Sociology
In general terms, the sociological imagination is a way of thinking that links our _______________________
"personal troubles" to "public issues."
Globally the richest ____ control 50.1% of all the world's wealth
1%
The wealthiest ____ of adults worldwide own about 40% of the Earth's wealth
1%
There are ____ systems of stratification
4
Globally the poorest _____ own only 2.4% of the world's wealth
73%
What did Stanley Milgram's teacher-learner experiment demonstrate?
A substantial number of people will inflict pain on others if ordered to do so by a person in a position of authority.
Often referred to as the "father of sociology"
Auguste Comte
____________ believed positivism could be used to solve social problems.
Auguste Comte
Which sociologist coined the term "the power elite"?
C. Wright Mills
Who was the 20th century sociologist who addressed the concept of The Power Elite as shaping foreign and domestic policy for the benefit of the wealthy and powerful class?
C. Wright Mills
___________ is a theoretical perspective proposing that society is composed of various groups that are competing for power and resources
Conflict Theory
Diana is trying to understand how the general poverty and crime rates of a certain city are related to the choice of individuals of different groups to attend college. Which of the following best describes Diana's approach to understanding this relationship?
Diana is practicing the sociological imagination.
Dr. Patterson expects her students to be on time for class, holds them for the entire class period, and has firm deadlines set for reports and other assignments. Sociologically, which statement BEST describes Dr. Patterson's approach to teaching?
Dr. Patterson has created a strong sense of social structure in her classroom.
The two anthropologists that concluded that language has embedded within it ways of looking at the world were ________.
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf
The French sociologist who was primarily concerned with social order and wrote extensively on social integration as well as suicide was ________.
Emile Durkheim
_________ asserted that the goal of sociology was to discover the 'social facts' that govern society.
Emile Durkheim
The presentation of self in everyday life, also called dramaturgy, was developed by ________.
Erving Goffman
Which sociologist is given credit for coining the concept of the "McDonaldization of Society"?
George Ritzer
_________ compared society to a living organism.
Herbert Spencer
Mead describes the active, creative, and spontaneous part of the self as the ________.
I
The concept of "groupthink" was developed by ________.
Irving Janis
How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?
It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex.
The political theorist and sociologists who believed that all aspects of society rest on the material and economic conditions present.
Karl Marx
__________ looked at sociology not as a way to understand society as a passive observer, but instead as a means to achieve social justice.
Karl Marx
___________ was a sociologist and economist who maintained that society develops through class conflict.
Karl Marx
__________________ concluded that the universality of stratification can be explained by the necessity to motivate the most qualified people to fill the most important and demanding positions in a society.
Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore
___________ are the intended consequences or expectations of social phenomenon and institutions.
Manifest Functions
The sociologist who believed that social class is made up of three components-property, power, and prestige-was ________.
Max weber
The university's administration has increased class size without receiving input from the faculty or considering that some courses need to have low enrollments. In view of this, what is the most probable reaction the professors will take to this latest administrative decision?
More faculty members will feel they have lost ownership of their classes and are just "employees."
What conclusion did psychologists Susan Goldberg and Michael Lewis make after observing the interactions of mothers and their children?
Mothers unconsciously rewarded their daughters for being dependent.
Officer Friel has just pulled over a motorist exceeding the speed limit by 40 miles per hour. When he approached the vehicle, he recognizes the driver as his best friend's daughter. Officer Friel is aware that the young lady has had some money problems and the last thing she can afford is a $200 speeding ticket that will also raise her insurance rates. At this point, which of the following terms BEST describes the position facing Officer Friel?
Officer Friel is experiencing role conflict.
_____________ is the notion that the concept of natural selection can be applied to societies on a grand scale.
Social Darwinism
________ are the social ties that radiate outward from the self and link people together like a spider's web.
Social networks
Which is NOT one of Herbert Blumer's descriptions of symbolic interactionism?
Society is composed of social inequality
Which statement does NOT pertain to the "controversial" nature of sociology?
Sociologists do not use scientific methodology to understand social concepts
Which statement regarding status is MOST accurate?
Status provides the guidelines for how we are to act and feel.
