlin also divided into 2 parts -In China, Mao Zedong led communist forces in the overthrow of the Chinese Nationalist Party and instituted a Communist government in 1949 -the new Communist governments restored a measure of stability to much of Eastern Europe, but it came with with dictatorial governments and an oppressive police force -the U.S. adopted a policy of containment to stop the spread of communism via Soviet expansion, instituted the Marshall Plan and the creation of NATO -both sides in possession of nuclear weapons and feared the other would resort to nuclear attack, so they agreed on a strategy of Mutually Assured Distruction (MAD) -lasted until 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell, the Soviet Union was dissolved two years later

Inflation

-When demand outstrips supply -occurs when too much spending causes an imbalance in the economy -occurs because an economy is growing too quickly

Surplus

-When there is too little spending and supply has moved far beyond demand -Companies cut back on production, reduce the number of workers they employ, and unemployment rises as people lose their jobs

Market Equilibrium Price

-Where the needs of consumers meet the needs of suppliers -price varies depending on many factors, including the overall health of a society's economy, overall beliefs and considerations of individuals in society, and other factors

John Stuart Mill

-a British philosopher as well as an economist -believed in progressive policies such as women's suffrage, emancipation, and the development of labor organizations and farming cooperatives

Directions

-a compass rose or other symbol used to indicate the cardinal directions

Government Monopoly

-a government agency is the only provider of a specific good or service

Biomes

-a group of ecosystems -consist of a large area with similar flora, fauna, climate, and soil

Galloping Inflation

-a high inflation rate of 100 to 300 percent annually

Cartographer

-a mapmaker -produce detailed illustrations of geographic areas to record where various features are located within that area

Caucuses

-a meeting, usually attended by a party's leaders -Some states still use this, but not all

Age of Enlightenment/Reason (1685-1815)

-a movement of intellectuals (philosophers) who dared to know -popularized the ideas of the Scientific Revolution and used them to undertake a dramatic reexamination of all aspects of life -used reason to advocate for the application of the scientific method to the understanding of all life, and find the laws that governed human society -hoped they could make progress toward a better society than the one they inherited -support hierarchical social and political structures -philosophers and scientists rejected traditional Christianity and began to rely more on observation to support their ideas, rather than building on past beliefs -focus on ethics and logic drove their work -European intellectual life was marked by the emergence of secularization -the Church was still the center of religious practice, Methodist grew out of this movement

Market Surveys

-a part of market research -ask specific questions of consumers to help determine the marketability of a product to a specific group

Imperialism

-a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

Place Utility

-a product's desirability is connected to its location and convenience

Time Utility

-a product's desirability is determined by its availability at a certain time

Ownership Utility

-a product's desirability is increased because ownership of the product passes to the consumer

Form Utility

-a product's desirability lies in its physical characteristics

Niccolo Machiavelli

-a proponent of politics based solely on power

Planned/Command Economy

-a public entity or planning authority makes the decisions about what resources will be produced, how they will be produced, and who will be able to benefit from them -The means of production, such as factories, are also owned by a public entity rather than by private interests

Foreign Policy

-a set of goals, policies and strategies that determine how an individual nation will interact with other countries -often based on a certain set of ideals and national needs

Technological Monopoly

-a single company controls the technology necessary to supply the product

Ecosystem

-a specific physical environment and all the organisms that live there

Nationalism

-a strong belief in, identification with, and allegiance to a particular nation and people -unified various areas that had previously seen themselves as fragmented which led to patriotism and/or imperialism -individual nations sought to grow, bringing in other, smaller states that shared similar characteristics such as language and cultural beliefs -a major side effect of these growing beliefs was often conflict and outright war

Thomas Aquinas

-adapted Aristotle's ideas to a Christian perspective -stated that individuals should have certain rights and duties -these duties determine the type and extent of government rule -stated laws should limit the role of the government -laid the groundwork for ideas that became modern constitutionalism

Human Systems

-affect geography in the way in which they settle, form groups that grow into large-scale habitations, and create permanent changes in the landscape -can lead to various conflicts or alliances to control access to and the use of natural resources

Vietnam War (1954-75)

-after French Indochina War, country divided into North and South -Communist forces controlled the North -the South was controlled by S. _________________ forces and supported by the U.S. -the South surrendered in 1975, and became the Socialist Republic of _____________________

The Pax Romana

-allowed Christians to move freely through the empire

Creeping Inflation

-an inflation rate of about one to three percent annually

Hyperinflation

-an inflation rate over 500 percent annually -usually leads to complete monetary collapse in a society, as individuals become unable to generate sufficient income to purchase necessary goods

The Discount Rate

-an interest rate charged by the Fed when banks borrow money from them -If this is lower, it leads banks to borrow more money, leading to increased spending -If this is higher it has the opposite effect

Nominating Convention

-an official meeting of the members of a party for the express purpose of nominating candidates for upcoming elections

Product

-any elements pertaining directly to the product, including packaging, presentation, or services to include along with it

Tenth Amendment

-any rights not directly delegated to the national government, or not directly prohibited, belong to the states or to the people

Habitat

-area a specific species lives -includes the necessary soil, water, and resources for that particular species -includes predators and other species that compete for the same resources

Basins

-areas of low elevation where rivers drain

Scientific Revolution (1543-1700)

-astronomers and other scientists began to amass evidence that challenged the church's scientific doctrines -questioned and challenged conceptions and beliefs about the nature of the external world that had crystallized into a rather strict orthodoxy by the Late Middle Ages -taught Europeans to view the universe and their place in it in a new way -skepticism

Communist

-based on class conflict, revolution and a one-party state -controls the production and flow of goods and services rather than leaving this to companies or individuals

Elasticity

-based on how the quantity of a particular product responds to the price demanded for that product

Constructivism

-based on international cooperation -recognizes that perceptions countries have of each other can affect their relations

Market Economy

-based on supply and demand -supply and demand are determined by consumers

Globalism

-based on the idea that all people and all nations are interdependent -Each nation is dependent on one or more other nations for production of and markets for goods, and for income generation -has shaped many economic and political choices since the beginning of the 20th century -Many of today's issues, including environmental awareness, economic struggles, and continued warfare, often require the cooperation of many countries if they are to be dealt with effectively

Black Death/Bubonic Plague (1300's-1351)

-began in China in the early 1300s brought by rats accompanying Mongol troops and spread along the Silk Road -came to Europe in 1347 brought by fleas carried by rats on sailing vessels -killed 1/3 of Europe's population -effectively ended feudalism as a political system -many peasants or serfs found different work, as a demand for skilled labor grew -Nation-states grew in power, and in the face of the pandemic, many began to turn away from faith in God and toward the ideals of ancient Greece and Rome for government and other beliefs

Industrial Revolution (1750-1910)

-began in Great Britain -brought coal and steam-powered machinery into widespread use -goods that had previously been produced in small workshops were produced more efficiently and in much larger quantities in factories -increased the need for specialized labor -businesses grew rapidly creating monopolies, increasing world trade, and creating large urban centers -led to a second Agricultural Revolution as the addition of new technologies advanced agricultural production

High Middle Ages (1000-1300)

-began in the 11th century with the beginning of the Crusades -revival of classical antiquity -China invents and uses gunpowder for first time

Mexican Revolution(1808-1822)

-began when Napoleon put his brother on the Spanish throne -Napoleon wanted to institute the liberal principles of the French Revolution, which angered the Peninsulares, who wanted to return to a divine right monarchy with a strong church -Creoles v. Peninsulares -massive mestizo peasant revolt led by Padre Hidalgo, supported by the creoles -2nd peasant revolt led by Father Morelos, who declared independence in 1813 but didn't last -1820 elites and creoles join in liberal revolution with a new constitution that limited the power of the church -Iturbide became king but only lasted a year before a republic was declared

Agricultural Revolution

-began when the plow was invented in Mesopotamia -allowed people to cultivate crops in large quantities rather than by hand -made farming possible-->development of communities -societies became dependent on limited numbers of crops -led human societies to begin changing their surroundings in order to accommodate their needs for shelter and room to cultivate food and provide for domestic animals

World War I (1914-1918)

-began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which led to a conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia that quickly escalated into war -Allied Powers v. Central Powers -left Europe deeply in debt and devastated the German economy -economic devastation opened the door for Communist, Fascist, and Socialist government to gain power -Trench warfare

Empiricism

-belief that ideas should not be believed until the proof has been observed -Hume believed this as he was a natural skeptic, as well, and always sought out the truth of matters himself rather than believing what he was told

Anarchist

-believe that all government should be eliminated and that individuals should rule themselves

Legalism

-believed only a strong and efficient government that strictly enforces an elaborate code of laws and harsh punishments could maintain order

Aristotle and Plato

-believed political science would lead to order in political matters -scientifically organized order would create stable, just societies

Hume and Bentham

-believed politics should have as its main goal maintaining "the greatest happiness of the greatest number."

Martin Luther

-believed salvation comes through faith, not good works -called to defend his ideas before the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, at the Imperial Diet of Worms -thanks to the printing press, 2,000 editions of his writings appeared between 1517-1526 and reached millions of people -translated the Bible into German allowing people other than priests to read it for themselves, quote scripture, and discuss its meaning

Totalitarian

-believes everything should be under the control of the government, from resource production to the press to religion and other social institutions -All aspects of life under this system must conform to the ideals of the government

Conservative

-believes government should be limited in most cases -Government should allow its citizens to help one another and solve their own problems rather than enforcing solutions -Business should not be overregulated, allowing a free market

Liberal

-believes government should work to increase equality, even at the expense of some freedoms -Government should assist those in need of help -Focus on enforced social justice and free education for everyone

Libertarian

-believes government's role should be limited to protecting the life and liberty of citizens -Government should not be involved in any citizen's life unless that citizen is encroaching upon the rights of another

Liberalism

-believes states can cooperate, and that they act based on capabilities rather than power -originally coined to describe Woodrow Wilson's theories on international cooperation

Amorites/Babylonian Culture

-best known for the Code of Hammurabi-an advanced law code

Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1800)

-between 10-12 million slaves were forcibly moved from Africa to the Americas

Lakes

-bodies of freshwater found inland

Convergent Boundaries

-bordering plates move toward one another

Mohammed

-born in 570 CE, became prominent in 610 leading his followers in a new religion called Islam -conquered Mecca, where a temple called the Kaaba had served as a center of the nomadic religions -declared the temple the most sacred of Islam, and Mecca as the Holy City -his writings became the Koran, divine revelations he said had been delivered to him by the angel Gabriel -his teachings gave the formerly tribal Arabian people a sense of unity

Japan

-borrowed the Buddhist religion, the Chinese writing system, and other elements of Chinese society -ruled by the divine emperor -functioned on a feudal system led by lords and soldiers known as samurai -remained isolationist, not interacting significantly with the rest of the world until the 1800's

Roman Empire and Republic

-brought in belief systems of conquered peoples as well as their technological and scientific accomplishments, melding the disparate parts into a cohesive core -autocratic gov't, but local officials came from the provinces where they lived -fought in the Punic Wars against Hannibal and Carthage

Wholesale Distributor

-buys in large quantities and then resells smaller amounts to other businesses

Income Approach

-calculated based on how much money is earned in each sector -to accurately calculate GDP using this method, indirect business taxes, including property and sales taxes, and depreciation must be subtracted

Price

-calculates cost of production, distribution, advertising, etc., as well as the desired profit to determine the final price

Expenditures Approach

-calculates the GDP based on how much money is spent in each individual sector

Representative Money

-can be exchanged for items such as gold or silver which have inherent value

Freedom of Speech

-can be restricted if it endangers other people.

Monetary Policy

-can take several forms -affects the amount of funds available to banks for making loans -regulates the amount of money available in the American banking system

Department of State

-carries out policy -negotiates treaties and maintains diplomatic relations -assists citizens traveling in foreign countries -ensures the President is properly informed of any international issues

Athenians

-centered in Attica where there was little land available for farming -democracy was created by Cleisthenes in 510 BCE -experienced a Golden Age -the Parthenon is built -excelled in art, theater, architecture, and philosophy -government was corrupt -fought in the Peloponnesian War

The Hittites

-centered in modern day Turkey, but their empire extended into Palestine and Syria -conquered the Babylonian civilization, but adopted their religion and system of laws -tolerated other religions and absorbed foreign gods into their own belief systems rather than forcing their religion onto peoples they conquered -reached its peak in 1600-1200 BCE -conquered by the Assyrians in 700 BCE

Fascism

-centers on a single leader -ideologically an oppositional belief to Communism -Includes a single party state and centralized control -The power of the leader lies in the "cult of personality" -often focuses on expansion and conquering of other nations

Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler

-challenged the geocentric philosophies of the church by proving the earth was not the center of the solar system

Latin American Society

-characterized by 3 institutions: the Spanish Crown, Catholic Church, and the patriarchy -led the world in transculturation/cultural blending -whites from Spain (Peninsulares), whites born in the Americas (Creoles), Native Americans, and African slaves -4 basic racial categories: white, black, mestizo, and mulatto -revolutions (Mexican, Brazilian, and Venezuelan) enshrined in the idea of popular sovereignty in the New World

Code of Justinian

-collected Roman law into a clear system -became the basis of French, German, and Italian Law

Economic Side Effects of the Industrial Revolution

-conflicts arose between companies and their employees as struggles for fair treatment and fair wages increased -Unions gained power and became more active -Government regulation over industries increased, but growing businesses fought for the right to free enterprise

Alexander the Great

-considered one of the greatest conquerors in history -son of Phillip II of Macedon -tutored by Aristotle -conquered the Persian Empire and all the land Persia held, including Egypt, then marched toward India -his conquering efforts spread Greek culture into the east -led the Macedonian and Greek armies in conquering the Persian Empire -had more of an impact after his death -important military model for many generals -main legacy was introducing the Persian idea of absolute monarchy to the Greco-Roman world

Ancient Greece

-consisted of city-states, all had some form of slavery -citizenship was limited to males -each city-state had its own form of government, ranging from very democratic to completely dictatorial

The Reformation (1517-1648)

-consisted of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation -religiously, occurred due to abuses by the Catholic Church such as indulgences and dispensations, religious offices being offered up for sale, and an increasingly dissolute clergy -Politically, was driven by increased power of various ruling monarchs, who wished to take all power to themselves rather than allowing power to remain with the church. They also had begun to chafe at papal taxes and the church's increasing wealth -led to wider European literacy and eventually forced governments to grant religious freedom

Marketing

-consists of all of the activity necessary to convince consumers to acquire goods -One major way to move products into the hands of consumers is to convince them that any single product will satisfy a need

Executive Branch

-consists of the President, Vice President, presidential advisors, and other various cabinet members -These advisors are appointed by the President, but must be approved by Congress -carries out laws, treaties, and war declarations enacted by Congress -The President can also veto bills approved by Congress, and serves as commander-in-chief of the US military -The president appoints cabinet members, ambassadors to foreign countries, and federal judges

Legislative Branch

-consists of the two Houses of Congress: the House of Representatives and the Senate -members are elected -largely concerned with law-making -All laws must be approved by Congress before they go into effect -responsible for regulating money and trade, approving presidential appointments, and establishing organizations like the postal service and federal courts -Congress can also propose amendments to the Constitution, and can impeach, or bring charges against, the president -Only Congress can declare war

Relief Map

-constructed to show details of various elevations across the area of the map -higher elevations are represented by different colors than lower elevations -show additional detail, such as the overall ruggedness or smoothness of an area

Thematic Map

-constructed to show very specific information about a chosen theme -Ex. to show political information or population distribution

Variable Costs

-costs that change with the level of output. (payments for materials, fuel, power, most labor...)

