Sociology Ch. 1-7 Questions

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52. Members of a counterculture a. share many elements of the dominant culture and exist within it. b. conform to most of the standards of the dominant culture. c. reject the dominant cultural values of a society. d. Seek to redefine the dominant culture.

104. Conflict theory emphasizes a. a person or group's ability to exercise influence and control over others. b. the significance of consensus in maintaining social order. c. the benefits of dysfunctions that cause social change. d. the significance of face-to-face interactions.

17. Sociologists have found that primary groups a. fulfill a person's expressive needs. b. generally only meet a person's instrumental needs. c. tend to be larger than secondary groups. d. are less significant than secondary groups

34. _______ suicide occurs when the disintegrating forces in the society make individuals feel lost or alone. a. Anomic b. Altruistic c. Egoistic d. Situational

35. If research clearly established that "study time determines the grades that a student earns," grades are the _______ variable. a. dependent b. independent c. control d. intervening

39. According to research, which of the following is most likely to lead to getting a job? a. using a personal network b. applying through a job listing online c. answering a help wanted ad d. using a placement agencies

53. Which of the following is an example of a counterculture? a. white supremacist b. feminist c. Irish Americans d. Anglo Americans

86. In Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam argues that there has been a decline in civic engagement resulting in a. a decline in shared values and an increase in social disorder. b. economic hardship for many voluntary organizations. c. a lack of socialization opportunities for children. d. more demands for social welfare programs from the government.

102. Critics of functionalism argue that it: a. fails to emphasize the fact that society's component parts work together as a whole system b. places too much emphasis on social stability, and overlooks the roles of power and conflict in society c. is too microsociological in its approach d. all of the above

30. Which of these statements about variables is true? a. A variable must always be very concrete and straightforward. b. A variable must always be as abstract as possible. c. Research is often designed to discover how variables influence each other. d. Only two variables may be included in any particular study.

3. Which of the following is an example of non-material culture? a. a painting b. a fashion magazine c. a building d. table manners

14. Which of the following is true about the meanings of symbols? a. They depend on the culture in which they appear. b. They have no influence on human behavior. c. They are inherent in the symbol itself. d. They are always the same, regardless of the context in which they exist.

15. Social institutions a. cannot be observed directly. b. are only found in large societies. c. do not serve any particular function in society. d. are rare in our society.

20. Primary groups provide for an individual's _______ needs; secondary groups provide for an individual's _______ needs. a. expressive; instrumental b. instrumental; psychological c. instrumental; expressive d. socioemotional; expressive

24. Why are norms such an important element of culture? a. Without norms society would be chaotic. b. People cannot survive without norms. c. Norms are the way that people communicate with each other. d. Norms are the basis for the formal education system.

41. When women are meticulous and aggressive they often are seen as _______ . a. pushy and bitchy b. as powerful as men c. good leaders d. thorough

64. Your age and race are examples of a. ascribed statuses. b. achieved statuses. c. assumed statuses. d. acquired statuses.

33. The theoretical approach that is based on the idea you can discover the normal social order through disrupting it is referred to as _______ . a. dramaturgy b. ethnomethodology c. exchange theory d. impression management

62. A medical doctor and a judge are examples of _______ . a. ascribed statuses b. achieved statuses c. assumed statuses d. acquired statuses

71. When the roles in one's role set clash with one another, the result is role _______ . a. inconsistency b. conflict c. strain d. breakdown

30. According to the text sports is a good example of the power of socialization _______ . a. in organized settings b. in areas of social control c. in our everyday lives d. in formal organizations

66. According to _______ people behave as they do because of the meanings that they give to different situations. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social control theory

69. When group differences are created by the social structure of society, sociologists refer to this as _______ . a. social institutions b. critical distance c. diversity d. in-groups and out-groups

106. Sociologists have studied conversion as a form of resocialization. Some sociologists object to the use of the term "brainwashing" when discussing conversion. Which of the following is not a reason why? a. In the process of conversion new converts do not necessarily drop their former identities. b. People who are socially isolated or alienated may be attracted to cults, for example, voluntarily. c. Even within cult-like settings socialization is an interactive process. d. "Brainwashing" has a negative connotation.