This theory proposes that social interaction leads to the creation of symbolic meanings, which in turn shape individual behaviors.
Symbolic Interactionism
_________________took the work of Durkheim and formulated much of what would become structural-functional theory
Talcott Parsons
The most significant difference between the class system and the systems of slavery and caste is that ___________
The class system has fluid boundaries.
Which is NOT a criticism that Melvin Tumin offered concerning Davis and Moore's ideas about the functionality of social stratification?
The middle class may resent the status quo
If a secondary group does not satisfy one's need for intimate association, which of the following is most likely to occur?
The secondary group will break down into primary groups.
Jane is a 49-year-old woman of Irish-German descent. What do these characteristics have in common?
These are examples of her ascribed statuses.
There are New York Yankee fans in every state in America, throughout Canada, and in nations all over the world. Sociologically, which concept BEST describes these fans?
They are a category.
Leo, Ryan, and Matthew regularly interact with one another and share similar values, norms, and expectations. In view of this, which concept MOST applies to their relationship?
They are a group.
If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. This classic statement is known as the ________.
Thomas theorem
Auguste Comte supported the notion that the social science could work toward the betterment of humanity, such as solving issues in education and poverty, by understanding the laws that governed society.
True
Society is abstract, meaning it is not a tangible and concrete product
True
________________ points out that members of the power elite tend to belong to the same private clubs, vacation at the same resorts, and even hire the same bands for parties
William Domhoff
Which writer is quoted : "Whenever a group has a group purpose that purpose produces group interests, and those interests overrule individual interests in the development of folkways"
William Sumner
What did Karl Marx predict workers would do after continual exploitation by the capitalist ruling class?
Workers would revolt against the bourgeoisie and assume control.
When criticizing Milgram's experiment on small group phenomenon, Kleinfeld made the analogy that "we live in a world that looks a lot like ________."
a bowl of lumpy oatmeal
Fred has just joined a fraternity. As part of his initiation, he has been forced to cook for the fraternity brothers, clean the frat house, and address the fraternity members as "sir." This is an example of ________.
a degradation ceremony
Because of our sense of belonging and loyalty to in-groups, we often judge our own group's traits as virtues, but view the same traits in other groups as vices. This judgment of superiority is an example of ________.
a double standard
Aadesh is a member of India's Brahman caste. What is Aadesh's MOST likely occupation?
a hindu priest
Which of the following groups is LEAST qualified as a social institution?
a neighborhood street gang
Asserts that successful aging requires the elderly to be as active as possible
activity theory
Medieval France is a good example of what type of society?
agrarian
The experience of being cut off from the product of one's labor, which results in a feeling of powerlessness, is called ________.
alienation
Sociologically, what term BEST applies to a group of people who share no common destination taking an elevator from the first floor of a large high rise?
an aggregate
In the bureaucratic structure of a medium-sized university, approximately where would one find the instructor for this course, provided that he or she is NOT the chair of the sociology department?
at or near the bottom of the chart
In ethnomethodology, the ideas we take for granted that underlie our behavior and that we violate at our risk are called ________.
background assumptions
Which of the following represents an achieved status?
being a highschool dropout
Which of the following perspectives is most appropriate for a research sociologist to use?
both macro and microsociology, depending upon the situation
According to Marx, the __________ own the means of production while the ________ depend on wages doing labor for the ruling class.
bourgeoisie, proletariat
Samantha works for an organization that is hierarchical and has a division of labor, written rules, communications, and records. This organization's administration treats workers impersonally. Based on these characteristics, we can conclude that Samantha works for a(n) ________.
bureaucracy
According to Karl Marx, the general transition of a society from an agrarian focus to a _________________focus would lead to a change in peoples' sense of self-worth.
capitalist/industrial
Jane, Mark, Courtney, and Kelly are enrolled in the 8:00 a.m. sociology course at their college. After studying together for the first test, they started sitting together in class and chose to work together on group projects. During spring break, they decided to go on a trip as a group. These four students would be considered members of a(n) ________.