Fixed Costs

-costs that do not vary with changes in output and are associated with the very existence of a firm's plant and therefore must be paid(rental payments, interest on a firm's debt...) -The firm cannot avoid paying this in the short run

Effects of Globalization

-countries worldwide often seeking the same resources, some, particularly nonrenewable resources, have experienced high demand -At times this has resulted in wild price fluctuations -Ex. the demand for petroleum products such as oil and natural gas. -Increased travel and communication make it possible to deal with diseases in remote locations; however, it also allows diseases to be spread via travelers -A major factor contributing to an increase to this over the past few decades has been the Internet -By allowing instantaneous communication with anyone nearly anywhere on the globe, the Internet has led to interaction between far-flung individuals and countries, and an ever increasing awareness of happenings all over the world

Judicial Review

-courts at all levels of government can declare laws invalid if they contradict the constitutions of individual states, or the US Constitution -the Supreme Court serves as the final judicial authority on decisions of this kind

Antarctica

-covered with ice -major resource consists of scientific information -supports some wildlife, such as penguins, and little vegetation, mostly mosses or lichens

Venezuelan Revolution (1810-1823)

-creole revolutionaries formed a revolutionary junta that seized power in Caracas and formed a republic -interior was home to mixed-race cowboys (Llaneros) who supported the king, kept the Caracas revolutionaries from extending their power inland -Simon Bolivar convince llaneros to fight against Spain -Bolivar's forces captured the viceregal capital at Bogota, Caracas, and Quito -created a republic

Mercator Projection

-cylindrical projection -distortion is high, especially in areas farther from the equator -commonly used by seafarers

Special/Select Committees

-deal with particular issues that are beyond the jurisdiction of standing committees

Poverty

-defined by comparing incomes to set guidelines -guidelines determine the level of income necessary for a family to function -those below that line are often eligible for assistance from government agencies

Civil Rights

-defines the limitations of state rights, describing those rights that belong to individuals and which cannot be infringed upon by the government -Ex. freedom of religion, political freedom, and overall freedom to live how we choose

Civil Liberties

-defines the role of the state in providing equal rights and opportunities to individuals within that state -Ex. non-discrimination policies with regards to granting citizenship.

Marginal Propensity to Consume

-defines the tendency of consumers to increase spending in conjunction with increases in income -In general, individuals with greater income will buy more

Greek Alphabet

-derived from the Phoenician version--> developed into the Roman version-->modern day version

Distribution Channels

-determine the route a product takes on its journey from producer to consumer -can influence the final price and availability of the product. -2 major forms: wholesale and retail

Upper Paleolithic/New Stone Age (8000-6000BCE)

-developed a wider variety of tools -tools were better made and more specialized -began to wear clothes -organize into groups with social structures -practiced art -most lived in caves

Democrats and Republicans

-developed after the Civil War, with issues centering on the treatment of the post-war South

Feudalism

-developed as a way to ensure European rulers could quickly raise an army when necessary -the king legally owned the land , but promised to protect vassals from invasion and war -Vassals returned a certain percentage of their income to the lords, who in turn passed a portion of their income to the king

Democrats and Whigs

-developed before the Civil War -based on disagreements about various issues such as slavery

Early Civilizations

-developed in river valleys where reliable, fertile land was easily found -Nile River Valley in Egypt -Tigris-Euphrates in Mesopotamia -Indus River -Hwang Ho in China

Hebrew/Ancient Israelite Culture

-developed the monotheistic religion that developed into modern Judaism and Christianity

Archimedes

-discovered the value of pi

Direct Democracy

-each issue or election is decided by a vote where each individual is counted separately

Europe

-east and south are mountain ranges, while the north is dominated by a plains region -Britain's climate is often warmer than other lands at similar latitudes, as the area is warmed by ocean currents -Many areas in the west have a moderate climate, while areas of the south are dominated by the classic Mediterranean climate -carries a high level of natural resources. -Numerous waterways help connect the inner regions with the coastal areas

Cybernomics

-economics driven by e-commerce and other computer-based markets and products -Marketing allows suppliers to connect one-on-one with their customers

Mountains

-elevated areas that measure 2,000 feet or more above sea level -usually occur in groups called chains or ranges

Plateaus

-elevated, but flat on top

Indirect Democracy

-employs a legislature that votes on issues that affect large number of people whom the legislative members represent

Russia

-encompasses a wide variety of climatic regions, including plains, plateaus, mountains and tundra -climate can be quite harsh, with rivers that are frozen through most of the year making transportation of the country's rich natural resources more difficult -Other areas include taiga with extensive, dense woods in the central north and more temperate steppes and grasslands in the southwest

Rome

-endured because of its balance: -monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy were all found united here -the Senate was at the heart of this blended system, who were chosen from a group of elite families -2 broad classes: -Patricians-small group of aristocratic families -Plebeians-everyone else

Hinduism

-everyone has a soul that s part of the World Soul -many gods, all manifestations of the Brahman -believe in reincarnation

Vertical Climate

-exists in high mountain ranges -varying temperatures, growing conditions, types of vegetation and animals, and occurrence of human habitation

Muslims in the Middle Ages

-expanded out of their homeland in Arabia and conquered the rich Egyptian provinces of the Byzantines, the entire Persian Sassonian Empire, and Spain -conquered by the Mongols in 1258 -experienced a Golden Age of learning centered in Baghdad -Arabic replaced Greek as the language of commerce, religion, and culture -scholars translated the works of Greek philosophers including Aristotle and Plato -made major strides in medicine, and adopted mathematical concepts from India

Twenty-Sixth Amendment

-expanded voting rights to include any US citizen over the age of eighteen

Biogeography

-explores the way physical features of the earth affect living creatures

The Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages

-extended significant influence both politically and economically throughout medieval society -supplied education, as there were no established schools or universities -filled a power void left by various invasions throughout the former Roman Empire, leading it to exercise a role that was far more political than religious -Kings were heavily influenced by the Pope and other church officials, and churches controlled large amounts of land throughout Europe

Thomas Hobbes

-felt that people were completely unable to live harmoniously without the intervention of government

Trench Warfare

-fighting during WWI took place largely in a series of these built along the Eastern and Western Fronts -added up to about 24,000 miles

Mesas

-flat, steep-sided mountains or hills -sometimes used to refer to plateaus

Socialism and Communism

-focus on public ownership and distribution of goods and services

Manchu Dynasty

-focused on farming and road construction as the population grew

Microeconomics

-focuses on economic factors such as the way consumers behave, how income is distributed, and output and input markets -Studies are limited to the industry or firm level, rather than an entire country or society -studies factors of production, costs of production, and factor income, which determine production decisions of individual firms, based on resources and costs

Conformal Map

-focuses on representing the correct shape of geographical areas with less concern for comparative size

Political Science

-focuses on studying different governments and how they compare to each other, general political theory, ways political theory is put into action, how nations and governments interact with each other, and a general study of governmental structure and function -includes the study of elections, governmental administration at various levels, development and action of political parties, and how values such as freedom, power, justice and equality are expressed in different political cultures -also encompasses elements of other disciplines, including History, Sociology, Anthropology, and Economics

Alliances

-form between different countries based on similar interests, political goals, cultural values, or military issues

The UN

-formed after WWII -built and improved on the ideas of the League of Nations -worked to bring the countries of the world together for diplomatic solutions to international problems, including sanctions and other restrictions -has also initiated military action, calling for peacekeeping troops from member countries to move against countries violating their policies

Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

-formed in the late 1700s -disagreed on the balance of power between national and state government

Persian Wars (499-488 BCE)

-fought between the Greeks and Persians because Athens supported the Ionian Greeks when they rebelled in Anatolia -Greek victories at: 1) Battle of Marathon 2) Battle of Thermopylae 3) Battle of Salamis 4) Battle of Plataea -Athens emerged as the de facto capital of Greece -discouraged additional attempts to invade Greece

Middle Latitudes

-found from 23.5-66.5 degrees

High Latitudes

-found from 66.5 degrees to the poles

Buddhism

-founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the "Enlightened One" -4 Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path -very attractive to low caste Hindu's because there is no caste system -wanted to break the hold the Brahmins had over Hindu life and help people find their own way to salvation -anyone who follows the Eightfold Path and renounces desire can be freed from suffering and achieve nirvana

Emperor Constantine

-founded the city of Constantinople, which became the capital of the Byzantine Empire -converted to Christianity -ordered religious toleration in the Edict of Milan

Parliamentary

-government involves a legislature and a variety of political parties -The head of government, usually a Prime Minister, is typically the head of the dominant party -A head of state can be elected, or this position can be taken by a monarch -head of gov't and head of state are separate -head of gov't- Prime Minister who has real power -head of state-elected President either popularly or by Parliament

Limited Government

-governmental powers are limited and certain individual rights are defined as inviolable by the government

First Amendment

-grants freedom of religion, speech, freedom of the press, and the right to assemble -the government restricts certain elements of freedom of religion, speech, and freedom of the press

Presidential System

-has a legislature and political parties -no difference between the head of state and head of government

Australia

-has extensive deserts as well as mountains and lowlands -economy is driven by agriculture, including ranches and farms, and minerals -the steppes bordering extremely arid inland areas are suitable for livestock, only the coastal areas receive sufficient rainfall for crops without using irrigation

Fiat Money

-has no inherent value but has been declared to function as money by the government -often backed by gold or silver, but not necessarily on a one-to-one ratio

Demand

-has to do with what customers want and need, as well as how much quantity those consumers are able to purchase based on other economic factors

Montesquieu and Rousseau

-heavily influenced the French Revolution (1789-1799) -believed government policies and ideas should change to alleviate existing problems, an idea referred to as "liberalism" -Believe: 1) Individual freedom and community welfare are of equal importance 2) Man's innate goodness leads to natural harmony 3) Reason develops with the rise of civilized society 4) Individual citizens carry certain obligations to the existing government

Contractionary Policies

-help counteract inflation -include increasing taxes and decreasing government spending to slow spending in the overall economy

The UN

-helps form international policies by hosting representatives of various countries who then provide input into policy decisions -member countries must agree to abide by all final resolutions -if they don't abide, they can decide on sanctions against those countries, often economic sanctions, such as trade restriction -can send military forces to problem areas, with "peacekeeping" troops brought in from member nations -Ex. The Korean War

South America

-high mountains such as the Andes, wide plains, and high altitude plateaus -The region contains numerous natural resources, but many of them have remained unused due to various obstacles, including political issues, geographic barriers, and lack of sufficient economic power -Climate zones are largely tropical, with rainforests and savannahs, but vertical climate zones and grasslands are also included

Human Geography

-how human activity affects the environment -includes study of political, historical, social, and cultural activities

Federal Reserve System

-implements all monetary policy in the US -can decrease or increase the amount of available money for loans, thus helping regulate the national economy -can also expand or contract the overall money supply through Open Market Operations

Comparative Advantage

-in the field of international trade, this refers to a country focusing on a specific product that it can produce more efficiently and more cheaply, or at a lower opportunity cost, than another country

Commodity Money

-includes gems or precious metals

Proprietor's Income

-income that comes back to the entrepreneur himself

Corporate Profit

-income that goes back into the corporation as a whole -is divided by the corporation into corporate profits taxes, dividends, and retained earnings

North Africa, Southwest and Central Asia

-incorporates seas, peninsulas, rivers, mountains, and numerous other features -Earthquakes remain common, with tectonic plates in the area remaining active -Much of the world's oil lies in this area

Moderate

-incorporates some liberal and some conservative values, generally falling somewhere in between in overall belief

Expansionary Policies

-increase government spending and lower taxes in order to reduce unemployment and increase the level of spending in the economy overall

Diplomats

-individuals who reside in foreign countries in order to maintain communications between that country and their home country -help negotiate trade agreements, environmental policies, and convey official information to foreign governments -help resolve conflicts between the countries -appointed in America by the president, appointments must be approved by Congress

Second Phase of the Industrial Revolution (1830-1910)

-industries further improved in efficiency and new industries were introduced as photography, various chemical processes, and electricity became more widely available to produce new goods or new, improved versions of old goods -petroleum and hydroelectricity became major sources of power -during this time, spread out of W. Europe and into the U.S. and Japan

Climate

-information about daily and seasonal weather conditions in a region over a long period of time -takes into account average monthly and yearly temperatures, average precipitation over long periods of time, and the growing season of an area -classified according to latitude (Low, Middle, or High)

American and French Revolutions

-inspired by the Enlightenment -came about as a protest against the excesses and overly controlling nature of their respective monarchs -led to the development of republics to replace the monarchies that were displaced

Institutionalism

-institutions provide structure and incentive for cooperation among nations -defined as a set of rules used to make international decisions -also help distribute power and determine how nations will interact

Weather

-involves daily conditions in the atmosphere that affect temperature, precipitation, wind speed, air pressure, and other factors -focuses on the short-term

Erosion

-involves movement of any loose material on the earth's surface -can include soil, sand, or rock fragments -2 types: Mechanical and Chemical

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

-known as the fathers of Western philosophy

Ming Dynasty

-known for its porcelain

Cost of Production

-labor, fuel, land, etc. -If this goes up, the supply goes down and the supply curve shifts to the left -If this goes down, the supply goes up and the supply curve shifts to the right

The Maurya Dynasty (322-185 BCE)

-large powerful empire established in India -one of the largest empires ever to rule in the Indian subcontinent -ruled by Chandragupta after the withdrawal from India of Alexander the Great -highly developed, including a standardized economic system, waterworks, and private corporations -traded silk, exotic foods, and spices with the Greeks and others -Religious development included the rise of Buddhism and Jainism -fell after a succession of weak leaders

Plains

-large, flat areas and are usually very fertile -the majority of Earth's population is supported by crops grown in these areas

Grid

-latitude and longitude marks used to precisely locate specific locations

Freedom of the Press

-laws prevent them from publishing falsehoods

Mao Zedong

-led communist forces in the overthrow of the Chinese Nationalist Party -declared the People's Republic of China in 1949 -he and the PRC were tasked with creating a new socialist state -reformed the Chinese Communist Party -anti-capitalism

Chinese Revolution of 1911

-led to the end of the Qing Dynasty, ending 3,000 years of dynastic history and rule -started when a bomb accidentally exploded -the army joined the revolutionaries and the rebellion because they wanted to become more modern -Qing emperor abdicated, rebels chose Gen. Yuan Shikai as leader, and Sun Yat Sen declared president of a provisional republic

Political Side Effects of the Industrial Revolution

-led to widespread education, a wider franchise, and the development of mass communication in the political arena

Valleys

-lie between hills and mountains -features can vary from fertile and habitable to rugged and inhospitable

Low Latitudes

-lie from 0-23.5 degrees latitude

Distribution of Income

-lies in a range from poorest to richest -In most societies it's not distributed evenly -family incomes are ranked, lowest to highest and are divided into sections called quintiles, which are compared to each other

Southeast Asia

-lies largely on the equator, and roughly half of the countries of the region are island nations -island nations feature mountains that are considered part of the Ring of Fire, an area where tectonic plates remain quite active, leading to extensive volcanic activity as well as earthquakes and tsunamis -boasts many rivers as well as abundant natural resources, including gems, fossil fuels and minerals -consists of tropical rainforest climates, but there are some mountain areas and tropical savannas

Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)

-lies outside the scope of any government and are usually supported through private donations -Ex. The Red Cross

Eratosthenes

-lived in ancient Greek times -mathematically calculated the circumference of the Earth

Minoans (2700-1450 BCE)

-lived on the island of Crete -developed writing systems known as Linear A and Linear B -Linear Script A-yet to be deciphered; Linear B evolved into classical Greek script -subsisted on trade -way of life was often disrupted by earthquakes and volcanoes -fell to Greek invaders, possibly the Mycenaeans -used a syllabic writing system -built large, colorful palaces -buildings included sewage systems, running water, bathtubs, and flushing toilets

Spartans

-located in Peloponnesus -ruled by an oligarchic military state -practiced farming, disallowed trade for citizens, and valued military arts and strict discipline -emerged as the strongest military force in the area -fought in the Peloponnesian War

Sumer

-located in the southern part of Mesopotamia, consisted of a dozen city-states -each city-state had its own gods -the leader of each city-state served as the high priest -Cultural legacies include: 1) the invention of writing 2) Invention of the wheel 3) the first library 4) The Hanging Gardens of Babylon- 1 of the 7 wonders of the world 5) the first written laws-Ur-Nammu's Codes and Codes of Hammurabi 6) The Epic of Gilgamesh-first epic story in history

Macroeconomics

-looks at economic trends and structures on a national level -Variables studied: 1) Output 2) Consumption 3) Investment 4) Government spending 5) Net exports

Events in China leading to Revolution

-lost the Opium Wars resulting in European domination and spheres of influence, which was embarrassing to the Qing Dynasty and led to calls for reform -the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 helped spur some young liberals, including Sun Yat Sen, to overthrow the dynasty

Hills

-lower elevation than mountains at about 500-2,000 feet -usually more rounded -found everywhere on earth

Marshes and Swamps

-lowlands -very wet and largely covered in vegetation, such as reeds and rushes

Judicial Branch

-made up of the federal court system, headed by the Supreme Court -makes decisions on challenges as to whether laws passed by Congress meet the requirements of the US Constitution -The Supreme Court may also choose to review decisions made by lower courts to determine their constitutionality

Herodotus and Thucydides

-made use of research and interpretation to record historical events

Tycho Brahe

-major figure of the Scientific Revolution -catalogued astronomical observations

Galileo Galilei

-major figure of the Scientific Revolution -defended the heliocentric theories of Copernicus and Kepler -discovered 4 moons of Jupiter -died under house arrest by the Church, charged with heresy

Johannes Kepler

-major figure of the Scientific Revolution -developed Laws of Planetary Motions

Isaac Newton

-major figure of the Scientific Revolution -discovered gravity -studied optics, calculus, and physics -believed the workings of nature could be observed, studied, and proven through observation

Nicolaus Copernicus

-major figure of the Scientific Revolution -wrote Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, arguing that the Earth revolved around the Sun (heliocentric theory)

Rene Descartes

-major philosopher of the Enlightenment -"I think, therefore I am" -believed in logic and rules of observation

Immanuel Kant

-major philosopher of the Enlightenment -believed in self-examination and observation -believed the root of morality lay within human beings

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

-major philosopher of the Enlightenment -developed the idea of the social contract, that government existed by the agreement of the people, and that the government was obligated to protect the people and their basic rights -ideas influenced John Locke and Thomas Jefferson

David Hume

-major philosopher of the Enlightenment -pioneered empiricism and skepticism -believed truth could only be found through direct experience, and that what others said to be true was always suspect

Ghana

-major trade center 9th-12th centuries -traded gold in exchange for Saharan salt

Socialism

-makes use of democratic procedures, building on the existing order -struggled between the world wars

Canals

-manmade waterways connecting 2 large bodies of water

Peace of Nicias

-marked the end of the first part of the Peloponnesian War -Athens was weakened as a military and political force and signed an alliance with Sparta

Consumer Price Index

-measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services

Iron Age (1200-1000 BCE)

-metal tools replace stone as humans develop knowledge of smelting

Bronze Age (3000-1200 BCE)

-metals are discovered -first civilizations emerge as humans become more technologically advanced

The Holocaust

-millions of Jews, as well as Gypsies, homosexuals, Communists, Catholics, the mentally ill and others, simply named as criminals, were transported to concentration camps during the course of WWII -resulted in massive loss of human life and destruction of cultures -after WWII the UN recognized genocide as a "crime against humanity"

Neolithic Revolution (10,000-4000BCE)

-more complex social structures -growth of a sense of family and ideas of religion and government -domesticated animals and produced crops -built houses, start fires -knit, spin, and weave -developed textiles and pottery -made polished tools

U.S. Foreign Policy Today

-more toward interdependence, or globalism, recognizing the widespread effects of issues like economic health -largely determined by Congress and the president, influenced by the secretary of state, secretary of defense, and the national security adviser

U.S. and Canada

-mountain ranges in both east and west, stretches of fertile plains through the center, and lakes and waterways -Both areas were shaped by glaciers, which also deposited highly fertile soil -experience several varieties of climate, including continental climates with four seasons in median areas, tropical climates in the southern part of the U.S., and arctic climates in the far north

Rivers

-moving bodies of water that flow from higher elevations to lower -start as rivulets or streams, and grow until they finally empty into a sea or an ocean

House of Representatives

-must be at least 25 and a citizen for 7 years -number is determined by state population -serve 2 year terms -bills originate here -has the power to impeach, and decide presidential elections if no one wins the majority of the electoral college

Senate

-must be at least 30 and a citizen for 9 years -has 2 from each state -serve 6 year terms -hold impeachment trials -ratifies treaties with a 2/3 vote -confirms presidential appointments

4 Income Factors

-must be considered in order to accurately calculate the GDP using the income approach: 1) Wages paid to laborers, or Compensation of Employees 2) Rental income derived from land 3) Interest income derived from invested capital 4) Entrepreneurial income: Proprietor's Income and Corporate Profit

Indian Ocean Trade (700-1400s)

-network of trade routes connecting various port cities -bigger, richer, and more diverse players than the Silk Road -really big from 1000-1200, but declined during the Pax Mongolica when overland trade became cheap and safe, but surged again in the 14th and 15th centuries -allowed trade of bulk goods like cotton cloth, food, and timber that's too heavy for camels/mules -first time we see the beginnings of goods being traded for a mass market, instead of just luxury goods for the elites -also spread ideas: -Islam spread into Indonesia -rulers and elites throughout Europe adopted Islam so they could have religious and economic ties to the people they were trading with

Eighth Amendment

-no excessive bail -no cruel and unusual punishment

Fifth Amendment

-no individual is required to testify against himself, and no individual may be tried twice for the same crime -No self-incrimination or double jeopardy

Checks and Balances

-no single branch can act without input from another, and each branch has the power to "check" any other, as well as balance other branches' powers

The Koran

-not written from the point of view of people, it's seen as the actual word of God -main themes are strict monotheism and the importance of taking care of those less fortunate than you -radically increased the rights of women and orphans

Deltas

-occur at river mouths -very fertile because rivers carry sediments to these areas

Reign of Terror

-occurred during the French Revolution -began with the execution of Henry XVI -Robespierre and the Jacobins executed via guillotine, thousands of nobles as well as anyone considered an enemy of the Revolution

Catholic Reformation (1545-1648)

-occurred in response to the Protestant Revolution, leading to various changes in the Catholic Church -some provided wider tolerance of different religious viewpoints, but others increased the persecution of those deemed to be heretics -occurred due to abuses by the church, such as indulgences and dispensations, religious offices being offered up for sale, and an increasingly dissolute clergy -politically driven by increased power of various ruling monarchs who wished to take all power for themselves

Armenian Genocide

-occurred in the 1900s when the Young Turks, heirs to the Ottoman Empire, slaughtered over 1 million of these people between 1915 and 1917 -constituted nearly half of the population

Symbiosis

-occurs when 2 different species exist in the same environment without affecting the other -some relations are beneficial to one or both organisms without harm occurring to either

Natural Monopoly

-occurs when a single supplier has a distinct advantage over the others

Market Failure

-occurs when any of the elements for a successfully competitive market are missing -5 types: 1) Competition is inadequate 2) Information is inadequate 3) Resources are not mobile 4) Negative externalities, or side effects 5) Failure to provide public goods

Competition

-occurs when different animals compete for the same resources

Predation

-occurs when one species depends on the other species for food

Justinian

-one of the greatest Byzantine emperors

The Ottoman Empire (1300-1919)

-one of the longest-lasting and richest empires in world history -blended their pastoral nomadic roots with empire building and architecture -conquered Constantinople (the Byzantine Capital) in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul -major strength was its ability to unite desperate people through religious tolerance -this tolerance, which stemmed from the idea that Muslims, Christians, and Jews were fundamentally related and could coexist, enabled them to develop a widely varied culture -believed in just laws and government, with government centered in a monarch, known as the sultan

Tamerlane

-one of the most famous Muslim Sultans -expanded India's borders and founded the Mongol Dynasty

Mali

-one of the most significant trading centers in W. Africa -trade center in Timbuktu became an important exporter of goods such as iron, leather, and tin -also dealt in agricultural trade

Africa

-only a few areas were amenable to habitation due to the large amount of desert and other inhospitable terrain -Egypt remained important, though most of the northern coast become Muslim as their armies spread through the Area -Muslim religion dominated -technological advancement was sparse -largely defined through migration, as Arab merchants and others settled on the continent -scholars from the Muslim nations gravitated to Timbuktu, which had also become a magnet for those seeking knowledge and education

Geographic Monopoly

-only one business offers the product in a certain area

Emperor Leo III

-ordered the destruction of all icons throughout the Byzantine Empire -images of Jesus were replaced with a cross, and images of Jesus, Mary, or other religious figures were considered blasphemy on the grounds of idolatry -Pope Gregory II called a synod, who declared destruction of these images heretical

Interest Groups

-organized group of individuals that make policy related appeals to the government -try to shape policies by mobilizing voters or putting direct pressure on elected officials in Congress -gather information they can provide to officials -sometimes write bills for legislators, but more common at the state/local level -give us another avenue to have our voices heard and contribute to the policies that shape our lives

The Vikings

-originated in Scandinavia - accomplished seafarers with advanced knowledge of trade routes -began to travel due to overpopulation in their native lands -700-1000 spread throughout Europe conquering and colonizing -invaded and colonized England through several waves, including the Anglo-Saxon invasions that displaced Roman control -Their influence remained significant in England, affecting everything from the language of the country to place names and even the government and social structure -By 900, were settled in Iceland -proceeded to Greenland and eventually N.America -traded with the Byzantine Empire

The Bill of Rights

-passed by Congress in 1789 -3/4 of the existing 13 states had ratified them by December of 1791, making them official additions to the Constitution -The first ten amendments of the US Constitution -prevent the government from infringing upon certain freedoms that the founding fathers felt were natural rights that already belonged to all people -includes freedom of speech, freedom of religion, right to bear arms, and freedom of assembly -Many were formulated in direct response to the way the colonists felt they had been mistreated by the British government

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

-passed in 1890 -prohibited trusts, monopolies, and any other situations that eliminated competition

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

-passed in 1914 -prohibited price discrimination

Robinson-Patman Act

-passed in 1936 -strengthened provisions of the Clayton Antitrust Act

The Russian Revolution of 1905

-peasants demonstrated outside the Czar's winter palace -palace guard fired upon the crowd -many unions and political parties emerged and began to lead numerous strikes -forced the Czar to allow the creation of a state duma, or national assembly, but its power was limited

Dark Ages (750-1000)

-period during the Early Middle Ages -experienced in Europe in the 10th century as numerous Viking invasions disrupted societies that had been more settled under Roman rule -Vikings settled in N. France, eventually becoming the Normans -feudalism and manorialism

Pythagoras and Euclid

-pioneered much of the system of geometry still taught today

Divergent Boundaries

-plates move away from each other -leads to rifts

Transform Boundaries

-plates slide in opposite directions against each other -leads to earthquakes

Haitian Revolution (1789-1804)

-poor whites felt there was inadequate discrimination against blacks, and began lobbying for independence -1791 French grant full citizenship to all free people of color -slave revolt in history, led by L'ouverture who molded the slaves into a disciplined army and were supported by the Spanish, who wanted to weaken the French -freed all the slaves in 1794 -Napoleon comes into power and reintroduced slavery in 1802 -Dessalines finally declared independence for the island

Social Side Effects of the Industrial Revolution

-populations increased and began to concentrate around centers of industry -cities became larger and more densely populated -scientific advancements led to more efficient agriculture, greater supply of goods, and increased knowledge of medicine and sanitation, leading to better overall health

Expressed Powers

-powers directly defined in the Constitution, including power to declare war, regulate commerce, make money, and collect taxes

Implied Powers

-powers the national government must have in order to carry out the expressed powers

Authoritarian

-practices widespread state authority, but do not necessarily dismantle all public institutions

Ninth Amendment

-prevents the absence of rights not explicitly named in the Constitution from being interpreted as a reason to have them taken away

Ptolemy

-primarily an astronomer -an experienced mapmaker -his skills contributed to overall knowledge of the earth's geography

Fourth Amendment

-protection from unreasonable search and seizure

Daoism

-provided a comforting release in private life -only by living quietly, in perfect harmony with nature, could people find happiness and end turmoil

Fifteenth Amendment

-ratified in 1870 -granted suffrage to former slaves

Nineteenth Amendment

-ratified in 1920 -gave women the right to vote

Supply

-refers to how much can be produced to meet demand, or how much suppliers are willing and able to sell

Standing Committees

-relatively permanent and handle the day-to-day business of Congress

Test Marketing

-releasing the product into a small geographical area to see how it sells

Economic Growth

-requires both consumers to purchase goods and workers to produce them -A population that does not grow quickly enough will not supply enough workers to support this

Securities Exchange Commission (SEC)

-requires companies that provide public stock to provide financial reports on a regular basis -banks are further regulated and required to provide various types of information to the government

Market Research

-researching a market to determine if the market will be receptive to the product

Silk Road

-reshaped the lives of everyone living in Africa and Eurasia -overland network of trade routes where merchants carried goods for trade -2 routes: 1 connected the Eastern Mediterranean to Central Asia, the other connected Central Asia to China -also involved sea routes -took off in 100-200 CE -provided wider economic impact -also traded ideas-primary route for the spread of Buddhism -worldwide interconnectedness of populations led to the spread of diseas

Second Amendment

-right to bear arms

Seventh Amendment

-right to civil trial by jury

Sixth Amendment

-right to criminal trial by jury -right to legal counsel

Protestant Reformation (1517)

-rose in Germany when Martin Luther protested abuses of the Catholic Church and nailed his 95 Theses to the church door -John Calvin led the movement in Switzerland -King Henry VIII of England made use of these ideas to further his own political goals -removed power from the Catholic Church and the Pope and gave it to monarchs, such as Henry VIII, who wanted out from under the church's control

Dictatorship

-rule by a single individual -tend to rule with a violent hand, using a highly repressive police force to ensure control over the populace

Oligarchy

-rule is enforced by a small group

The Gupta Dynasty (320 BCE-1000's CE)