20. Which of the following is not a criticism of functionalism? a. Functionalism is inherently conservative, given its emphasis on stability. b. Functionalism understates the roles of power and conflict in society. c. Functionalism states that inequality is necessary for the equitable distribution of societal resources. d. Functionalism overstates the role of individual behavior in social change.

48. Puerto Ricans in New York and the Amish are examples of _______ . a. subcultures b. minority cultures c. majority groups d. counter cultures

7. When a student violates customary norms, s/he is engaging in _______ . a. informal deviance b. formal deviance c. labeling d. mental illness

100. Graduation ceremonies, weddings, and bar mitzvahs are all examples of _______ . a. rites of transference b. rites of passage c. rites of separation d. rites of incorporation

22. Sociologists use the term instrumental needs to refer to the _______ of a person. a. emotional and intimate needs b. socio-biological needs c. task-oriented needs d. formative needs

29. The strictest norms in any society are called _______ . a. folkways b. mores c. taboos d. laws

8. Nonmaterial culture consists of which of the following? a. media. b. art. c. ideas. d. cars.

66. Which of the following media sources dominates most Americans' leisure time? a. newspaper b. books c. music d. television

23. Which of these is not generally viewed as a consequence of socialization? a. People have the capacity for seeing oneself through the perspective of another. b. People have the ability to understand the ways in which they are socialized. c. People have a tendency to act in socially acceptable ways. d. People are bearers of culture.

36. According to many, the actions of the hijackers involved in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks are an example of _______ . a. anomic suicide b. altruistic suicide c. egoistic suicide d. situational suicide

101. The theory of organization that sees participation in an organization as a means of self-actualization is a type of _______ . a. functionalist theory b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

102. What research method would be most appropriate for a study of cultural changes over long periods of time? a. participant observation b. survey c. content analysis d. experiment

103. Racial minorities account for more than _______ of male prisons in the United States. a. one-quarter b. one-third c. one-half d. two-thirds

31. Which of the following is true about peers as agents of socialization? a. Peer cultures for young people often take the form of cliques or friendship circles. b. Peers are much less important than other agents of socialization. c. Peer culture is more important for adults than it is for adolescents. d. Peer culture is limited to the teen years.

102. The fact that women and minorities, as well as members of lower social classes, are not treated equally within bureaucracies is focus of _______ . a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

71. Which of the following is not an example of a coercive organization? a. prison b. mental hospital c. church d. juvenile detention center

5. Through the process of socialization we do all of the following, except a. learn the customs, habits, and practices of one's society. b. develop our identity. c. form our individual personality. d. experience diversity.

48. Marx used the term _______ for those people in society who are discarded by society and _______ for those in the working class. a. Proletariat; bourgeoisie b. lumpenproletariat; proletariat c. bourgeoisie; petty bourgeoisie d. petty bourgeoisie; lumpenproletariat

23. According to Durkheim, during an economic crisis: a. people will blame others for taking their jobs. b. inequality will cause the rich to gain. c. people will blame individuals, not the system, for failure. d. none of the above.

65. Peter Berger called the process whereby sociologists question actions and ideas that are usually taken for granted _______ . a. "unveiling" b. "verstehen" c. "objectification" d. "debunking"

16. From a sociological standpoint, the situation of the rugby team stranded for months in the Andes demonstrates that eating human flesh a. is immoral and irrational. b. stems from a psychological disordered behavior. c. may be a rational response to a difficult situation. d. is normal.

