Sociology

patriarchy

According to feminist theorists, we live in a(n) __________, a system in which men dominate women and in which things that are considered to be "male" or "masculine" are more highly valued than those considered to be "female" or "feminine."

sociological imagination

According to sociologist C. Wright Mills, the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society is referred to as the __________.

bourgeoisie

According to sociologist Karl Marx, the __________ (capitalist class) consists of those who own the means of production—the land and capital necessary for factories and mines.

proletariat

According to sociologist Karl Marx, the __________ (working class) consists of those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive.

instrumental role

According to sociologist Talcott Parsons, the husband/father fulfills the __________ (meeting the family's economic needs, making important decisions, and providing leadership).

expressive role

According to sociologist Talcott Parsons, the wife/mother fulfills the __________ (running the household, caring for children, and meeting the emotional needs of family members).

Emile Durkheim

According to sociologist _______, deviance is universal because it serves three important functions: it clarifies rules, it unites a group, and it promotes social change.

dependency theory

According to the __________, poorer nations are trapped in a cycle of structural reliance on the richer nations due to their need for infusions of foreign capital and external markets for their raw materials, making it impossible for the poorer nations to pursue their own economic and human development.

sacred

Across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing.

variable

Age is a factor that can change and varies from person to person. Age represents a

social institutions

All of the following are examples of __________: the family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military.

women and children

Among those most affected by poverty in low-income economies are __________.

ascribed

An _______ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control (such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender).

symbol

Anything that meaningfully represents something else

primary sex characteristics

At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by __________, the genitalia used in the reproductive process.

primary group

A ______ is a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time. They include our family, close friends, and school or work related peer groups

macrolevel

A __________ analysis examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems.

microlevel

A __________ analysis focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures.

subculture

A __________ is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.

misdemeanor

A __________ is a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year in jail.

Role

A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

Status

A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying them.

status

A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying them.

caste system

A __________ is a system of social inequality in which people's status is permanently determined at birth based on their parent's ascribed status. It is a closed system of stratification.

Industrial Societies

A ____________ is one in which factory or mechanized production has replaced agriculture as the major form of economic activity.

institutional

A bank might consistently deny loans to people of a certain race. This would be an example of __________ discrimination.

role

A carpenter (employee) hired to remodel a kitchen is not expected to sit down uninvited and join the family (employer) for dinner. This is an example of a __________. role

absolute poverty

A condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life is called __________.

triad

A group composed of three members is referred to as a(n) __________.

Monogamy

A marriage between two partners, usually a woman and a man

individual

A person may decide not to rent an apartment to someone of a different race. This would be an example of __________ discrimination.

language

A set of symbols that express ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.

Pastoralism

A society that revolved around the domestication of large animals to provide food

Functional

A strength of the __________ on culture is its focus on the needs of society and the fact that stability is essential for society's continued survival. A shortcoming is its overemphasis on harmony and cooperation.

Participant Observation

A technique in which researchers engage in activities with the people that they are observing.

scapegoat

A(n) __________ is a person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others.

monogamous

Bubba married his high school sweetheart and they have been faithful to each other for 30 years. Their marriage is considered to be __________.

values

Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.

Exogamy

Cultural norms prescribing that people should marry outside their social group or category.

Endogamy

Cultural norms prescribing that people should marry within their social group or category.

norms

Established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.

stereotypes

Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________, which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories

stereotypes

Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________, which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

macrolevel

Families are expected to regulate the sexual activity of their members and thus control reproduction so that it occurs within specific boundaries. At the __________, incest taboos prohibit sexual contact or marriage between certain relatives.

matrilocal

Few societies have residential patterns known as __________ residence, which refers to the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the wife's parents.

functionalist

From a ________ perspective, religion has three important functions in any society: providing meaning and purpose to life, promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging, and providing social control and support for the government.

prejudice

From a sociological perspective, __________ is a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups.

symbolic interactionist

From the __________ perspectives, people create, maintain, and modify culture as they go about their everyday activities. People continually negotiate their social realities. Values and norms are not independent realities that automatically determine our behavior. Instead, we reinterpret them in each social situation we encounter.

Horticultural

In _________societies people were able to grow their own food because of hand tools, such as digging stick and the hoe.

not able

In the case of "Genie," extensive therapy was used in an attempt to socialize her and develop her language abilities. These efforts were highly successful and at about age 18, she was______ to live independently.

ethnocentrism

In the context of racial and ethnic relations, __________ refers to the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other groups are seen as inferior.