-ruled India after the Maurya -maintained a long period of peace and prosperity -invented the decimal system and the concept of zero -produced cotton and calico -developed a complex system of medicine -ended in the 11th century with a Muslim invasion

Augustus

-ruled Rome for 44 years -new coinage -leader of the 1st Empire of Rome

Persians

-ruled by Cyrus the Great -became the model for all land-based empires -conquerors, but those they conquered were allowed to keep their own laws, customs, and religious traditions rather than being forced to accept those of their conquerors -developed an alphabet -practiced Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, and Gnosticism that have influenced modern religious practice

Brazilian Revolution (1821-1822)

-ruled by Portugal -the creoles wanted to maintain their privilege while also achieving independence from the Peninsulares -creoles organize around the idea that they were culturally different from Portugal -1822 creoles convince Prince Pedro of Portugal to become king, and he declared this area an independent constitutional monarchy

Renaissance (1350-1550)

-saw the "rebirth" of European culture after the Dark Ages -rebirth of art, literature, music, science, and philosophy that coincided with the rediscovery of Roman and Greek culture -began in Florence, spurred by the Medici family -interest in the beliefs and politics of ancient Greece and Rome -the Muslim world was the source of many of the writings that scholars studied, as they had been translating the works of ancient Greek writing -Education for the upper classes expanded to include law, math, reading, writing, and classical Greek and Roman works -increased focus on humanism and realism -majority of Europeans still lived on farms either as free peasants or tenants -only experienced by the richest of the rich and those people who served them (like painters) -Catholic Church still governed their lives -ushered in the modern era of secularism, rationality, and individualism

Humanists

-scholars who examined, translated, and commented upon ancient Greek and Roman writing -study of ancient Greek and Roman classic works such as literature, philosophy, and history

Retailers

-sell directly to the consumers rather than to businesses

The Crusades (1096-1204)

-series of military expeditions from parts of Europe to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean -not initially a "holy war", but driven by religious faith -goal was to slow the progression of Muslim forces into Europe and to expel them from the Holy Land, where they had taken control of Jerusalem and Palestine -most of the people who responded to the call were poor people -most of the nobles who went were lords of estates -to them, they were taking up arms to protect Christ and his kingdom -led to greater power for the Pope and the Catholic Church -opened numerous trading and cultural routes between Europe and the East

Scale

-shows the relation between a certain distance on the map and the actual distance

Externalities

-side effects of a market that affect third parties -can be either (+) or (-)

Petitions

-signatures are gathered to place a candidate on the ballot -can also be used to place legislation on a ballot

The October Manifesto

-signed by Russian Czar Nicholas II -gave some political power and civil rights to the people -established a constitutional monarchy and gave legislative power to parliament -Czar Nicholas II violated this and disbanded parliament and ignored the civil liberties it granted -led to the Bolshevik Revolution

Goode's Interrupted Equal-Area Projection

-sizes and shapes are accurate, but distances are not -represents a globe that has been cut in a way that allows it to lie flat

Phoenician Culture

-skilled seafarers and navigators, used the stars to navigate their ships at night -developed purple dye -worked with glass and metals -developed their own phonetic alphabet

Seas

-smaller than oceans and surrounded by land

Julius Caesar

-sought to dominate Roman politics -dictator who wielded the absolute power of a Hellenistic monarch -one of Rome's greatest military and political leaders -legions-4 loyal armies became his source of power -betrayed and murdered by rebels led by Brutus

Regional Geography

-specific characteristics of individual places

Realism

-states that nations are by nature aggressive, and work in their own self-interest -Relations between nations are determined by military and economic strength -The nation is seen as the highest authority

Confucianism

-stressed the importance of the family as the basic unit of society -encouraged filial piety and ancestor worship

Populations

-studied by size, rates of growth due to immigration, the overall fertility rate, and life expectancy

Archeology

-studies past human cultures by evaluating what they leave behind -includes bones, buildings, art, tools, etc.

The Mongols

-succeeded primarily because of their military skill, based on speed and archery -very brutal conquerors -reinvigorated cross-Eurasian trade -tolerant of other religions -likely responsible for the Black Plague/Death

Vassals

-swore loyalty and promised to provide military service for lords, who in return offered a fief (a parcel of land) for them to use to generate their livelihood -could work the land themselves or have it worked by peasants or serfs, or grant the fief to someone else

Title

-tells basic information about the map

First Phase of the Industrial Revolution (1750-1830)

-textile industry experienced major changes as more and more elements of the process became mechanized -Mining benefitted from the steam engine -transportation became easier and more widely available as waterways were improved and the railroad came into prominence

Assyrian Culture

-the "brutal bullies" with the most brutal, terrifying and efficient army the world had ever seen -developed early example of empire -developed horse-drawn chariots and an organized military

Results of the Haitian Revolution

-the 2nd free and independent nation-state in the Americas -most successful slave revolt in history -1st modern nation to be governed by people of African-American descent -foiled Napoleon's attempts to build a big new world empire -stood up for the idea that none should be slaves, and the people who most need the protection of a government should be afforded that protection

Longest Mountain Range

-the Andes in South America

American Revolution (1765-1783)

-the British colonies had been left mostly to self-govern until the British monarchs began to increase control, leading the colonies to revolt -produced a working republic

Open Market Operations

-the Fed can buy or sell bonds it has purchased from banks, or from individuals -When they buy bonds, more money is put into circulation, creating an expansionary situation to stimulate the economy -When the Fed sells bonds, money is withdrawn from the system, creating a contractionary situation to slow an economy suffering from inflation

Highest Mountain Range

-the Himalayas in Asia

The Korean War (1950-1953)

-the Soviet Union controlled the North, while the U.S. controlled the South -1947 the UN ordered elections in ________________ to unify the country but the Soviet Union refused to allow them to take place and set up a communist government in the North -U.S. troops withdrew in 1950 and Northern troops moved to invade the South -ended in a truce, but no peace agreement was ever achieved

Fertile Crescent

-the area in the Near East where the earliest civilizations arose -provided the raw materials for the development of increasingly advanced civilizations -saw waves of migration and invasion --> the earliest wars and genocide

Globalism

-the attitude or policy of placing the interests of the entire world above those of individual nations

Average Product

-the average cost per unit produced per set of resources

tabula rasa

-the belief that people are born with minds that are a blank slate.

Marginal Product

-the cost for the very next unit to be produced in resources

Opportunity Cost

-the cost of an alternative that must be forgone in order to pursue a certain action -the benefits you could have received by taking an alternative action

State Sovereignty

-the division of geographical areas into areas controlled by various governments or groups of people -groups control the territory and all of its natural resources and the inhabitants of the area

Plate Tectonics

-the earth's crust is made up of 10 major and several minor solid areas of the crust -float on top of the earth's mantle and move, creating major changes in the earth's surface -can happen very slowly or quickly -can create mountain ranges, volcanic activity, major earthquakes, and deep rifts

Market Socialism

-the economic structure falls somewhere between the market economy and the planned economy -Planning authorities determine allocation of resources at higher economic levels -consumer goods are driven by a market economy

Manorialism

-the feudal system was applied to a self-contained manor -manors were often owned by the lords who ran them, but were usually included in the same system of loyalty and promises of military service that drove feudalism

Mycenaeans

-the first major civilization in Europe -relied more on conquest than trade -the history of this civilization was recorded by the Greek poet, Homer -civilization thought to be destroyed in a Dorian invasion or an attack by Greek invaders from the north -practiced a religion that grew into the Greek pantheon, worshipping Zeus and other Olympian gods -developed Linear Script B, used to write an ancient form of classical Greek

China (150 BCE-1911CE)

-the first modern state -had a centralized government with bureaucrats to carry out the wishes of that government -among the first people to write history -The Silk Road

Sumerian Culture

-the first to invent the wheel -brought irrigation systems into use -Cuneiform writing- simpler than hieroglyphics -developed the timekeeping system we still use today

Popular Sovereignty

-the government is determined by the people, and gains its authority and power from the people

Separation of Powers

-the government is divided into three branches -executive, legislative and judicial -each branch has its own set of powers

Sub-Saharan/South Africa

-the high elevations and other geographical characteristics have made it very difficult for human travel or settlement to occur -The geography of the area is dominated by a series of plateaus -also has mountain ranges and a large rift valley in the eastern part of the country -contains numerous lakes, rivers, and world-famous waterfalls -contains tropical climates, including rain forests, as well as savannahs, steppes, and desert areas -The main natural resources are minerals, including gems, and water

Constitutional Monarchy

-the king and queen still exist but most of the governmental decisions are made by democratic institutions, such as a parliament

Oceans

-the largest bodies of water on Earth -cover about 2/3 of the Earth's surface

Department of Defense

-the largest executive department in the U.S. -supervises the armed forces -provides assistance to the President in his role as commander in chief

Indus Valley Civilization

-the largest of the ancient civilizations -traded with the Mesopotamians -had dense, multi-story homes constructed of uniformly sized bricks, connected to a centralized drainage system -developed the concept of zero -practiced an early form of Hinduism -developed a caste system

Monarchy

-the major form of government for Europe through most of its history -led by a king or a queen -position is hereditary, rulers are not elected

Fiscal Policy

-the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation's economy

Primary Elections

-the most common method of choosing candidates today -a publicly held election to choose candidates

Winkel Tripel Projection

-the most common projection used for world maps -balances size and shape, greatly reducing distortion

Egyptian Culture

-the most influential of the river valley civilizations -one of the most advanced ancient cultures -developed construction methods to build the great pyramids -developed form of writing known as hieroglyphics for sacred writing and demonic script for recording contracts and agreements -highly developed and complex religion, and included advanced techniques for the preservation of bodies after death -paper made from papyrus -invented the decimal system, devised a solar calendar, and advanced overall knowledge of arithmetic and geometry

Special Interest Groups

-the most significant source of campaign funding -donate money to candidates they believe will support the policies they're in favor of -do their own advertising in support of candidates they endorse

Haitian Society before Revolution

-the most valuable French colony -major producer of sugar and coffee -colonial society divided into 4 groups: big white planters, wealthy free people of color, poor whites, slaves

French Revolution (1789-1799)

-the nobility's excesses led to increasingly difficult economic conditions with inflation, heavy taxation, and food shortages creating horrible burdens on the people -3rd Estate decides to become its own National Assembly wanting to create a new Constitution -revolutionaries rise up over food shortages and seize Bastille Prison -want to create a constitutional monarchy -led to the rise of the dictator Napoleon Bonaparte

Conical Projection

-the paper is shaped like a cone and contacts the globe only at the cone's base -most useful for middle latitudes

Democratic

-the people elect their government representatives -2 forms- direct and indirect -can exist as a Parliamentary system or a Presidential system

Federalism

-the power of the government does not belong entirely to the national government, but is divided between national and state government

Equal Area Map

-the proportional sizes of various areas are accurate

Economic Trough

-the recession reaches its lowest point

Islamic Culture

-the religious and political organizing principal of one of the largest empires of the world -after Mohammed's death, split into 2 sects: the Sunni and Shiite and conquered vast territory -began to look a lot more like a small empire than like a church -brought advances in literature, technology, science, and art -tolerant of other religions and often absorbed the culture of the territories they conquered

Consistent Scale Map

-the same scale is used throughout the entire map -often used for maps of smaller areas

Hellenization

-the spread of Greek culture throughout the world -served as an inspiration and model for the spread of Roman culture

Socialism

-the state controls production of goods, though it does not necessarily own all means of production -The state also provides a variety of social services to citizens and helps guide the economy -A democratic form of government often exists in these countries

Topical Geography

-the study of a single feature of the earth or one specific human activity that occurs worldwide

Cultural Geography

-the study of how the various aspects of physical geography affect individual cultures -compares various cultures, how their lifestyles and customs are affected by their geographical location, climate, and how they interact with their environment

Anthropology

-the study of human culture -study groups of humans, how they relate to each other, and the similarities/differences between different groups/cultures

Physical Geography

-the study of the physical characteristics of the Earth, how they relate to each other, how they were formed, and how they develop -characteristics include climate, land, and water, and how they affect human populations in various areas

Ecology

-the study of the way living creatures interact with their environment

Economics

-the study of the ways specific societies allocate resources to individuals and groups within that society -system that drives an individual society is based on: 1) What goods are produced 2) How those goods are produced 3) Who acquires the goods or benefits from them

Total Cost

-the sum of fixed cost and variable cost at each level of output

Total Product

-the total amount produced per a set of resources

Foothills

-the transition area between the plains and the mountains -usually consist of hills that gradually increase in size as they approach the mountain range

Biodiversity

-the variety of habitats that exist on the planet -the variety of organisms that can exist within these habitats

Physical

-the various physical features of the earth, how they are created, the forces that change them, and how they are related to each other and to various human activities

Inherent Powers

-these powers are not expressly defined in the constitution.

States' Rights

-those favoring this position feel that the state governments should take the lead in performing local actions to manage various problems

Nationalist

-those favoring this position feel the national government should take the lead to perform local actions to manage various problems

Oceania

-thousands of Pacific islands, created by volcanic activity -Most have tropical climates with wet and dry seasons -New Zealand boasts rich forests as well as mountain ranges and relatively moderate temperatures, including rainfall throughout the year

The February Revolution (1st phase of the Russian Revolution)

-thousands of women, workers and students take to the streets of Petrograd to protest over bread shortages -troops mutinied and joined the protesters -Nicholas II abdicated in March and members of the state duma formed a provisional government that shared power with the Petrograd Soviet

U.S. Political System

-two-party system with checks and balances -dominated by Democrats and Republicans -a third party may sometimes enter the political arena -a presidential, indirect democracy

Hitler and The Nazi Party

-unemployment rising rapidly, dissatisfaction with the government grew -gained power in Parliament based on promises of change and improvement and votes of desperate German workers -launched numerous expansionist policies, violating the peace treaties that had ended WWI -his military buildup and conquering of neighboring countries sparked the aggression that led to WWII

Money

-used as an accounting unit, a store of value, and an exchange medium -must be acceptable throughout a society in exchange for debts or to purchase goods and services -should be relatively scarce -its value should remain stable -should be easily carried, durable, and easy to divide up

Lower Paleolithic/Old Stone Age (1 million years ago)

-used crude tools- needles, hatchets, awls, and cutting tools

Law of Diminishing Returns

-used to refer to a point at which the level of profits or benefits gained is less than the amount of money or energy invested.

Manifest Destiny

-wave of nationalism became the rallying cry in the U.S. as the country expanded west

Promotion

-ways to let consumers know the product is available, through advertising and other means

Place

-what outlets will be used to sell the product, whether traditional outlets such as brick and mortar stores or through direct mail or Internet marketing

Market Efficiency

-when a market is capable of producing output high enough to meet consumer demand

Technological Unemployment

-when advances in technology result in elimination of certain jobs

Structural Unemployment

-when economical shifts reduce the need for workers

Freedom of Religion

-when it espouses activities that are otherwise illegal, the government often restricts these forms of expression -Ex. polygamy, animal sacrifice, and use of illicit drugs or illegal substances

Cyclical Unemployment

-when natural business cycles bring about loss of jobs

Subduction

-when one plate slides under the other -can lead to intense volcanic activity

Continental Collision

-when plates collide directly -can create very large, high mountain ranges

Seasonal Unemployment

-when seasonal cycles reduce the need for certain jobs

Frictional Unemployment

-when workers change jobs and are unemployed while waiting for a new job

Serfs

-workers who had few rights and were little more than slaves

Communism

-works toward revolution by drawing on what it sees to be inevitable class antagonism, eventually overthrowing the upper classes and the systems of capitalism -took hold in Eastern Europe

Cylindrical Projection

-wrapping the globe of the earth in a cylindrical piece of paper, then using a light to project the globe onto the paper -the largest distortion occurs at the outermost edges

John Locke

-wrote Two Treatises of Civil Government in 1690 -argued against the ideas of Thomas Hobbes -put forth the theory of tabula rasa -Experience molds individual minds, not innate knowledge or intuition. -also believed that all men are essentially good, as well as independent and equal -Many of his ideas found their way into the Constitution of the United States.