22. Society is a network of: a. roles. b. statuses. c. social structures. d. divisions of labor.

44. Sociologists theorize that rampage shootings are best understood as _______ . a. caused by socialization b. caused by psychological predispositions c. the combinations of personality and social structural variables d. reactions to gun control

53. When one part of society is not working, it affects the rest of society and causes social problems. This statement reflects the _______ approach. a. conflict b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. microsociological

57. Which of these is an example of secondary data? a. the results of a researcher's questionnaire b. information on the population from the Census Bureau c. the results of a one's sociological telephone survey d. data gathered from doing participant observation

72. Cultural hegemony is the term for a. the commercialization of the media. b. the excessive influence of one culture in society. c. the resistance of localized cultures to the dominant culture. d. phenomena such as the struggle between "McWorld vs. Jihad."

105. _______ is a far-reaching transformation of identity. a. Resocialization b. Religion c. Hazing d. A conversion

58. The established position that one occupies within a social structure and that carries with it a degree of prestige is called a(n) _______ . a. status b. occupation c. role d. role set

40. Which of these types of society has the greatest amount of social differentiation? a. foraging b. pastoral c. agricultural d. horticultural

63. A weakness of conflict theory is its failure to recognize a. the significance of power in group relationships. b. how the injustices of society produce crime. c. that laws protect most people, not just the affluent. d. the origins of crime

63. Deindividuation refers to a. the inability of a person to think for themselves. b. the willingness of a person to take the blame for the entire group. c. the sense of merging with the group so that blame will be shared, not directed toward any individual. d. a sense of normlessness.

71. During the game stage of socialization children begin to learn a. how to follow directions given by others. b. that they are not always the center of everyone's attention. c. they are part of a complex system of relationships. d. to imitate the behavior of significant others.

35. Through ethnomethodological research sociologists have learned all of the following, except a. most of the time, specific sanctions are not necessary to achieve conformity. b. society exists because people behave as if there is no other way to do so. c. when norms are violated, their existence becomes apparent. d. social norms are least important among children than adults.

40. When variables are used in a research project in order to measure an abstract concept, these variables are called _______ . a. dependent b. independent c. intervening d. indicators

44. Which type of society may include a system of slavery? a. foraging b. industrial c. horticultural d. agricultural

53. Which theory of socialization does John reflect if he believes he is doing what society expects in terms of choosing a career? a. Conflict b. Symbolic Interactionism c. Social learning d. Functionalism

65. Television is so everpresent in people's lives that today about _______ of U.S. households are "constant television households" in which the television is on almost all of the time. a. 2 percent b. 12 percent c. 24 percent d. 42 percent

68. Which of the following is likely not an example of one's master status? a. age b. race c. gender d. height

75. Content analyses of media demonstrate that there are patterns for how race, gender and social class are presented. For example, research on the content of television reveals that a. during prime time the majority of television characters are women. b. Hispanics have caught up with whites and are now equally well-represented on television. c. more women are shown in professional roles, and beauty has become much less important. d. racial and gender stereotypes continue to dominate on television.

75. If the research conclusions may be generalized to a broader population, what does that mean? a. Every member of the population has the same characteristics. b. The findings match theoretical findings. c. The research findings have direct application to policy. d. The findings from the sample can be applied to the population.

1. A researcher who lives among the homeless in an effort to understand their norms is an example of: a. participant observation b. content analysis c. unobtrusive observation d. survey research

10. Regardless of where it is found in the world, culture a. is shared. b. is genetic. c. is often questioned by those who take part in it. d. is the same everywhere at all times.

15. W.E.B. DuBois was most interested in which of the following? a. social justice b. empiricism c. discovering the laws of society d. social stability

18. If Bobby joins a gang, he is joining a _______ . a. primary group b. secondary group c. dyad d. triad

51. Which theory of socialization sees identity as a product of different opportunities? a. Conflict b. Functionalism c. Symbolic interactionism d. Social learning

6. Marcus and Taylor have learned their expected behaviors so well that they no longer question them. This is an example of _______ . a. internalization b. socialization c. role confusion d. conformity

60. Applying the _______ means that one has the ability to see the societal patterns that influence individual and group life. a. sociological perspective b. sociological ideal c. sociological philosophy d. sociological context

60. Professor Porter is interested in studying how students interact with faculty on her campus. All the students at her college represents the _______ in her study. a. population b. sample c. case study d. experimental group

78. The return rate for a survey is a. the percentage of those distributed that are completed and returned. b. what the total costs of conducting the survey are. c. the amount of good data that the researcher can take from each survey returned. d. the number of surveys returned but not completed.