clique
Asserts that successful aging requires a balance of continuity and change
continuity theory
The notion that nonmaterial culture changes slower than material culture is known as _______________
cultural lag
The general beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors that a group of people tend to adhere to is known as_____________
culture
What are/were the three major reasons people might be enslaved?
debt, crime, and war
Process where individuals are stripped of their former identity, stigmatized, and assigned a new identity.
degradation ceremony
Asserts that successful aging involves a mutual withdrawal between the elderly and society
disengagement theory
An approach to social interaction in which social life is analyzed in terms of the stage is called ________.
dramaturgy
Knowledge that comes from or is dependent upon on sensory data is referred to as ________
empirical data
When Harry returned to his home in the U.S. from a business meeting in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, his wife asked him what he thought of the Vietnamese people. Harry replied, "They eat animals from the streets, drive wildly around town on motor scooters, and talk very fast which is clearly not the best way to live". Harry's reply BEST qualifies as an example of ________.
ethnocentrism
___________ is where one group of people move down in social class while another move up.
exchange mobility
Sociologists use the concept of "norms" to describe ________.
expectations that guide behavior in specific settings
According to Marxist theory, the ruling class, known as the proletariat own the means of production, the natural resources used for the production of goods
false
Quantitative research employs methods such as interviews, case studies, and ethnography.
false
Society is not an human product
false
Sociology is the study of human behavior, particularly the genetic and cognitive influences that make up individual behavior
false
The sociological imagination is a way of thinking that links social dynamics and social statics.
false
Validity refers to a study's degree of consistency in measurement.
false
Andrea is an aspiring associate editor for a major publisher. She is a single female but feels married to her work. Last year she received a $20,000 bonus for the excellent work she did in promoting new textbooks published by her employer. Based on this information, Andrea's ascribed status is ________ and her achieved status is ________.
female; associate editor
___________ focuses on gender inequality and patriarchal oppression of women
feminist theory
What two sociological perspectives are most closely linked to macrosociology?
functionalism and the conflict perspective
The perception of one's "maleness" or "femaleness" that is discovered and developed through the process of socialization.
gender
The Smiths are going Christmas shopping for their two children, Dick and Jane. They plan to buy Dick a Tonka truck and Jane a Barbie doll. Their selection of toys for their children is an example of ________ by parents.
gender socialization
Lebron is one of the 6,000 richest people in the world. He is a part of the________.
global superclass
When the former Soviet Union collapsed, NATO forces were no longer needed to protect Europe from a communist invasion. Rather than disband NATO, it was turned into a "rapid response force" to fight terrorism. Sociologists would call this shift in focus an example of ________.
goal displacement
In Professor Jones's social problems course, the students interact freely with one another, think of themselves as "Dr. J's class," and feel they are significant because of their mutual interest in social reform. Which concept BEST describes Dr. Jones's class?
group
In group decision making, a form of tunnel vision that develops in which there is only one "right" viewpoint and suggested alternatives are perceived as signs of disloyalty is called ________.
groupthink
In the context of dramaturgy, impression management deals with ____________.
how we want others to perceive us
George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role of the other entails three stages-the ________, _______, and _______ stages.
imitation; play; team games
The _______________ promoted the concept of adolescence as a distinct developmental stage
industrial revolution
Which of the following is not a type of society?
innovational
________ is where social class changes within a family from one generation to the next
intergenerational mobility
Proposed that the economic structure is the foundation of the "social conscience"-
karl Marx
According to _______________, socialism, a classless society where everyone would have all things equal, would eventually replace the capitalist system
karl marx
Anthropologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf concluded that ________.
language creates ways of thinking and perceiving
Unintended or unrecognized consequences of social institutions, such as elementary schools serving as child care facilities, are referred to as ________.
latent functions
A focus on the broad features of society to analyze such things as social class and how groups relate to one another is called ________.
macrosociology
Universities are expected to prepare students for professional careers or to provide them the skills necessary for the pursuit of graduate degrees. Such expectations are considered as ________ of the university.
manifest functions
Sociologist Judith Kleinfeld felt Milgram "stacked the deck" in his "small world phenomenon" experiment because ________.
many of his targets and starters shared a common interest
An example of a social construct is ___________________.