Strabo

-wrote a description of the ancient world called Geographica

4 Economic Sectors that Make Up a Country's Macro Economy

1) Consumers 2) Business 3) Government 4) Foreign sector

3 Major Effects Federalism has on Public Policy in the U.S.

1) Determining whether the local, state or national government originates policy 2) Affecting how policies are made 3) Ensuring policy-making functions under a set of limitations

4 Major Purposes of Government

1) Ensuring National Security 2) Providing Public Services 3)Ensure Social Order 4)Make Decisions Regarding the Economy

4 Main Theories Regarding Origin of the State

1) Evolutionary 2) Force 3) Divine Right 4) Social Contract

Factor Income

1) Labor—earns wages 2) Capital—earns interest 3) Land—earns rent 4) Entrepreneurs—earn profit -determined by its contribution -In a market economy, it's not guaranteed to be equal -determined by how scarce the factor is and the weight of its contribution to the overall production process

Cybernomics Issues

1) Secure online trade 2) Intellectual property rights 3) Rights to privacy 4) Bringing developing nations into the fold

4 Problems of Rapid Industrialization

1) Use of technology not suited to the products or services being supplied 2) Poor investment of capital 3) Lack of time for the population to adapt to new paradigms 4) Lack of time to experience all stages of development and adjust to each stage

How Federalism Influences Political Balance of power in the U.S.

1) making it difficult, if not impossible, for a single political party to seize total power 2) ensuring that individuals can participate in the political system at various levels 3) making it possible for individuals working within the system to be able to affect policy at some level, whether local or more widespread

League of Nations

A collective security organization, was formed, but a divided US Congress refused to ratify the Treaty, so the US did not join it.

Battle of Gettysburg

A major Union victory, led by General George Meade. Bloodiest battle in American History up to date (1863).

Republican Party

A new party, was formed by angered Democrats, Whigs, and others as a result of the repeal of the Missouri Compromise.

Cult of Domesticity

A popular cultural movement, encouraged women to become homemakers and focus on domestic skills. Women were freed to engage in social activism.

Roaring Twenties

A seemingly trouble-free period of isolation from chaotic world events, would come to an end

Sample Question #4: Tribes living in the Great Plains region were dependent on which of the following for survival? A. buffalo for nutrition and materials for daily necessities B. domesticated horses for hunting and warfare C. access to rivers to engage in the fur trade D. three sisters agriculture

A. buffalo for nutrition and materials for daily necessities Explanation: The Great Plains tribes depended on buffalo, which were plentiful before contact and settlement, for food; they also used buffalo parts for clothing and to make necessary items.

America's Sixteenth President

Abraham Lincoln - Honest Abe - Civil War - Emancipation Proclamation - Ten Percent Plan - Assassinated by Confederate sympathizers on April 15, 1865 (6 days after the war ended)

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln - Republican Stephen Douglas - Democrat During the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Lincoln spoke out against slavery, while Douglas supported the right of the states to decide its legality on their own. Lincoln won*

Elect

According to Puritan belief, wealth and success showed that one was a member; or privileged by God.

McCarthy Era

Accusations of communist sympathies against public figures ran rampant during the McCarthy Era in the 1950s, reflecting domestic anxieties.

Utopianism

Adherents conceptualized establishing utopian settlements with egalitarian societies.

Compromise of 1850

Admitted the populous California as a free state and Utah and New Mexico to the Union with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty.

National Grange

Advocated for farmers

Sharecropping

African Americans Many worked the same land for the same landowners, leasing land and equipment at unreasonable rates, essentially trapped in the same conditions they had lived in before.

Lynchings

African Americans were kidnapped and killed by the Ku Klux Klan

Battle of the Bulge

After months of fighting, following the deadly and drawn-out Battle of the Bulge when the Allies faced fierce German resistance, the Allies were able to enter Germany and end the war in Europe

Pearl Harbor

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the US entered the war. (WW2)

Lenape

Algonquin-speaking people based in southern New Jersey and the Delaware Valley. Matrilineal system.

Shawnee

Algonquin-speaking people based in the Ohio Valley. Organized under a matrilineal system. Had male kings, and only men could inherit property.

Kickapoo

Algonquin-speaking people who were originally from the Great Lakes region but moved to present-day Indiana and Wisconsin.

Miami

Algonquin-speaking people, moved from Wisconsin to the Ohio valley region forming settled societies and farming maize. Took part in fur trade.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1890

Allowed Treasury notes to be backed in both gold and silver.

Neutrality Act of 1939

Allowed cash-and-carry arms sales to combat participants; in this way, the United States could militarily support its allies (Great Britain).

Cotton Gin

Allowed exponential increase in cotton, more persons were enslaved than ever before, bringing more urgency to the issue of slavery. Was Invented by Eli Whitney

Fugitive Slave Act

Allowed slave owners to pursue escaped slaves to free states and recapture them. It would now be a federal crime to assist escaped slaves, an unacceptable provision to many abolitionists.

Jacques Cartier

Although, he claimed New France for France in the sixteenth century, Champlain founded Quebec City and consolidated control of France's colonies in North America 1608.

Gilded Age

An era of rapidly growing income inequality, justified by theories like Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth.

Casta System

An individual's place in societal hierarchy was determined by his or her race

America's Seventh President

Andrew Jackson - two terms - Popular with the "common man" - spoils system - Specie Circular - Panic of 1837 - Tariff of 1828 - Tariff of 1832 - Nullification Crisis - Indian Removal Act

Election of 1824

Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams Henry Clay William Crawford All republicans (from the democratic-republican party) John Quincy Adams Won*

Ku Klux Klan

Andrew Johnson (Lincoln's VP) enforced Reconstruction weakly and the white supremacist KKK emerged to intimidate and kill black people in the South.

Wilmot Proviso

Anti-slavery factions in Congress had attempted to halt the extension of slavery to the new territories obtained by Mexico in the 1846, but these were unsuccessful.

Stamp Act of 1765

Any document required a costly stamp, the revenue reverting to the British government.

Applying for Statehood

Areas with 60,000 people could apply for statehood.

Bartolomé de las Casas

Argued for the rights and humanity of Native Americans. He lived in the Americans prior to the Pueblo Revolt.

Juan de Sepulveda

Argued that the Native Americans needed the rule and "civilization" that Spain could provide, which justified their treatment at the hands of colonizers. Never left Spain

Gospel of Wealth

Argued that the wealthy had been made rich by God and were socially more deserving of it.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian doctor developed theories regarding human mental processes and behavior developed the method of psychoanalysis to help discover the hidden impulses driving individual behavior Psychoanalytic Theory- the id, ego, and superego

Sample Question #3: At the time of European contact, the Southeastern United States was mainly populated by A. the Mississippi Mound Builders. B. settled tribes who spoke Muskogean and Iroquoian languages. C. nomadic tribes who spoke Muskogean and Iroquoian languages. D. the Ancestral Pueblo cliff dwellers.

B. Settled tribes who spoke Muskogean and Iroquoian languages. Explanation: The Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and others were Muskogean-speaking peoples; the Cherokee spoke an Iroquoian language. Both tribes were settled.

Sample Question #1: Which of the following best describes the political landscape of the Northeast before European contact? A. Many small, autonomous tribes scattered throughout the region fought over land and resources. B. Several organized tribes controlled the region, including a major confederation. C. A disorganized political landscape would facilitate European colonial domination. D. The land was largely uninhabited, allowing easy exploitation of resources.

B. Several organized tribes controlled the region, including a major confederation. Explanation: Powerful tribes controlled trade and territory; among these were the powerful Iroquois Confederacy.

Sample Question #5: How were the navajo influenced by the Ancestral Pueblo, or Anasazi? A. The Navajo continued the practice of pastoralism, herding horses throughout the Southwest. B. The Navajo expanded control over land originally settled by the Ancestral Pueblo. C. The Navajo began building cliff dwellings, improving on the Anasazi practice of living in rounded homes built from wood. D. The Navajo developed a strictly hierarchical society, abandoning the looser organization of the Ancestral Pueblo.

B. The Navajo expanded control over land originally settled by the Ancestral Pueblo. Explanation: The Ancestral Pueblo had settled in what is today the Four Corners region; the Navajo came to control land extending through present-day Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.

Panic of 1907

Banks restricting credit and over speculating on the value of land and interests, coupled with a conservative gold standard led to the Panic of 1907.

Andrew Jackson

Became a popular war hero following the Battle of New Orleans (fought two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed, end ing the war in 1814).

Pickney's Treaty

Because Spain was concerned about the balance of power on the continent of Europe, President Washington had Thomas Pickney negotiate a new treaty with Spain; providing for US rights on the Mississippi River and in the Port of New Orleans, Pickney's Treaty was a diplomatic success, ratified by all thirteen states.

Indentured servants

Because Virginia required planation farming, they also required these people. They were freed from servitude after a period of work. Some were from Africa.

Northwest Indian Wars & Battle of Fallen Timbers

Because of continued conflict with the Shawnee, Lenape, Kickapoo, Miami, and other tribes in the Ohio region; The Americans gained more territory in Ohio and Indiana following the defeat of allied tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.

Era of Good Feeling

Began with the presidency of James Monroe.

Second Industrial Revolution

Begun on the global level with textile production in Great Britain, had been fueled in great part by supplies of Southern cotton, and was evolving in the United States with the development of heavy industry-what would come to be called the Second Industrial Revolution.

Marcus Garvey

Believed in self-sufficiency for blacks, who were settling in urban areas and facing racial discrimination and isolation.

Interventionists

Believed in spreading US-style democracy

Tariff of 1828 "Tariff of Abominations"

Benefitted Northern industry, but heavily affected Southern exports

Triangular Trade

Between the Americas, Africa and Europe, where slaves were exchanged in the Americas for raw materials shipped to Europe to be processed into goods for the benefit of the colonial powers, and sometimes exchanged for slaves in Africa. Africa --> North America (enslaved persons) North America --> Europe (sugar, tobacco, cotton) Europe --> Africa (textiles, manufactured goods)

1st Battle of Bull Run

Both sides believed the conflict would be short-lived; however, after the first battle of bull run, when the Union failed to route the Confederacy, it became clear that the war would not end quickly.

Napoleonic Wars

Britain and France, at war with each other. They were attempting to blockade each other's international trade, threatening US ships, as the United States did business with both countries.

Treaty of Paris

Britain gained control of French territories in North America, as well as Spanish Florida - in 1763 Treaty of Paris which ended the Seven Year's War.

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister during WW2

Impressments

British and French ships accosted American ships in the Atlantic and forced American sailors into naval service.

War of 1812

British provocation (action or speech that makes someone annoyed or angry, especially deliberately) at sea and in the northwest led to the War of 1812. Despite the Confederacy's alliance with Britain, the United States prevailed. Congress declared war under Madison with the intent to defend the United States, end chaotic trade practices and treatment of Americans on the high seas. and penetrate British Canada. The war resulted in no real gains or losses for either the Americans or the British.

Seven Year's War

Broke out in Europe in 1756 Britain emerged as the dominant power on the continent. France had allied with the Algonquin, traditional rivals of the British-allied Iroquois. However, following defeats by strong colonial military leaders like George Washington and despite its strong alliances and long-term presence on the continent, France eventually surrendered. Britain gained control of French territories in North America, as well as Spanish Florida.

Trusts

Business leaders in varying industries (monopolies) organized into trusts, ensuring their control over each other's industries, buying and selling from each other, and resulting in the control of the economy by a select few.

Boston Tea Party

By 1773, in a climate of continued unrest driven by the Committees of Correspondence, colonists protested the latest taxes on tea levied by the Tea Act in the famous Boston Tea Party by dressing as Native Americans and tossing tea off a ship in Boston Harbor.

Sample Question #2: How do the movements of the tribes of the Northwest (throughout present-day Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin) illustrate tribal interactions before European contact and during colonial times? A. Having been pushed westward by the Iroquois, the Lenape are just one example of forced migration in early North American history. B. The migration of the Miami from Ontario to the Ohio Valley illustrates the diffusion of the Algonquin language throughout the continent. C. Despite the wide geographic range of the Shawnee, Kickapoo, Miami, and Lenape, all these peoples spoke variants of the Algonquin language; this shows the importance of this language for many Native American tribes whether or not they were Algonquin people. D. Ongoing conflict between the Northwest Algonquin confederacy, based in Ontario and the Upper Midwest, and the Iroquois Confederacy, based in the eastern Great Lakes region and present day Upstate New York, resulted in instability that forced tribes to move throughout the region.

C. Despite the wide geographic range of the Shawnee, Kickapoo, Miami, and Lenape, all these peoples spoke variants of the Algonquin language; this shows the importance of this language for many Native American tribes whether or not they were Algonquin people. Explanation: While the Algonquin people were primarily located in what is today Quebec and southern Ontario, the Algonquin language was spoken widely throughout North American among both settled and semi-settled non-Algonquin peoples.

Tariff of 1832

Calhoun and South Carolina threatened to secede if their economic interests were not protected.

Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

Called for a Constitutional Convention to write a Constitution as the foundation of a stronger federal government.

John Winthrop

Colonial Puritan Leader, envisioned the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the model of the Biblical City Upon a Hill, rooted in unity, peace, and what would be a free, democratic spirit; its capital was Boston.

Social Behavior

Comte can be measured scientifically, as could major events that occurred in different populations

Positivism

Comte relies entirely on physical and sensory data to describe and evaluate human experience completely discounts anything metaphysical

French and Indian War

Conflict between the British and French in North America, also known as the Seven Year's War in Europe.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

Congress never formally declared war in Vietnam but gave the president authority to intervene militarily there through the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 which allowed those two territories to decide slavery by popular sovereignty as well, effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise.

Neutrality Acts of 1930s

Congress passed the neutrality acts of 1930s in face of conflict in Asia and ongoing tensions in Europe.

Non-Intercourse Act

Congress passed this Act at the end of Thomas Jefferson's presidency, which allowed trade with foreign countries besides Britain and France.

Federal Writers' Project and Federal Act Project

Created jobs for writers and artists, who wrote histories, create guidebooks, developed public art for public buildings, and made other contributions.

Teller Amendment

Cuba would revert to independence following the war. The US signed a peace treaty with Spain in 1898. As a result, it controlled Puerto Rico and Guam.

Shays' Rebellion

Daniel Shays led Shays' Rebellion, a revolt of indebted farmers who rose up to prevent courts from seizing property in Massachusetts and to protest debtor's prisons.

United States Enters World War I

December 7, 1917

Popular Sovereignty

Decided by the people

New Imperialism

Described the US approach to nineteenth and early twentieth century imperialism as practiced by the European powers.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Despite efforts by the Cherokee, who unsuccessfully argued for the right to their land in the Supreme Court, President Andrew Jackson enforced the 1830 Indian Removal Act.