83. Socialization during childhood is often a. direct. b. extreme. c. subtle. d. accidental.

90. The benefit of participant observation is that it a. adds personal experience to objective knowledge from other sources. b. takes much less time than other research methods. c. is easier than other methods to generalize to a broader population. d. clearly establishes cause and effect.

108. The social exchange model states that our interactions are influenced by the rewards and punishments that we receive from others. The social rewards that influence our behavior a. must be tangible, such as gifts or recognition. b. may be subtle everyday gesture such as nods or smiles. c. must be known in advance of the interaction. d. are influential even if they are outweighed by punishments.

22. The sociological perspective focused on the positive role of social change is _______ . a. functionalism. b. conflict. c. symbolic interactionism. d. none of the above

28. Durkheim argued that complex societies are held together by the systematic interrelatedness of different tasks. He used the term _______ to refer to this interrelatedness. a. bureaucracy b. the division of labor c. social superstructure d. social infrastructure

28. Functionalist theories of deviance a. fear that deviance creates the breakdown of society. b. view deviance as necessary in order to clarify what the norms of society are. c. believe that punishment of deviance is dysfunctional because it prevents the deviance that is so necessary for society. d. assume that norms are largely meaningless.

31. To study human behavior, sociologists use _______ . a. debunked myths b. empirical analysis c. media d. common sense

33. The variable that is presumed to have an effect on or cause something else is called the _______ variable. a. dependent b. independent c. intervening d. test

47. Whether or not a measurement gives the same results when it is repeated under the same conditions is an indication of the measurement's _______ . a. validity b. reliability c. certainty d. replicability

67. What were the results of the media blackout experiment that your text author, Anderson, did with her students? a. Students were able to live without their cell phones, but not without television. b. Students reported feeling alienated, isolated, and detached. c. Students noted that they could not study at all if they did not have background music. d. Most students found the experiment much easier than they had expected.

69. The process by which sociologists review the collected data to discover the patterns and uniformities that the data reveal is called _______ . a. sampling b. data analysis c. hypothesis testing d. generalization

69. What is the original source of symbolic interactionist theories of deviance? a. the Industrial Revolution b. the perspective of the Chicago School c. the work of Karl Marx d. the ideas of Emile Durkheim

71. Researchers use the term "serendipity" to refer to a. unexpected grant money. b. findings that are unexpectedly found while analyzing the date for other findings. c. any findings from their research that seem conclusive. d. conclusions that support their hypothesis.

75. Sociologists believe that socialization a. happens in the same way for all members of society. b. is not uniform; no two people have exactly the same experience. c. has a biological basis and so the social context places only a very small role in it. d. encourages conformity over individual identity.

76. Which of the following is false in regards to social interaction? a. Everyday behaviors are shaped by society. b. Most behaviors are inherently positive or negative, regardless of the situation is. c. The cultural context is important in determining the meaning of a behavior. d. An action that is positive in one culture may be negative in another.

78. The reflection hypothesis contends that a. media organizations create popular values. b. the mass media reflects the values of the general population. c. non-material culture shapes material culture. d. the media try to appeal to the rich and powerful.

82. Proxemic communication refers to: a. how individuals use nonverbal cues. b. the amount of space between interacting individuals. c. an individual's personal bubble. d. the gender difference in nonverbal communication.

85. Participant observation is sometimes also referred to as _______ . a. survey research b. field research c. secondary analysis d. controlled analysis

86. Research on interpersonal attraction and the formation of pairs indicates that a. affiliation and interpersonal attraction are really the same thing. b. attraction can be scientifically predicted. c. love is a matter of the heart and cannot be predicted. d. there is no pattern to whom we find attractive.