Exogamy

Most people's behavior is shaped by cultural rules. __________ is the practice of marrying outside one's own social groups or category.

minority

Persons of color and white women are considered to be __________ group members in the United States, particularly when these individuals are from lower-income categories.

crimes

Sociologists categorize ______ based on how they are committed and how society views the offenses. The text examined all of the following types of crime: violent crime, property crime, public order crime, occupational and corporate crime, organized crime, and political crime.

size

The ______ of a group is one of its most important features. Interactions are more personal and intense in a small group, a collectivity small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously.

Polygamy

The concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex.

Polyandry

The concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men.

Hunting and Gathering Societies

The earliest food-getting strategy and known division of labor between the women and men.

Interviews

The researcher will ask people questions on a topic that they wish to explore

Questionnaires

The researcher would ask the subject to answer written questions. The questions can either be open ended or closed ended.

Experiment

This procedure permits researchers to test the effects of an independent variable on a dependant variable. It is believed to be the ideal research design.

secondary group

To sociologists, a(n) __________ is a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

sociologists

Today, _____ emphasize that race is a socially constructed reality, not a biological one. According to this approach, the social significance that people accord to race is more significant than any biological differences that might exist among people who are placed in arbitrary categories.

proletariat class

Tom works on the assembly line at the local Ford automobile factory. Based on the Marxian framework, Tom would be considered a member of the __________ because he does not own the means of production

Two people on an airplane getting to know one another

Which of the following illustrates a micro-level focus?

qualitative

With __________ research, interpretative description (words) rather than statistics (numbers) are used to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships.

quantitative

With __________ research, the goal is scientific objectivity, and the focus is on data that can be measured numerically.

High

_____-income countries are nations with highly industrialized economies, technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income.

Polyandry

_______ is very rare; when it does occur, it is typically found in societies where men greatly outnumber women because of high rates of female infanticide or where marriages are arranged between two brothers and one woman.

Native Americans

________ are the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the United States in terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and health. They also have high rates of tuberculosis, alcoholism, and suicide.

Sociology

________ is a systematic study because sociologists apply both theoretical perspectives and research methods to examinations of social behavior.

Conflict theorists

__________ analyze power and economic differentials between the dominant groups and subordinate groups in society.

Race

__________ is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.

Racism

__________ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.

Sex

__________ refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.

Ethnicity

__________ refers to the cultural heritage or identity of a group and is based on factors such as language or country of origin.

Subsistence

__________ refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing.

Tracking

__________ refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria.

Global

__________ stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a worldwide basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world.

Functionalist

__________ theorists emphasize the importance of the family in maintaining the stability of society and the well-being of individuals.

Scapegoats

___________ are often used as substitutes for the actual source of the frustration. For example, members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups are often blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession) over which they have no control.

Postindustrial Societies

____________ are societies that are supported by technology. In such societies, the division of labor in paid employment is increasingly based on whether people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast-food restaurant counter help or health care workers.

Class

_____________ a system of social inequality in which status is based on ownership and control of resources and on the type of work that people do.

Conflict

_____________ view the family as a source of social inequality and an arena for conflict.

Postmodernist

______________ view families as being permeable, capable of being diffused or invaded so that the original purpose is modified.

Functionalist

_______________emphasize the importance of the family in maintaining the stability of society and the well-being of individuals.

Caste

_____________a system of social inequality in which status is determined at birth and based of parental lineage and ascribed characteristics.

Symbolic Interactionists

_____________explain family relationships in terms of the subjective meanings and everyday interpretations that people give to their lives.

Functionalists

____________believe sacred beliefs and rituals bind people together and help maintain social control.

Intergenerational mobility

____________the social movement either upward or downward experienced by family members from one generation to the next.

Intragenerational mobility

____________the social movement either upward or downward experienced by themselves within their own lifetime.

Agrarian

___________societies rely on agriculture- farming done by animal-drawn or mechanically powered plows and equipment.

Symbolic Interactionist

__________believe religion may serve as a reference group for many people, but because of race, class, and gender, people may experience it differently.

Ethnicity

______refers to the cultural heritage or identity of a group and is based on factors such as language or country of origin.

Sociology

systematic study of human society and social interaction