Platt Amendment

Despite having promised independence to the Philippines, McKinley elected to keep it, under the Platt Amendment, the United States effectively took over Cuba despite previous promises of independence.

Anti-Federalists

Despite the separation of powers powers provides for in the Constitution, Anti-Federalists like Thomas Jefferson called for even more limitations on the power of the federal government.

Stimson Doctrine

Determined United States neutrality in Asia

Tariff of 1816

Disagreement over the Tariff of 1816 divided industrialists, who believed in nurturing American industry, from Southern landowners, who depended on exporting cotton and tobacco for profit.

Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

Dispatched to explore the western frontier of the territory: Jefferson hoped to find an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean (via the Missouri River). While this route did not exist, Lewis and Clark returned with a deeper knowledge of the territory the US had come to control.

Las Gorras Blancas

Disrupted the construction of railroads altogether in efforts to protect land from corporate interests.

W.E.B. DuBois

DuBois favored immediate desegregation and believed African Americans should aim for higher education and leadership positions in society. Supported the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Second New Deal

During the Second New Deal, the Works Progress Administration was established.

Second Great Awakening

During the era of Good Feeling, religious revival became popular and people turned from Puritanism and predestination to Baptist and Methodist faiths, among others, following revolutionary preaches and movements. In are and culture, romanticism and reform movements elevated the "common man," a trend that would continue into the presidency of Andrew Jackson.

Commodore Matthew Perry

Earlier in 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry had used "gunboat diplomacy" to force trade agreements with Japan.

Treaty of Wangxia

Early trade agreement between the United States and the Qing Dynasty China.

Labor Movement

Emerged to support mistreated industrial workers in urban areas

Sugar Act

England expanded the Molasses Act of 1733, passing the Sugar Act in 1764 to raise revenue by taxing sugar and molasses. Sugar was produced in the British West Indies and widely consumed in the Thirteen Colonies.

Wagner Act

Ensured the right to unionize and established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB).

Balance of Trade

Ensuring a beneficial balance of trade is essential; the country must export more than it imports. An unlimited supply of desirable goods obtainable at a low cost made this possible, and the colonies offered just that. European powers would be able to maintain their reserves of gold and silver rather than spending them on imports. Those countries that obtained access to more gold and silver, like Spain, which gained control of mines in Central America and Mexico, exponentially increased their wealth, dramatically changing the balance of economic power in Europe. Long-term consequences included the decline of feudalism and the rise of capitalism.

Panic of 1819

Erupted when the government cut credit following over speculation on western lands; the BUS (Bank of United States) wanted payment from state banks in hard currency, or specie. Western banks foreclosed on western farmers and farmers lost their land.

Glass-Steagal Act

Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure customer deposits in the wake of bank failures.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Established the Roanoke Colony in present-day Virginia; this settlement disappeared by 1590.

Treaty of Versailles

European powers negotiated and won the hard Treaty of Versailles, which placed the blame for the war entirely on Germany and demanded crippling reparations from it.

Spain's Territories in North America

Extended through Mexico into Texas, the Southwest and California, as well as reaching as far north into today's Montana and Wyoming. They also controlled the Gulf Coast, including New Orleans and Florida.

Atlantic Charter

FDR and the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met in response to the non-aggression pact between Hitler and Stalin to sign the Atlantic Charter, which laid out the anti-fascist agenda of free trade and self-determination.

Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury

Favored tariffs and excise (sales) taxes, which Anti-Federalists (Democratic-Republicans) were opposed of.

Red Scare

Fear of homegrown radicals-particularly of communists and anarchists- and xenophobia against immigrants led to the Red scare in 1919 and a series of anti-immigration laws

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Hartford Convention

Federalists developed an anti-Republican platform; however by the time they completed their discussions and were ready to head to Washington, the War of 1812 had already ended. The Federalists essentially collapsed afterward.

Battle of Antietam

First battle fought on Union soil. Union General George B. McClellan halted General Lee's invasion of Maryland, but failed to defeat the Confederacy. Confederacy Won!

Smallpox

Forced labor and diseases had decimated Native American populations in Mexico and the Southwest.

Greenback-Labor Party

Formed in an effort to introduce a silver standard.

Populist Party (People's Party)

Formed in response to corruption and industrialization injurious (def: causing or likely to cause damage or harm) to farmers

United Nations

Formed in the wake of the Second World War, modeled after the failed League of Nations.

The Confederacy

Formed on February 1, 1861 Leader - Jefferson Davis (senator from Mississippi)

Colored Farmers' Alliance

Formed to support sharecroppers and other African American farmers in the South.

XYZ Affair

France continued to seize American ships, so President John Adams sent representatives to negotiate; however, in what became known as the XYZ Affair, the Americans were asked for bribes in order to even meet with French officials.

Louisiana Territory

France had come to control the vast Louisiana Territory, from the Ohio Valley area through the Mississippi Valley, the area down the Mississippi River and the Arkansas/Red River stretching west.

American's 32nd President

Franklin Delano Roosevelt -First elected in 1932 - New Deal

Auguste Comte

French philosopher considered the first sociologist in the Western world described sociology as the study of human organizations and culture major theory was positivism

Separatists

From New England, members of the Church of England who believed it had strayed too far from its theological roots, had come to North America seeking more religious freedom.

America's First President & Officials

George Washington - elected President John Adams - Vice President Alexander Hamilton - Secretary of Treasury Thomas Jefferson - Secretary of State

Johannes P. Muller and Hermann L.F. von Hemholtz

Germans first psychologists who attempted to conduct scientific, organized studies of sensation and perception showed that it was possible to study actual physical processes that work to produce mental activity

Zimmerman Telegram

Germany promised to help Mexico in an attack on the US

Northwest Territories

Given the British alliance with the Iroquois, England would also refer to the Beaver Wars and Iroquois control over the Northeast to assert their own claim over their area.

19th Amendment

Giving all women the right to vote, was ratified in 1920.

Laissez-Faire

Government sponsored laissez-faire policies Def: a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.

Homestead Act of 1862

Granted 160 acres of land in the West to any settler who promised to settle and work it for a number of years.

Hay Pauncefote Treaty

Great Britain granted its claims to the area that would become the Panama Canal to the US as Columbia refused to recognize the treaty, President Roosevelt engineered a revolution, creating the new country of Panama, and beginning construction of the canal.

Mayflower Compact

Guaranteeing government by the consent of the governed

Unicameral Central Government

Had the power to wage war, negotiate treaties, and borrow money. It could not tax citizens, but could tax states.

Bank of the United States (BUS)

Hamilton prioritized currency stabilization and repayment of debts; he also believed in establishing a national bank, which Washington signed into law in 1791.

Square Deal

He led government involvement in negotiations between unions and industrial powers, developing the square deal for fairer treatment of workers.

President Washington's Farewell Address

He recommended the United States follow a policy of neutrality in international affairs, setting a precedent for early American history.

Whigs

Henry Clay and his supporters became known as National Republicans and, later, Whigs, a splinter group of the Democratic-Republicans which supported business and urbanization; they also had federalist leanings.

President during the Great Depression

Herbert Hoover

Important Conquistadors

Hernando de Soto and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Ten Percent Plan

If ten percent of a Southern state's population swore allegiance to the Union, that state would be readmitted into the Union. (Created before Lincoln's Death)

Immigration in the 1820s

Immigration from Europe to the United States was increasing-mainly Irish Catholics and Germans

Maryland Toleration Act

In 1649, this Act had ensured the political rights of all Christians there, the first law of its kind in the colonies.

House of Burgesses

In 1660, the House of Burgesses, which governed Virginia, declared that all blacks would be lifelong slaves.

Bacon's Rebellion

In 1676, against Governor Berkeley of Virginia embodied the growing resentment of landowners, who wanted to increase their own profit rather than redirect revenue to Britain.

Pueblo Revolt

In 1680, the Pueblo Revolt, led by the leader Popé, resulted in a two-year loss of land for Spain. Often referred to as part of the Navajo Wars. *Pueblo is often used interchangeably with "Indian" to refer to Native Americans. Here it is referring to Navajo, Apache, and other tribes that came together to resist Spanish control. Eventually Spain took over.

Glorious Revolution

In 1688, in England, many colonists thought they might gain more autonomy; however, the new leadership under William and Mary continued to limit self-rule.

Quartering Act

In 1765, Britain enforced the Quartering Act, requiring colonists to provide shelter to British troops stationed in the region.

Valley Forge

In 1777, Washington and his army lived through the bitterly cold winter and managed to overcome British military forces. The British people did not favor the war and voted the Tories out of Parliament; the incoming Whig party sought to end the war.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1795, rebellion against the excise (sales) tax on whiskey broke out; the Whiskey Rebellion indicated unrest in the young country and was put down by militia.

Adams-Onis Treaty

In 1819, the United States purchased Florida from Spain.

Mexican-American War

In 1836, Texas, where there were a great number of white settlers, declared independence from Mexico; one reason was because Mexico abolished slavery, and institution white Texans wished to retain. In 1845, Texas joined the Union; this event, in addition to ongoing US hunger for land caused the Mexican-American War.

Dred Scott

In 1856, an escaped slave, took his case to the Supreme Court to sue for freedom. Scott had escaped to the free state of Illinois and sought to stay there; his former "owner" had argued that he could have him back regardless of the state he was in.

Dawes Act

In 1887, the Dawes Act ended federal recognition of tribes, withdrew tribal land rights, and forced the sale of reservations-tribal land.

Wounded Knee & Sitting Bull

In 1890, the military forced the Sioux to cease the Ghost Dance ritual; the outcome was a massacre at Wounded Knee and the death of the Sioux chief Sitting Bull.

Plessy v. Ferguson

In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson when a mixed-race man, Homer Plessy, was forced off a whites-only train car. When Plessy challenged the law, the Court held that segregation was, indeed, constitutional; according to the Court, *separate but equal* did still ensure equality under the law.

Yalta Conference

In 1945, Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt had met at the Yalta Conference to determine the future of Europe.

Visual Representation

In Britain, it was argued that the colonists had virtual representation and so the Act and others to follow were justified.

Sand Creek Massacre

In Colorado 1864, when US troops ambushed Cheyenne and Arapaho people, triggered even more violence.

Battle of Tippecanoe

In Indiana, when General William Henry Harrison fought the Northwest Confederacy, a group of tribes led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh.

Second Continental Congress

In May 1775, the Second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia to debate the way forward. Debate between the wisdom of continued efforts at compromise and negotiations and declaring independence continued.

Embargo Act

In an attempt to avoid the conflict, Congress passed the Embargo Act under the Jefferson administration in 1807, which limited US international trade; however the Embargo Act only damaged the US economy further.

Federalist Papers

In order to convince the states to ratify the Constitution, Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay wrote the Federalist Papers, articulating the benefits of federalism.

Intolerable Acts

In response to the Boston Tea Party, the government passed the Intolerable Acts, closing Boston Harbor and bringing Massachusetts back under direct royal control.

First Continental Congress

In response to the Intolerable Acts, colonial leaders met in Philadelphia at the First Continental Congress in 1774 and issued the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, presenting colonial concerns to the King, who ignored it.

Townshend Acts

In response to the violent acts (by Samuel Adams and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty), the Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend enforced the punitive Townshend Acts which imposed more taxes and restrictions on the colonies; customs officers were empowered to search colonists' homes for forbidden goods with writs of assistance.

Emergency Quota Act & National Origins Act

In response to widespread xenophobia and a sentiment of isolationism following the First World War, Congress limited immigration specifically from Asia, Eastern Europe, and Southern Europe with the racist Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and National Origins Act of 1924.

Treaty of Paris 1783

In the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the United States was recognized as a country, agreeing to repay debts to British merchants and provide safety to those British loyalists who wished to remain in North America. The American Revolution would go on to inspire revolution around the world.

Chinese Immigrants

In the mid-nineteenth century, Chinese immigrants came in large numbers to California, in search of gold but arriving to racial discrimination instead.

Jamestown

It was the first established colony, located in Virginia, which became so profitable that the Crown took it over as a colony in 1624.

Nullification Crisis

Jackson managed the Nullification Crisis without resorting to violence; he protected the federal government at the expense of states' rights, working out a compromise in 1833 that was more favorable to the South.

Spoils System

Jackson rewarded his supporters, appointing them to important positions as part of the spoils system.

Specie Circular

Jackson was opposed to the Bank of the United States, so he issued the Specie Circular, devaluing paper money and instigating the financial Panic of 1837.

America's Fourth President

James Madison

Separation of Powers

James Madison and other Federalists like John Adams believed in separation of powers, republicanism, and a strong federal government.

America's Fifth President

James Monroe - Part of the Era of Good Feeling - A strong sense of public identity and nationalism pervaded in the country. - Second Great Awakening - Hartford Convention - Tariff of 1816 - Second Back of the United States - Panic of 1819 - Adams-Onis Treaty - Monroe Doctrine - Missouri Compromise

Monroe Doctrine

James Monroe's policy that the Western Hemisphere was "closed" to any further European colonization or exploration.

Emancipation Proclamation

January 1, 1863, President Lincoln decreed the end of slavery in the rebel states.

Kamikaze

Japanese fighter pilots intentionally crashed their planes into US ships

Oppressive Social Structure

Jim Crow laws enforced segregation in the South

America's Second President

John Adams

Nullification

John C. Calhoun spoke out in favor of nullification, whereas he argued that a state had the right to declare a law null and void if it was harmful to that state.

No Taxation without Representation

John Dickinson's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania and Samuel Adams' Massachusetts Circular Letter argued for the repeal of the Townshend Acts and continued to stir up calls for no taxation without representation.

Jay's Treaty

John Jay attempted to reinstate neutrality but was unsuccessful and unpopular, only negotiating the removal of British forts in the western frontier.

Second Treatise

John Locke's Second Treatise was published in 1689; critical of absolute monarchy, it became popular in the Colonies. Locke's concepts of government by consent of the governed and the natural rights of persons became the bedrock of the United States government

America's Six President

John Quincy Adams - son on John Adams

Henry Clay

Kentucky Senator who wrote the Missouri compromise.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Kidnapping African people or purchasing them on the West African coast, bringing them to the Americas and forcing them into slavery in mines and plantations in the Western hemisphere. (European-driven)

British Leader During the America Revolution Era

King George III

Proclamation of 1763

King George III signed the Proclamation of 1763, an agreement not to settle land west of the Appalachians, in an effort to make peace; however much settlement continued in practice.

Social Institutions

Large groups of people organized to fit specific niches in society Change over time Ex. churches, hospitals, government, businesses, and schools

Great Sioux Reservation

Late nineteenth century, gold was discovered in the Black Hills of South Dakota on the Great Sioux Reservation. The US reneged n its promise, encouraging exploration and seeking control over that gold.

Vietnam War

Led to widespread domestic social unrest, which only increased with US deaths there, especially after the Vietnamese-led Tet Offensive (1968). The US ultimately withdrew from Vietnam and the North Vietnamese forces, or Viet Cong, led by Ho Chi Minh, took over the country.

Monopolies

Let the same business leaders control the market for their own products.

John Dickinson

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

Empiricism

Major proponents were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, David Hume, and George Berkeley in direct opposition to Descartes' theory of nativism theorizes that all knowledge is acquired through life experience, impressing on itself on a mind and brain that are blank at the time of birth

Great Migration

Many blacks fled the South for greater opportunities in the North, in cities, and farther West, as part of a greater demographic movement.