86. The strength of labeling theory is that it a. recognizes the nature of a shared value system in society. b. acknowledges that the judgments people make about deviance have powerful effects. c. emphasizes economic inequality as the primary source of deviance. d. explains why deviant behavior occurs.

105. What is the pattern of race in prosecution and sentencing for crimes? a. Members of minority groups tend to have greater access to plea bargaining. b. Defendants of minority status and White defendants have about the same rates of conviction. c. African American and Hispanic defendants receive longer sentences than White defendants, regardless of background. d. Although African Americans and Hispanics are more likely to receive the death penalty, they are also most likely to be pardoned.

106. Which of the following is not one of the arguments of conflict theory? a. inequality exists because those with wealth work to defend their advantages b. society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources c. social order is maintained by consensus and interdependence d. the dominant groups shape the beliefs of others through control of public information

19. The _______ is the overall logic of the research project, included what observational method will be used. a. review of the literature b. causal logic of the project c. research design d. sociological analysis

20. Today, almost all sociologists would agree that a. language determines what people think. b. culture determines language. c. language and culture are inextricably linked and each shapes the other. d. there is no relationship between language and culture.

24. According to research presented in the text, males are more likely to rate themselves _______ than females. a. more cooperative b. more spiritual c. more self-confident d. better writers

26. How are most hypotheses stated or formulated? a. as an outline of steps that will take place b. as a list of possible outcomes c. as if-then statements d. as a logical argument with evidence presented

39. Preindustrial societies are those that a. do not raise any crops. b. only forage for food. c. work directly with the land. d. no longer manufacture; they produce information.

40. Psychoanalytic theories of socialization are based on the work of Sigmund Freud, whose theoretical contribution related to socialization is a. the looking glass self. b. the I and the Me. c. the idea that the subconscious mind shapes human behavior. d. the need for psychoanalysis for everyone to discover their true self.

40. The statement that there is "strength in weak ties" refers to the fact that a. members of a secondary group can still be emotionally supportive. b. even a dysfunctional family may be useful at times. c. one doesn't have to know a lot of people in a network in order for it to be useful. d. sometimes the friend you are the least close to is the most helpful.

48. The central feature social learning theory is that a. learning is simple. b. individuals are resistant to learning. c. learning and imagination are both important. d. children can progress through separate stages simultaneously

61. Sociologists using a symbolic interaction perspective argue that a physical disability can become _______ . In this case society devalues the status. a. formal deviance b. informal deviance c. a stigma d. a crime

82. In their research on the American prison system, Bruce Western and Jeffrey Reiman argue that the prison system is designed to a. train and socialize prisoners into a career of secondary deviance. b. help prisoners repay their debt to society. c. give prisoners marketable skills that will keep them from returning to prison. d. make prisoners more respectable.

83. The classic analysis of the Protestant work ethic and the emergence of capitalism was conducted by _______ . a. Emile Durkheim b. Pierre Bourdieu c. Max Weber d. Robert Putnam

18. Which of the following is not a function of social institutions? a. the socialization of new members of the society b. providing members a sense of purpose c. replacement of society's members d. supporting members economically

29. An out-group is all of these except: a. created by the existence of an in-group. b. the opposite of an in-group. c. is an attribute of society d. is always a secondary group.

29. "Individuals are subordinated to society." This statement best represents which theoretical perspective? a. Conflict theory b. Feminism c. Functionalism d. Symbolic interactionism

27. Contemporary feminist scholarship has produced which of the following? a. gender conflict between men and women b. vital knowledge about women c. conflict between workers and employers d. all of the above

47. According to the text, Durkheim's major contribution to the discipline of sociology was the understanding of a. the effects of capitalism on society. b. the social basis of human behavior. c. the relationship that exists between man and nature. d. the effect of verstehen on our conception of reality.

58. The fundamental principle or lesson of sociology is that a. it is not possible to truly understand human behavior. b. the social context shapes what people do and think. c. it is easiest to study the most extreme and unusual behavior. d. sociology just restates the obvious in empirical ways.

