Sociology 101 Chapter 10 & 11

a "non-cis" individual

"Cisgender" refers to someone whose sense of his or her gender identity matches the sex he or she was assigned at birth. Non-cis is the opposite of this.

Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population is comprised of first-generation immigrants?

13

According to the World Health Organization, what percentage of women around the world have suffered from abuse by an intimate partner?

30%

Approximately how many people have emigrated from Europe to the United States since the seventeenth century?

45 million

According to the textbook, what was the approximate percentage of unmarried mothers with children under 18 in the paid workforce in 2013?

75%

What refers to the dispersal of an ethnic population from a homeland into foreign areas?

Diaspora

Residential segregation has declined considerably over the past 25 years.

False, Residential segregation has not declined much in the past 25 years, despite declines in prejudicial attitudes.

What do the bacha posh in Afghanistan help sociologists better understand about gender?

How gender in various societies is socially contructed

What were the "black codes"?

The black codes were a system of laws enacted in the South after the Civil War that restricted the behavior of blacks and set guidelines for punishment

Sex

The physical differences of the body Biological and Anatomical

Gender

The physiological, social, and cultural differences between males and females. Personality, Goals, Social Roles

Gender Role Socialization

The process through which we learn about male and female typed roles and practices through social agents such as the family and the media.

What does the unemployment rate measure?

The unemployment rate includes only those who are looking for work

Most rapes are committed by close relatives, intimate partners, or acquaintances.

True Fathers, stepfathers, brothers, uncles, intimate partners, and acquaintances are the most frequent

Today there are roughly equal numbers of men and women in the workforce

True, Women more or less caught up to men sometime between 2005 and 2010

Wimmer argues that racial/ethnic minority immigrants reject the black-white divide in favor of emphasizing their own unique racial and ethnic identities.

Wimmer argues that immigrants do not reject the black-white divide in this country, but instead embrace it and try to distance themselves from blacks. This kind of boundary-making deepens the current black-white divide.

What do sociologists mean by the term "second shift"?

Women who have a paid job then come home and handle housework and children

What factors contributed to the rise of racism?

exploitive relations between Europeans and those whose lands they settled preexisting notions about the meaning of "white" and "black" as symbols of good and evil the invention of race as an inheritable and naturally hierarchical trait

bell hooks argues that in naming the family as a core part of patriarchy, sociologists are overlooking what crucial idea?

oppression of black women may be found in a different location than that of white women

the use of flawed or biased data to support ideas about racial superiority and inferiority.

scientific racism

Which features do all diasporas share?

some tension between new countries and members of the diaspora a strong ethnic identity sustained by members of the diaspora large-scale forced or voluntary dispersal from the homeland to new countries

Is infant mortality rate higher for whites or blacks? By how much?

Blacks, five times higher

Why is it important to consider the history of Western imperialism if one wants to understand today's racial and ethnic divisions?

It brought about colonialism, which helped create divisions between racial/ethnic groups.

1965 Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments

It gave preference to immigrants who sought entry into the United States for family reunification reasons It ended the practice of giving preference to immigrants from northern and western Europe. It was partially responsible for the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of immigrants in the United States.

Traits of the "expressive" female according to Talcott Parsons

Providing care and security to children and offering them emotional support

According to structuralists, what is one example of the way that racial categorization is inconsistent in the United States and reflects larger economic and political forces?

Racial categories in the census are not consistent in how they designate race.

Feminist critiques of a biological basis for the division of labor base their criticism on what idea?

Much of human activity is the result of socialization

New Racism

New racism involves discrimination that is based on cultural differences; the basis of this racism is cultural rather than biological.

How does Ogbu and Fordham's "acting white" hypothesis explain black students' underachievement in schools?

Ogbu and Fordham described a "vicious cycle" in which black students doubt their own abilities and attribute academic success to "acting white," which leads them to underperform and further reinforces their belief in these stereotypes.

Old Racism

Old racism involved discrimination that was based on physical characteristics; the basis of racism was biological rather than cultural.