marriage
A status that has exceptional importance in a person's life, and greatly effects his or her other social statuses is _______________
mastor status
Architecture, art, hairstyles, and clothing each represent examples of ________.
material culture
The two types of social solidarity as proposed by Emile Durkheim are _____
mechanical and organic
To analyze how gang members of the Hollar Hellions of Statesville dress to differentiate themselves from rival gangs like the Amandical Panzies of Troutman would be an example of _________ analysis, whereas to analyze how gangs in general, in the larger society of the U.S., are influenced by media exposure would be an example of ________ analysis.
micro level; macro level
The focus on day-to-day interactions of individuals and groups in specific social situations used in symbolic interactionism is referred to as ________.
microlevel analysis
In Mead's theory of role taking, imitation requires __________
mimicking others
Which of the following characteristics is MOST associated with the class system?
movement up and down the class ladder
In the 1960s, the U.S. government began to define the poverty line as spending more than ___________of your total pre-tax cash income on minimum food necessities
o
Jill is trying to study the habits and norms of homeless persons without letting her personal bias and prejudice influence her understanding. Jill is trying to be __________
objective
In the United Kingdom, what percentage of the population makes up the elite upper class?
one percent
Kody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Kody feels very antagonistic towards the Bloods and the Slaves. For Kody, these two rival gangs would be considered ________.
out-groups
Many of the Bedouin tribes of West Africa are an example of what type of society?
pastoral
Which is NOT a reason for the "graying of America"
people demand self-gratification
Receiving the Medal of Honor and making the Dean's List are both examples of ________.
positive sanctions
These types of societies rely not only on machinery and the production of goods but also on the selling of services and knowledge.
post industrial
The ability to control others, even against their will is known as _______________
power
In communist nations such as China, Cuba, and Vietnam, the primary determinant of social stratification is _____________, whereas in capitalist nations such as the United States ________ plays a larger role
power, wealth
the respect and admiration afforded to an individual due to a socially valued personal achievement, quality, or status is known as ________
prestige
A group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation is referred to as a ________.
primary group
Of the following groups, the ________ plays the MOST significant role in the development of the self.
primary group
Jack is conducting a laboratory experiment concerning the influence of "violent" video games on the expression of political opinions of college students. Jack is employing _______________
quantitative research
For many college professors, their own teachers served as role models. Joe Biker looked up to older gang members as his idols. In both cases, former teachers and older gang members qualify as being ________.
reference groups
For many college professors, their own teachers served as role models. Kody Scott looked up to older gang members as his idols. In both cases, former teachers and older gang members qualify as being ________.
reference groups
Tom works as an agent for a large insurance company. At his work station, he has taped pictures of his wife and granddaughter and of last year's Caribbean vacation. Sociologists would see these pictures as an attempt by Tom to ________.
resist alienation
Patti and her colleagues often gather in the employee lunch room to talk about their families. This is an example of __________.
resisting alienation
When young people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ________.
resocialization
__________ is learning a different set of norms, attitudes, values, beliefs, and/or behaviors.
resocialization
Anthony always arrives to class on time, answers questions in class, does his homework on time, and receives excellent grades. All of this is part of his ________ as a good student.
role performance
Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupant of a status are called ________.
roles
Which phrase is basically synonymous with the research Stanley Milgram conducted on "the small world phenomenon"?
six degrees of separation
Which phrase became synonymous with the research Stanley Milgram conducted on "the small world phenomenon"?
six dre
Which is NOT one of the five castes in India?
slave
The organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs are referred to as ________.
social institutions
The extent to which a person can move to a more- or less-privileged category on the social stratification system is known as _______
social mobility
__________________ refers to the division of people into categories based on their relative power, wealth, and prestige.
social stratification
The normative relationships and patterns of interaction that guide group behavior in particular settings is known as ______
social structure
The typical patterns of a group, such as its usual relationships between men and women or students and teachers, are referred to as ________.
social structure
What term applies to the stages that people pass through from birth to death, beginning with "childhood" and concluding with "the older years"?
socialization through the life course
Durkheim linked the lack of social interaction and suicide to ________.