7. According to _______ , scientific observation is viewed as the highest form of knowledge. a. sociology b. positivism c. functionalism d. sui generis

70. Within sociology, the concept of diversity a. applies only to different cultural orientations. b. encompasses a global perspective. c. is focused exclusively on different groups within the U.S. d. is not considered one of the most important concepts for study.

38. What role do sociologists play while conducting their research on society? a. Sociologists are usually strangers to the practices they study. b. Sociologists must avoid studying aspects of society that they have a personal interest in. c. Sociologists achieve critical distance through their willingness to question the forces that shape behavior. d. Most sociologists are primarily academics and typically study only areas within the academy.

64. The goal of the sociologists is to study controversial topics with an open mind, even if this results in the discovery of "inconvenient" or disturbing information. An example of an inconvenient fact presented in the text is that a. same-sex couples are more likely to be interracial than heterosexual couples. b. the number of women prisoners is increasing at almost twice the rate for men. c. a majority of women in prison are mothers. d. all of these are inconvenient facts presented in the text

67. George Simmel was particularly interested in the role of "strangers" in social groups. According to Simmel, strangers have a unique perspective because while they are part of the group they also have _______ . a. their own emotional responses b. debunking c. critical distance d. functionalism

9. Which of the following social theorists coined the term sui generis? a. Marx b. Weber c. Durkheim d. Comte

12. Which sociologist was a leader in the settlement house movement? a. Max Weber b. Jane Addams c. Ida B. Wells d. Karl Marx

92. When a researcher engaged in participant observation loses objectivity by becoming so involved that he or she is not longer an observer, this is referred to as _______ . a. losing touch with reality b. going overboard c. going native d. losing one's identity

93. Controlled experiments are highly focused ways of collecting data and are especially useful for determining _______ . a. respondent opinions b. qualitative information c. cause and effect d. subjective understandings

1. Sociology is defined as _______ . a. the study of past societies b. the study of individuals and their personalities c. the study of past cultures d. the study of human behavior in society

54. How do functionalists view disorganization within society? a. They believe it must result in change to re-establish equilibrium in society. b. They view disorganization as functional for society. c. They believe that disorganization in one part of society will affect only those directly involved. d. They believe that change is for the worse, stemming from instability.

9. How do sociologists view the value of culture for the individual? a. A person must learn culture in order to know how to behave in their society. b. Having culture gives a person higher status than other people. c. The more culture one has, the more income one will earn. d. None of these; culture is not of particular importance for humans.

9. Reasoning that begins with specific observations about which one draws conclusions is called _______ . a. inductive reasoning b. deductive reasoning c. conceptual reasoning d. applied reasoning

9. The sociologist who introduced the concept of primary groups is _______ . a. Charles Horton Cooley b. George Herbert Mead c. Georg Simmel d. Charles Page

35. Durkheim referred to suicide associated with excessive regulation of individuals by social forces as _______ . a. anomic suicide b. altruistic suicide c. egoistic suicide d. situational suicide

36. What is the term for an abstract characteristic that cannot be directly observed, but that can potentially be measured? a. variable b. concept c. hypothesis d. indicator

82. Which of the following statements about Marx is true? a. Marx focused more on individuals than social structure in his analysis of society. b. Marx considered all of society to be shaped by economic forces. c. A limitation of Marx's work was his failure to recognize the effects of class on social behavior. d. Marx's evolutionary concept of societal development and change is almost identical to that of Durkheim's.

87. Molly wants to be a nurse. During college she volunteers at the local hospital. This is an example of: a. resocialization. b. anticipatory socialization. c. adolescent socialization. d. medical socialization.

10. The study of date rape has found that a. attitudes toward date or acquaintance rape have been stable over many decades. b. most students agree that date rape is the perpetrator's fault no matter how the victim dresses or behaves. c. people with the most traditional attitudes toward gender roles are more likely to excuse a man's behavior if he is accused of date rape. d. nearly all victims of rape come file charges against their assailant.

