Sociology

Sociologist Ann Swidler coined the term expression__________ to refer to human culture or "...symbols, stores, rituals, and world views, which people may use in varying configurations to solve different kinds of problems.

"tool kit"

Tn the "nature versus nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to__________.

heredity

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The ______ is the component of personality that includes all of the individual's basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification.

id

According to Freud, a well-adjusted individual successfully manages the opposing forces of the ____and the __________.

id and superego

A(n)______is a biologically-based behavioral pattern that is common to all members of a species under certain environmental conditions.

instinct

The term____________refers to a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.

language

According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, the ___________ self refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

looking-glass

At the ___________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statues, roles, and norms.

macolevel

______________consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.

material culture

French philosopher Auguste Comte's philosophy, the belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry, became known as________________

positivism

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term________to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

primary group

A(n)_____________is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

reference group

For any particular status, __________refers to how a person actually behaves within their role.

role performance

Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of_________.

secondary groups

The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is_________

significant others

A(n)_____________is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence.

social group

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and military are all examples of_________.

social institutions

The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is____________________

social interaction

Comte believed that societies are made up of __________ or forces for order and stability, as well as social dynamics or forces for social change.

social statics

_______________is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

socialization

Sociologists use the term___________for a large social grouping that occupies the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

society

Sociologist C. Wright Mills coined the term__________imagination for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.

sociological

According to ______________we cannot form a sense of self without intense social interaction with others.

sociologists

A__________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying them.

status

__________refers to the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

Culture

____________ studied suicide in what was probably the first sociological study to use scientific research methods.

Emile Durkheim

Sociologist_____________divided the self into the "I" and "me."

George Herbert Mead

British sociologist____________ translated and condensed Comte's work and was noted for her study of social customs in Great Britain and the United States.

Harriet Martineau

Sociologist Kingsley Davis was interested in the case of Anna, a child who was kept in an attic-like room in her grandfather's house, because_________________

He wanted to know more about what happens when a child is raised in isolation.

Which of these early scientific thinkers first used the phrase "survival of the fittest" to explain his theory of society?

Herbert Spencer

__________refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.

Social Marginality

Sociology is defined as the ___________________.

Systematic study of human society and social interaction.

The first department of sociology in the U.S. was established at___________________.

The University of Chicago

A(n)_____________is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.

aggregate

A(n)________________status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life. Based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

ascribed

A(n)_____________is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender)

category

People do not voluntarily become members of ___________ organizations.

coercive

Psychologist Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the field of ____________ which explores how people's ability to think and process information changes over time.

cognitive development

Members of a country club, sorority or fraternity, or even a group of friends share value and beliefs and have an awareness of those whom they believe are like them. Sociologists term this awareness____________

consciousness of kind

When anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon first confronted the Yanomamö tribe of South America, he became nauseated at the sight of their customs and social environment. This is an example of_____________.

culture shock

__________is the process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized.

discovery

Sociologist Helen Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages, the first of which is __________, in which people experience frustration or burnout when they reflect on their existing roles.

doubt

Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a_______________.

dyad

The cultural heritage or identity of a group, based on factors such as language or country of origin is termed_________.

ethnicity

___________needs are met by opportunities of self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers.

expressive

A______________is a temporary but widely copied activity following enthusiastically by large numbers of people. Most are short-lived novelties.

fad

_____________are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture. They provide rules for conduct but are not considered to be essential to society's survival.

folkways

Ferdinand Tönnies used the term _____________for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

gemeinschaft

Ferdinand Tönnies used the term_________for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on value.

gesellschaft

When studying the problem of suicide, sociologists are most interested in explaining it's________________.

structural origins