societal disintegration
The culture and institutions formed to guide and represent the social interrelations of a group of people is referred to as ________.
society
A ranking of social class that combines income, occupational prestige, level of education, and neighborhood in an attempt to assess people's positions in the social stratification system is known as ______________
socioeconomic status
Milgram's experiment involving the "small world phenomenon" utilized two groups. He referred to these two groups as the ________ and the ________.
starters; targets
Because of his incredibly accelerated study program, Professor Jack has the unique privilege of being a 17-year-old university professor. Sociologically, this is an example of ________.
status inconsistency
Bumper stickers such as "Proud Parent of an Honor Student" and "Warning: This Driver Convicted of DUI" are BEST described as being ________.
status symbol
Signs that identify a position in society that someone occupies are referred to as ________.
status symbols
The idea that society's social institutions are interrelated and dependent upon one another to ensure society's survival and stability is primarily supported with which sociological perspective?
structural functionalism
Which two sociological perspectives rely on macrolevel analysis?
structural functionalism and the conflict perspective
________________ focus on how social structures function to benefit society.
structural functionalists
__________________ is where large numbers of people within a society change their social class due to social changes.
structural mobility
In which of the following areas might slavery MOST likely exist?
sub-Sahara Africa and central Asia
Dramaturgical analysis and the labeling approach are most aligned with which sociological perspective?
symbolic interactionism
George Herbert Mead's role taking theory and Charles Horton Cooley's looking glass self theory fall within which sociological perspective?
symbolic interactionism
Which sociological perspective is most closely linked to microsociology?
symbolic interactionism
Social mobility is most appropriately associated to ________.
the ability to change one's social position concerning wealth, prestige and power
The belief by many Americans that they actually contribute to major governmental decisions through the power of their vote is referred to by Hellinger and Judd as ________.
the democratic facade
The idea that American citizens may not have as much power as they are inclined to believe they have ( concerning voting) is known as __________
the democratic facade
Gender role socialization typically begins with __________
the family
The increased likelihood of women experiencing poverty than men is referred to as __________________
the feminization of poverty
According to C. Wright Mills, ____________ is a small alliance of government, military, and corporate officials who control American wealth and policy
the power elite
C. Wright Mills described ____________ as "the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society."
the sociological imagination
Which phrase BEST describes primary groups as Charles Cooley envisioned them?
the springs of life
The McDonaldization of society refers to ________.
the standardization of everyday life
When used by sociologists, the term "wealth" refers to ________.
the value of a person's property minus that person's debt
An experiment is conducted that proposes that people are more likely to obey those dressed 'professionally' (than those dressed otherwise). In this experiment, the way one dresses causes another to obey their commands. What is the independent variable?
the way one dresses
John joined the military this year. When he arrived at boot camp he was immediately greeted with a degradation ceremony and came under total control of the officials. The military is an example of a(n) ________.
total institution
Places where people are separated from the rest of society and are under almost total control of the officials running the institution
total institutions
Conflict theory focuses on social inequality
true
Experiments are carried out to determine cause-and-effect relationships pertaining to subjects and variables.
true
For every scientific study conducted, there must at least be a conceivable means—scientifically—to prove that study false.
true
George Mead and Erving Goffman are best known for introducing and advancing the principles of the symbolic interactionist perspective of sociology.
true
Herbert Spencer was the social thinker to use the term "survival of the fittest" to propose a species' survivability is linked to its ability to adapt to changing conditions.
true
Labels are used in society to guide social interaction with others, but individuals also often behave according to the labels given to them.
true
Social constructionism proposes that reality is what humans perceive and make it to be.
true
Based on the Marxist orientation of conflict sociologists, how many distinct social classes exist?
two
Karl Marx believed that all capitalist societies would eventually transition or "evolve" into ________ societies.
utopian
Chuck is concerned about whether his research "accurately" measures the influence of poverty on educational obtainment. Chuck is concerned about the ________ of his research.
validity
The difference between status and role is that ________.
we occupy a status that is a social position, but a role is the social expectation and behavior
the total value of one's property and money, minus one's debt is known as _____
wealth