105. According to conflict theorists, social order in society is maintained by a. a shared system of beliefs. b. a shared system of values. c. domination by the powerful. d. social consensus.

11. Cooley originally used the term primary for some groups because a. they are the only groups that matter to individuals. b. they are the occupational groups without which we would not make a living. c. they are the first groups we are part of as children. d. they are the easiest groups for sociologists to recognize.

110. "Society is socially constructed through human interpretation." This statement is most closely associated with: a. conflict theory b. functionalism c. social interaction d. social exchange

13. Most sociologists would probably agree that in the nature-nurture debate, a. nature is more important than nurture in the development of humanness. b. for some people biology seems to be the more important influence; for others social interaction is more important. c. human development is the result of the interaction of natural and social influences. d. nurture seems to be the ultimate determinant of human nature.

27. Which of the following statements about hypothesis testing is true? a. all sociological research follows the model of hypothesis b. a hypothesis is a demonstration of fact c. a hypothesis may be either accepted or rejected d. only qualitative studies use hypotheses

32. Which of the following reflects a gemeinschaft society? a. Strangers on a street corner. b. Individuals talking in a cubicle in a large corporation. c. A small community's tomato festival. d. A large city park.

62. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, the key to the development of self is _______ . a. our instinctual drives b. reflection and interpretation c. childhood relations with the same-sex parent d. the effect of the division of labor on identity formation

66. The sociologist who argued that self-awareness develops as we see ourselves from the point of view of others is a. Carol Gilligan. b. George Herbert Mead. c. Sigmund Freud. d. Jean Piaget.

37. The text includes a discussion of the practice of footbinding in China in order to demonstrate that all of the following, except a. it is easier to debunk knowledge of another's culture than of one's own. b. behavior that is taken for granted in one society may be viewed as bizarre from the perspective of another society. c. sociological debunking may question practices that are otherwise taken for granted. d. sociologists rely on empirical evidence to support conclusions.

39. Which of these do not sociologists consider part of the concept of diversity? a. studying group differences in opportunities within society b. the process of social change c. the formation of group identity d. the allocation of resources

95. Theoretical frameworks that strive to understand society as a whole are called _______ . a. macrosociology b. microsociology c. theories of the middle range d. universalistic sociology

71. According to Sutherland's differential association theory, people become criminals when they a. are more strongly socialized to break the law than to obey it. b. are genetically predisposed to deviate. c. lack the socially approved means to realize socially established goals. d. lack the proper attachment to others.

73. Differential association theory explains deviance by a. emphasizing how deviance is culturally transmitted. b. focusing on who has the power to label behavior deviant. c. reference to societal goals and the means of achieving them. d. noting that some people have more power than others to define what is considered deviant.

74. A condition wherein a single role brings conflicting expectations is called role _______ . a. strain b. breakdown c. conflict d. confusion

27. The text presents the example of the difference in how American and Japanese mothers talk to their children in order to demonstrate that a. socialization practices reflect what is important in a particular culture. b. not all cultures practice socialization in the home. c. patterns of socialization are the same throughout the world. d. there is little difference in how U.S. and Japanese mothers talk to their children.

73. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild's concept of "the second shift" is discussed in the text as an example of _______ . a. a role set b. role conflict c. role strain d. taking the role of the other

1. Which of the following is not part of the definition of culture? a. language b. beliefs c. behavior d. These are all parts of the definition of culture.

107. A criticism of _______ is that it understates the cohesion and stability found in society. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. exchange theory

109. Only after an experiment is completed are the research subjects told what the purpose of the experiment is. When they are it is called _______ . a. clarifying b. debriefing c. an exit interview d. making a deposition

12. Sociologists investigating social organization find that a. it is most common in industrial societies. b. it brings predictability to human behavior. c. it only applies to very large organizations. d. it is only apparent to researchers.

24. In answer to the question, "What holds society together?" Durkheim answered: a. division of labor. b. collective consciousness. c. social structure. d. social interaction.