United Negro Improvement Association

Marcus Garvey's United Negro Improvement Association would go on to inspire movements like the Black Panthers and the Nation of Islam; however, those radical philosophies of separation were at odds with the NAACP, which believed in integration.

Samuel Adams

Massachusetts Circular Letter

Universal Manhood Suffrage

Most states had extended voting rights to white men who did not own land or substantial property

Battleground in North America

North America served also as a battleground for France and England, already in conflict in Europe and elsewhere.

Columbian Exchange

North America was part of the Columbian Exchange, the intersection of goods and people throughout the Atlantic World.

Chickasaw Wars

Not only did France clash with Britain in the northern part of the continent, but the two colonial powers came into conflict in the South as well. In 1736, French forces, allied with the Choctaw, attacked the English-allied Chickasaw as part of France's attempts to strengthen its hold on the southeastern part of North America in the Chickasaw Wars.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, aka the day the stock market collapsed. The start of the Great Depression

Battle of Bunker Hill

On June 17, 1775, the Americans fought the British at the Battle of Bunker Kill; despite American losses, the number of casualties the rebels inflicted caused the kings to declare that the colonies were in rebellion. Troops were deployed to the colonies; the British began to take over Boston.

D-Day

On June 6, 1944, the US led the invasion of Normandy, invading German-controlled Europe.

Domino Theory

Once one country fell to communism, others would quickly follow

Vertical Integration

One company would dominate each step in manufacturing a good, from obtaining raw materials to shipping finished product.

Choctaw

Origins trace back to Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida.

Technological Advances

Other technological advances like the railroads and steamships were speeding up westward expansion and improving trade throughout the continent; a large-scale market economy was emerging.

Great Depression

Over speculation on crops and the value of farmland, and weak banking protections helped bring about the Great Depression

Louisiana Purchase

Overseen by Thomas Jefferson Doubled the size of the United States Major step forward towards westward expansion

Holy Experiment

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware were founded in the Quaker spirit as part of Penn's Holy Experiment to develop settlements based on tolerance.

Puritans

People who were persecuted in England by King Charles I. They traveled over to America.

Panic of 1893

Political conflict and continuing economic troubles led to the Panic of 1893, the result of the silver standard and of the failure of a major railroad company.

Tenant Farmers

Poorer farmers; they did not own land and rarely made a profit.

1830 Indian Removal Act

President Andrew Jackson enforced this act; forcing Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and others from their lands in the Southeast. They were to move by foot with all of their belongs to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma).

Nuclear Weapons

President Harry Truman authorized the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, the only times that nuclear weapons have been used in conflict.

Neutrality Proclamation

President Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation in 1793 (this was during the French Revolution in Europe). Despite this action, British and French ships accosted American ships in the Atlantic and forced American sailors into naval service (impressments).

America's Twenty-Six President

Progressive Leader - Theodore Roosevelt - 1901

New Jersey Plan

Proposed a legislature composed of an equal number of an equal number of representatives from each state (which would benefit smaller states)

Virginia Plan

Proposed a legislature composed of representatives proportional to the population of each state.

Patrick Henry

Protested the Stamp Act in the Virginia House of Burgesses; the tax was seen as a violation of colonists' rights, given that they did not have direct representation in British Parliament.

Boston Massacre

Protests against the Quartering Act in Boston led to the Boston Massacre in 1770, when British troops fired on a crowd of protesters.

William Penn

Quaker William Penn founded the city of Philadelphia, based on tolerance. Penn had been given the land later called Pennsylvania by the Crown to settle a debt.

Nativist & Know-Nothing Party

Reactionary nativist movements like the Know-Nothing Party feared the influx of non-Anglo Europeans, particularly Catholics, and discrimination was widespread, especially against the Irish.

Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)

Refinanced mortgages to protect homeowners from losing their homes

Compromise of 1877

Resolved the disputed presidential election of 1876, granting Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency, and removed troops from the South.

Battle of Appommatox

Resulted in Confederate surrender at Appommatox, Virginia, on April 9, 1865, where General Lee surrendered to General Grant and the war ended.

Spanish-American War (1898-1901)

Roosevelt continued overseas expansion following McKinley's Spanish-American War (1898-1901), in which the US gained control over Spanish territory in the Caribbean, Asia, and the South Pacific. US annexed: Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. They also took over the Panama Canal and Cuba became a US protectorate.

Trust-Buster

Roosevelt enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act and prosecuted the Northern Securities railroad monopoly under the Interstate Commerce Act, breaking up trusts and creating a fairer market.

Civil War

Rooted in ongoing conflict over slavery, states' rights, and the reach of the federal government.

Committees of Correspondence

Samuel Adams continued to stir up rebellion with his Committee of Correspondence, which distributed anti-British propaganda.

Samuel Adams & Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Samuel Adams led the Sons and Daughters of Liberty in violent acts against tax collectors.

Samuel Gompers & AFL

Samuel Gompers led the American Federation of Labor, using strikes and collective bargaining to gain protections for the unskilled workers who had come to cities seeking industrial jobs.

SEC

Securities and Exchange Commission

Great Plains Societies

Sioux (Sue) Cheyenne, Apache, Comanche, and Arapaho; traditionally nomadic or semi-nomadic, these tribes depended on the buffalo for food and materials to create clothing, tools and domestic items; therefore they followed the herds. Equestrian skill, horses were introduced by Europeans. Horseback riding facilitated the hunt, previously, hunters surrounded buffalo or frightened them off of cliffs.

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Social Activist Worked for women's rights, including women's suffrage, culminating (def: reach a climax or point of highest development) in the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention led by the American Woman Suffrage Association. Women were also active in the temperance movement. Organizations like the Woman's Christian temperance Union advocated for the prohibition of alcohol (achieved with 18th Amendment, repealed with 21st Amendment).

This colony institutionalized slavery in North America for the next two centuries by adopting the slave codes from Barbados.

South Carolina

Confederate States of America

South Carolina Mississippi Alabama Florida Louisiana Georgia Texas Virginia Tennessee North Carolina Arkansas

Colonial North America

Spanish, British, and French all held territories in North America throughout he sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries.

Navigation Acts

Stability in England and an emerging culture of independence in the Thirteen Colonies caught the attention of the British Crown; to ensure that the British mercantilist system was not threatened, it passed this act in 1651 to prevent colonial trade with any other countries.

Truman Doctrine

Stated that the US would support any country threatened by authoritarianism (communism).

Black Codes

States developed the oppressive Black Codes to limit the rights of African Americans

Three-Fifths Compromise

States with large African American slave populations accounted for those persons with the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted a slave as three-fifths of a person; while represented in a state's population to determine that state's number of representatives in Congress, enslaved persons had no place in the political process.

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

Strengthening unions guaranteed collective bargaining rights and protected workers.

Declaration of Independence

Summer of 1776, the Continental Congress agreed on the need to break from Britain; on July 4, 1776, it declared the independence of the United States of America and issued the Declaration of Independence, drafted mainly by Thomas Jefferson and heavily influenced by Locke.

Battle of Fort Sumter

Sumter, South Carolina sparked the Civil War

2nd Battle of Bull Run

Tactical Confederate victory, led by General Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson.

President Harry Truman

Takes over following FDR's death in 1945. Authorizes nuclear weapons for WW2.

Tenskwatawa

Tecumseh's brother, was considered a prophet.

Beaver Wars

The Algonquin and Iroquois, allied with the French and Dutch, and English, respectively, fought the Beaver Wars for control over the fur trade in the northeastern part of the continent. The Iroquois would ultimately push the Shawnee and other tribes associated with the Algonquin from the Northeast and Great Lakes area farther west to present-day Wisconsin.

Alien and Sedition Acts

The Alien Act allowed the president to deport "enemy aliens"; it also increased the residency requirements for citizenship. The Sedition Act forbade criticism of the president or of Congress

William Pitt the Elder

The British Prime Minister during the seven year's war era.

These colonies because important sources of tobacco and rice

The Carolinas and Georgia

In 1791

The Constitution was ratified

Scott v. Sandford

The Court heard the case, and ruled in favor of Sandford, upholding the Fugitive Slave Act, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and nullifying the Missouri Compromise.

Missouri Compromise "Compromise of 1820"

The Missouri Compromise, allowed Missouri to join the union as a slave state, but provided that any other states north of the thirty-sixth parallel (36' 30') would be free. Main would also join the nation as a free state.

Atlantic World

The North American colonial economy was part of the Atlantic World, by taking part in the triangular trade.

Roosevelt Corollary

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which promised US intervention in Latin America in case of European intervention there, essentially gave the US total dominance over Latin America.

Articles of Confederation

The Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation to organize the Thirteen Colonies, now states, as a loosely united country.

Abolitionist

The Second Great Awakening had fueled the abolitionist movement. This was a movement to end slavery.

Island Hopping

The US strategy of island hopping allowed it to take control of Japanese-held Pacific islands, proceeding closer to Japan itself despite kamikaze attacks on US ships.

Clipper Ships

The US was opening up trade with East Asia, thanks to clipper ships that made journeys across the Pacific Ocean faster and easier.

Anaconda Plan

The Union developed the Anaconda Plan, a plan to "squeeze" the Confederacy, including a naval blockade and taking control of the Mississippi River.

Reservation System

The United States came to an agreement with the Sioux (Sue) in South Dakota, offering them land as part of the burgeoning reservation system.

Navajo Code Talkers

The United States had been able to break the Japanese code; at the same time, Japan had been unable to crack US code thanks to the Navajo Code Talkers who used the Navajo language, which Japan was unable to decipher.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

The WPA was a long-term project that generated construction jobs and built infrastructure throughout the country.

Harlem Renaissance

The development and popularity of African American-dominated music (especially jazz), literature, and art, was extremely popular nationwide and contributed to the development of American pop culture.

Federal Emergency Relief Act

The federal government allotted aid to states to be distributed directly to the poor through the Federal Emergency Relief Act.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

The federal government distributed funding to states through the PWA for the purpose of developing infrastructure and to provide construction jobs for the unemployed.

Battle of Atlanta

The final major battle of the Civil War, following the Union victory led by General William T. Sherman.

Pilgrims

The first group of Separatists arrived on the Mayflower in 1620 and had drawn up the Mayflower Compact.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The first large-scale attempt at regional public planning; despite being part of the First Hundred Days, it was a long-term project. It was intended to create jobs and bring electricity to the impoverished, rural inhabitants of the Tennessee Valley area, one of its true objectives was to accurately measure the cost of electric power, which had been supplied by private companies. The TVA was the first public power company.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitutions, or the Bill of Rights, a list of guarantees of American freedoms, was a concession to the anti-Federalists, who would later become the Democratic-Republican Party (eventually, the Democratic Party).

Frederick Douglass

The former slave Frederick Douglass advocated for abolition. An activist leader and writer, Douglass publicized the movement along with the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Fur

The fur and beaver pelts from game plentiful in the Northeast were in great demand in Europe.

Convention of 1800

The insulted Americans began an undeclared conflict in the Caribbean until the Convention of 1800 negotiated a cessation of hostilities.

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms

The king ignored the Congress' Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms, which asked him to consider again the colonies' objections; he also ignored the Olive Branch Petition which sought compromise and an end to hostilities.

King Charles I

The king of England. People suspect that the weakening of the Church of England is due to King Charles I, the people also suspect he was plotting to restore Catholicism.

Social Gospel

The notion that it was society's obligation to ensure better treatment for workers and immigrants.

Locke's Argument on Republicanism

The people must come together to create the government for the protection of themselves and their property, thereby giving up some of their natural rights. However, should the government overstep its bounds, the people have the right to overthrow it and replace it.

Socialism

The philosophy developed in Europe that the workers should own the means of production and that wealth should be distributed equally, taking into account strong economic planning.

Mercantilism

The prevailing economic system: European powers controlled their economies in order to increase global power.

Horizontal Integration

The process of companies acquiring their competition, monopolizing their markets.

John Brown

The radical abolitionist John Brown led violent protests against slavery. Abolitionism became a key social and political issue in the mid-nineteenth century.

Sioux Wars

The results of the US wanted the gold on the Sioux Reservation climaxed and in 1876 the Battle of Little Big Horn occurred. The General was George Custer. While the US was defeated in that battle, reinforcements would later defeat the Sioux and the reservation systems continued.

Manifest Destiny

The sense that it was the fate of the United States to expand westward and settle the continent.

New Amsterdam Settlement

The settlement of New Amsterdam, an ideal port and trading post, came under English control in 1664 and was renamed New York.

End of World War II

The war ended with Japanese surrendering on September 2, 1945.

Cultural Background

The way individuals: organize themselves how they interact with each other and the attitudes and beliefs different groups develop

Spanish Colonization

Their mission was to spread Christianity.

Pontiac's Rebellion

There were concerns that the Colonies required a stronger military presence following Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763. The leader of the Ottawa people, Pontiac, led a revolt that extended from the Great Lakes region through the Ohio Valley to Virginia. As this land has been ceded to England from France the Ottawa people and other Native Americans resisted further British settlement and fought back against colonial oppression.

Cold War

This division would destroy the alliance between the Soviets and the West, leading to the Cold War between the two superpowers and the emergence of bipolar world.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

This treaty ended the Mexican-American War. Mexican General Santa Ana surrendered and the United States gained territory in the Southwest. The United States gained Utah, New Mexico, and California. Latinos and Latinas who had lived in the region under Mexico lost their land and were denied many of the rights that white enjoyed, even though they had been promised US citizenship and equal rights under the Treaty. They also suffered racial and ethnic discrimination.

America's Third President

Thomas Jefferson - 1801 - Repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts - Economic policies favored small farmers and landowners - Oversaw the Louisiana Purchase - Embargo Act - The United States were fighting North African pirates in the Mediterranean, who were seizing US ships. - Non-Intercouse Act

Thomas Paine

Thomas Paine published his pamphlet Common Sense; taking Locke's concepts of natural rights and the obligation of a people to rebel against an oppressive government, it popularized the notion of rebellion against Britain.

Trail of Tears

Thousands of people were forced to travel mainly on foot, with all of their belongings, to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) on the infamous Trail of Tears, to make way for White settlers.

Salutary Neglect

Throughout the chaos in England during the English Civil War, policy toward the Colonies had been one of salutary neglect, allowing them great autonomy.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

To address the efforts of over speculation on land, the AAA reduced farm prices by subsidizing farmers to reduce production of commodities.

Lend-Lease Act

To ally with and support Great Britain without technically declaring war on Germany, FDR convinced Congress to enact the Lend-Lease Act, directly supplying Britain with military aid, in place of cash-and-carry.

Containment

To contain Soviet (communist) expansion, defined US foreign policy

Great Compromise

To determine the exact structure of the government, delegates at the convention (Constitutional Convention) settled on what became known as the Great Compromise, a bicameral legislature. Two plans had been presented: the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan.

Securities and Exchange Commission

To monitor stock trading, it also has the power to punish violators to the law.

Federal Reserve Act 1913

To stabilize the economy and rein in the banks, Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act in 1913 to protect the banking system. Federal Reserve banks were established to cover twelve regions of the country; commercial banks had to take part in the system, allowing "the Fed" to control interest rates and avoid a similar crisis.

France was mainly focused on

Trade

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty to end the War of 1812. The war ended in 1814.

Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi

Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant gained control over the Mississippi River, completing the Anaconda Plan.

Ghost Dance Movement

United Plains tribes in a spiritual movement and in the belief that whites would eventually be driven from the land.

Bleeding Kansas

Violence broke out in Kansas between pro- and anti-slavery factions.

Lexington and Concord

Violent conflict began in 1775 at Lexington and Concord, when American militiamen (minutemen) had gathered to resist British efforts to seize weapons and arrest rebels in Concord.

Lord Baltimore

Was charged by Charles I to found a part of Virginia (to be called Maryland) as a Catholic haven. He was to help Charles I maintain power in an England divided between Catholics and Protestants.

West Virginia

Was formed when the western part of Virginia refused to join the Confederacy.

Booker T. Washington

Washington believed in gradual desegregation and vocational education for African Americans, providing it at his Tuskegee Institute.

Encomiendas

Were granted by the Spanish Crown. Individuals were granted "Land grants" to individuals to establish settlements to use to ranch or mine. They were also allowed to enslave Native peoples to do labor and the owner gained a profit.

Westward Expansion during the Industrial Revolution

Westward expansion required railroads; railroads required steel, and industrial production required oil: all these commodities spurred the rise of powerful companies like John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil and Andrew Carnegie's US Steel.

Credit

While mass-production helped the emerging middle class afford more consumer goods and improve their living standards, many families resorted to credit to fuel consumer spending.

Differences between settlements in North America

While the Spanish and French arrived generally as single men for trade, who would intermarry with local inhabitants, the English brought their families and settled in North America.

Marshall Plan

While the US-led Marshall Plan began a program to rebuild Europe, the USSR consolidated its presence and power in eastern European countries, forcing them to reject from the Marshall Plan

According to the Casta System

White people most privileged

Capitalism

With limited governmental controls or interference in the economy, American capitalism- the free market system- was becoming dominated by the elite.

Superpowers after WW2

With most of Europe destroyed, the victorious US and the Soviet Union emerged as the two global superpowers.

Progressive Movement

Women activists also aligned with labor and the emerging progressive movement.

Silver Standard

Would inflate crop prices by putting more money into national circulation

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe

Korean War (1950-1953)

a conflict between the US and Soviet-backed North Korean forces, which ended in a stalemate.

Classical Conditioning

a learning process in which a specific stimulus is associated with a specific response over time

Operant Conditioning

a learning process in which behavior is punished or rewarded, leading to a desired long-term behavior

Learning

a permanent change in behavior divided into 3 categories: 1) Classical Conditioning 2) Operant Conditioning 3) Social Learning

New Deal

a plan to bring the country out of the Depression

Subsistence Patterns

a reference to ways in which societies obtain the necessities of life Ex. food and shelter 4 types: 1) Foraging, or hunter-gatherer 2) Pastorialism--herding 3) Horticulture--small-scale farming 4) Intensive Agriculture

Sociology

a scientific discipline that focuses on the study of societies major study areas include: 1) Population 2) Social Behaviors 3) Cultural Influences 4) Social Change 5) Social Institutions

John C. Calhoun

a senator of South Carolina

First Hundred Days of FDR's Administration

a series of emergency acts, known as the alphabet soup of acts due to their many acronyms, was passed for the immediate repair of the banking system.

Carl Jung

a student of Freud developed of extroversion and introversion proposed the existence of the collective unconscious and the occurrence of synchronicity

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

Cultural Pluralism

acceptance of varieties of racial and ethnic groups

Culture

all learned human behaviors and behavioral patterns all traditions that define a society made up of: 1) Cultural Universals 2) Culture 3) Subculture

B.F. Skinner

along with Pavlov, searched for connections between outside stimuli and behavioral patterns developed the "Skinner Box", device used to develop and study conditioned response in rats

Ivan Pavlov

along with Skinner, searched for connections between outside stimuli and behavioral patterns his experiments proved the existence of conditioned response most famous experiment (Pavlov's dogs) conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a ringing bell

George Washington

appointed head of the Continental Army, despite early losses, Washington gained ground due to strong leadership

Yellow Journalism

aroused popular concern and interest in intervention in Cuba.

Isolationists

believed in focusing on development at home.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

believed society world-wide could be boiled down to a constant struggle between classes wrote the Communist Manifesto (KM)

Max Weber

believed: the differing religions of East and West led to differences in societal development Protestantism as a religion influenced capitalism in the West the organization of the state felt violence was a legitimate means of protecting citizenry or enforcing rule

6 Major Social Institutions

characterize and meet the needs of any society 1) Family 2) Education 3) Political Institutions 4) Economic Institutions 5) Religion 6) Sport

Personal Relationships

close relationships developed among people for various reasons, including the desire to reproduce and form a family unit

Modern Psychology

combines earlier schools of psychology, including Freudian, Jungian, behaviorism, cognitive, humanistic and stimulus-response theories

Education

communicates the values and norms of culture in many societies

Working class

comprised largely of poor European and Chinese immigrants working in factories and building infrastructure, suffering from dangerous working conditions and other abuses.

Security Council

comprised of major world powers, with the power to militarily intervene for peacekeeping purposes in unstable global situations.

Correlational Design

concerned with relationships between variables, such as whether one factor causes or influences another

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

created for the long term to insure low-cost mortgages

Aristotle

credited with founding the science of psychology interested in the working of the human mind stated the mind was part of the body, while the psyche functioned as the receiver of knowledge

Herbert Spencer

credited with the idea known as Social Darwinism applied Darwin's idea of "survival of the fittest" to the way society develops believed competition is the major driving force behind the development and changes inherent in human society

Métis

described as a mixed race persons; eventually France would control much of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi region through Louisiana and New Orleans, valuable trade routes.

Economic Institutions

determine distribution of wealth

Political Institutions

determine the distribution of power

Attitudes

develop over time based on individual history, experience, knowledge, and other factors. can change over time, but some are deeply ingrained and can lead to prejudice

Behaviorism

developed by John B. Watson believed growth, learning and training would always win out over any possible inborn tendencies believed any person could learn to perform any type of art, craft or enterprise with sufficient training and experience

Gestalt Psychology

developed by Max Wertheimer events are not considered individually, but as part of a larger pattern

Rene Descartes

developed the theory of nativism believed the body and mind affected each other because they are separate from each other physical site of this interaction occurres in the pineal gland

Survey Method

distributed among a wide range of people and the answers are correlated

Thomas Jefferson

drafted the Declaration of Independence

Id

driven by instinct and basic drives

conquistadors

explored what is today the Southwestern United States

Patriots

favored independence in America

Christopher Columbus

first laid claim to the Americas for the Spanish.

Manufacturing

flooding markets with cheap consumer goods.

Primary Groups

focused on members' need for support Ex. family or friend grouping

Social-cultural

focuses on cultural standards, beliefs, values and norms

Secondary Groups

form around the need to complete a task

Knights of Labor

further empowered workers by integrating unskilled workers into action

Surveys

gathering information via direct questioning of members of the social group being studied

Subculture

groups within a culture that share specific traits

Reference Groups

help form an individual's identity

Social Behaviors

how general behaviors and attitudes change over time Ex. morale and need for conformity

Social Change

how societies change over time Ex. wars/revolutions and technology

Social Perception

how we perceive others and their behavior as we make judgements based on our own experiences and prejudices

Anglo-conformity

immigrants and racial minorities conform to the expectations of Anglo-American society by choice, necessity, or force

Civil Rights Act

in 1866, Congress passed this act granting citizenship to African Americans and guaranteeing African American men the same rights as white men (14th Amendment)

Reconstruction Acts

in 1867, a Republican-led Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts, placing former Confederate states under the control of the US Army, effectively declaring martial law.

15th Amendment

in 1870, granted African American men the right to vote.

Cultural Influences

include art, religion, language, and overall knowledge and learning

Southeast Societies

included Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Muscogee, and Cherokee.

Pacific Northwest Societies

included Coast Salish and Chinook. Fishing was a major source of sustenance. People created and used canoes to engage in the practice. Totem poles depicted histories. Coast Salish had a widely spoken language throughout the region. Chinook controlled the coast at the Columbia River.

Five Tribes

included Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, and Onondaga

Midwest Societies

included the Shawnee, Lenape, Kickapoo, and Miami Tribes. Their regions included Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. Created the Northwest Confederacy

Adulthood

individuals take on new responsibilities, become self-sufficient, and often form their own families and other social networks

John Rolfe

introduced tobacco to Virginia farmers; the primary cash crop

Bay of Pigs

invasion in Cuba (1961), a failed effort to topple the communist government of Fidel Castro

Population Studies

involve observing social patterns of groups of people who live in the same area

Experimental Method

involves experimental and control groups and use of specific experiments to prove or disprove a theory

Iroquois

known for innovative agricultural and architectural techniques, construction of longhouses, the farming of maize. They farmed according to the three sisters tradition, farming maize, beans, and squash. They were important allies of the English and French.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

laid out an idealistic international vision, including an international security organization

J. Edgar Hoover

lead a series of raids (the Palmer Raids) on suspected radicals, precipitating the hysteria of the Red Scare.

Social Learning

learning based on observation of others and modeling others' behavior

Field Observations

living among members of a particular group or culture and observing how they interact and how they live their everyday lives

Native American Civilizations

lost control of most of their territories and were forced onto reservations by the United States.

Mary and Louis Leakey

made major discoveries regarding the origin of the human species during their excavations in Olduvai Gorge in Africa excavated wide varieties of stone tools and other artifacts discovered: footprints of Laetoli and developed a system to classify early humans prehistoric remains of humans 15 new species and one new genus of early human ancestors the first fossil ape skill

Ego

most conscious and producing self-awareness acts as mediator between the id and superego

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

offered employment in environmental conservation and management projects.

Subjugation

one group exercises control over the other

Population Transfer

one group is required or forced to leave by another group

Genocide

one group slaughters another

In-groups and Out-groups

oppose each other or exclude members of other groups

Creek/ Muscogee

originated in modern Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida; participated in an alliance with the Chickasaw and Choctaw to form the Muscogee Confederacy to engage the United States, which threatened tribal sovereignty.

Group Behavior

people gather into groups with similar beliefs, needs, or other characteristics

Mestizo

people of mixed white European and Native American (more privileged than the Native American peoples).

Controlled Experiments

performing experiments that change an element of society

President Woodrow Wilson

played an important role in negotiating the peace

Margaret Mead

popularized sociology studied sexual beliefs and norms among South Pacific and Southeast Asian cultures studied how children were treated and brought up in different cultures, and how breastfeeding as viewed in different population groups wrote the Coming of Age in Samoa

nationalism

pride in and identification with one's country

Old Age

priorities shift again as children become adults and no longer require support and supervision

Social Networks

provide multiple links to an often large number of other individuals

Religion

provides mores and beliefs that help unify a culture provides meaning and explanation for various life events provides emotional support for individuals and a sense of community

Naturalistic Observation

psychologists observe people and their natural behavior without interfering

William Wundt

published the first experimental psychology journal together with James, helped bring psychology into its own, separating it from philosophy

Samuel de Champlain

reached which is today Quebec, Vermont, upstate New York, and the eastern Great Lakes region as early as the seventeenth century.

Sport

reflects values of society promotes unity provides an outlet for aggression

Mother Jones

revolutionized labor by including women, children, and African Americans into labor actions.

Over speculation

risky consumer loans on crops and the value of farmland

Northwest Ordinances of 1787

set parameters for westward expansion and established new states; it also forbade slavery north of the Ohio River

Chickasaw

settled originally in northern Mississippi, Alabama, and western Kentucky and Tennessee. Also farmed the three sisters tradition.

Joint-Stock Companies

sought royal charters to privately develop colonies on the North American Atlantic coast.

Case Studies

specific individuals or groups are studied in depth over a period of time

Cherokee

spoke and speak a language of the Iroquoian family. Migrated south until forcibly removed in 1832. Organized into seven clans; hunters and farmers; would rather come into contact and conflict with European colonizers and the United States of America.

Capitalist

spurred national economic and industrial growth

Tories

still loyal to Britain during the American Revolution, also can be called Loyalist.

Superego

strives for perfection and appropriate behavior

Psychology

studies human behavior and how the mind works correlates human behavior and uses the data to predict behavior or determine why a particular behavior has occurred

Anthropology

studies human culture, its development, and how different cultural groups are similar or different Divided into 4 areas: 1) Archeology 2) Social-cultural 3) Biological 4) Linguistics

Archeology

studies materials and physical items left behind by human settlements

Biological

studies specific genetic characteristics of different populations

Linguistics

studies the development of languages over time

Freedmen's Bureau

tasked with assisting freed slaves (and poor whites) in the South.

Southwest Societies

the Navajo controlled territory in present-day Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. They were descendants of the Ancestral Pueblo or Anasazi. They settled in the four corners area. They used three sister agricultural traditions. and they also were engaged in stone construction like cliff dwellings. They practiced pastoralism and lived in semi-permanent wooden homes called hogans, the doors of which face eastward to the rising run. They were less hierarchical structure.

Tecumseh

the Shawnee leader during the Battle of Tippecanoe

Family

the basic unit of any society the most important social institution in all sociological study

Chickasaw and Choctaw

the descendants of the Mississippi Mound Builders; built mounds from around 2,100 to 1,800 years ago as burial tombs or the bases for temples. Both were matrilineal lines. Formed an alliance with the British and French

Iroquois Confederacy

the five nations organized into the regionally powerful Iroquois Confederacy

William James

the founder of the world's first psychology laboratory together with Wundt, helped bring psychology into its own, separating it from philosophy

Melting Pot

the mixing together of various ethnic groups will bring about a new cultural group

Infancy and Childhood

the most rapid period of human development the child learns to experience its world, relate to other people, and perform tasks necessary to function in its native culture

Lusitania

the sinking of the Lusitania, which resulted in many American civilian deaths

Social Psychology

the study of how social conditions affect individuals

Nativism

theory that states that there is a certain body of knowledge all people are born with requires no learning or experience on the part of the individual

Northeastern Societies

this included Iroquois and Algonquin

Adolescence

this period represents the shift from child to adult changes are rapid and can involve major physical and emotional shifts

Emile Durkheim

through his efforts, sociology came to be considered a discipline in major universities felt the larger world was influenced by group beliefs, attitudes and cultural aspects rather than by individuals performed in-depth studies on the cause of higher suicide rates among certain social groups discussed anomie, or people affected by larger changes in society

Cultural Universals

traits shared by all human beings such as language

Submarine Warfare

u-boats in the Atlantic ocean

14th Amendment

upheld the provisions of the Civil Rights Act

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

was intended to break up monopolies and trusts, in order to allow for a fairer marketplace. Despite its intended purpose- to prosecute and dissolve large trusts and create a fairer market place-had actually been used against unions and farmers' alliances (Under Roosevelt).

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

was to regulate the railroad industry

Spanish Missions

were established in the West and Southwest (Mexico, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California)

Algonquin

were located in what is today Quebec and the Great Lakes region. Active in fur trade. Had relationships with French colonizers. Converted to Christianity.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

when Soviet missiles were discovered in Cuba and military crisis was narrowly averted, both under the Administration of the popular President John F. Kennedy.

Grover Cleveland

who had never been in favor of the silver standard, asked Congress to repeal the Act.

Common Sense

written by Thomas Paine