25. Smoking as deviant emerged due to what social reality? a. informal deviance b. social movements c. labeling d. fashion

87. The primary weakness of labeling theory is a. that if overemphasizes social attachment. b. its disregard for the role of those with power in creating deviance. c. it does not explain the reasons for the behavior that comes to be labeled as deviant. d. it overstates the subjective nature of identifying deviance.

87. The tragic cases of the Challenger and the Colombia are used to illustrate the point that a. people need to be more responsible in their jobs. b. the informal network does not always have a positive effect. c. rigid conformity within an organization can be very dangerous. d. failure to follow the chain of command may end in tragedy.

90. The concept of "McDonaldization" refers to a. the increasing number of franchises among U.S. businesses. b. Americans' desire for fast food is resulting in a tendency toward obesity. c. the way that the principles of fast food restaurants are dominating other aspects of life. d. the frequent turnover in employees that occurs due to alienation.

94. Experiments sometimes include measuring the variable/concept twice. This called _______ . a. sample and population b. primary and secondary c. pretest and posttest d. control and experiment

54. According to _______ , society maintains its stability through socialization. a. psychosocial b. social learning c. functionalism d. conflict theory

24. According to Marx, class conflict is: a. embedded in the system of capitalism. b. irrelevant to capitalism. c. is caused by the working class. d. is caused by the capitalist class

91. The type of applied sociological thinking that focused on how society shaped the mind and identity of people was called _______ . a. the Chicago School b. the Social Darwinist School c. classical European theory d. the organic metaphor

103. Resocialization is a process that a. takes place continually over the course of a lifetime. b. radically alters or replaces existing social roles. c. generally occurs in an informal setting, not an institutional setting. d. breaks down solidarity because it may be a humiliating process.

103. Which perspective is most likely to focus on the fact that individuals experience stress and alienation as a result of being subordinated within a formal organization? a. functionalist theory b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. feminist theory

17. According to sociologists when men engage in risky behaviors they often are victims of _______ . a. innate behavior b. male socialization c. reactive socialization d. low-self worth

18. Which of the following is false in regards to socialization and conformity? a. All people are unique to some degree. b. Conformity to social expectations eliminates individuality. c. People resist some of society's expectations. d. Most people do conform to varying degrees.

26. Two classic cultural concepts associated with the work of William Graham Sumner are _______ . a. explicit and implicit norms b. folkways and mores c. dominant culture and subcultures d. culture traits and culture concepts

57. It is possible for members of an audience or a category to become a group, but in order to do so they must a. meet face-to-face. b. interact with each other. c. be well-organized. d. share other things in common.

88. Which of these is most true about the transition from an old role to a new one? a. It is always fairly easy to transition from one role to another. b. The transition is not always immediate and people may vacillate between old and new roles. c. The transition always necessitates some type of anticipatory socialization. d. Adults are not able to transition from one role to another.

39. Sociologists use the term _______ to refer to the subtle messages about race, class, and gender roles that are conveyed through classroom interaction and classroom materials. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. tracking system c. hidden curriculum d. unequal discourse

5. August Comte believed sociology could: a. not solve social problems. b. discover the laws of the natural world. c. discover the laws of human nature d. None of the above

50. According to social control theory, deviant behavior occurs a. when the means for achieving culturally approved goals is blocked. b. when people have given up and no longer accept the goals considered desirable by society. c. when attachment to society breaks down. d. as a result of emotional stress.

62. The emergence of a global culture has resulted in a. a more heterogeneous world culture. b. a greater appreciation for the diverse folk cultures throughout the world. c. an increase in the influence of capitalism. d. a significant decrease in ethnocentrism throughout the world.

65. A weakness of conflict theory in terms of understanding deviance is that it a. does not address inequity and injustice. b. ignores the importance of the social structure. c. is less effective explaining forms of deviance other than crime. d. does not explain the slow pace at which the legal system changes.

65. How do sociologists know if the sample they are using is representative? a. If the people in the sample freely volunteered to serve as representatives b. If the sample has an even number, decided by the researcher, of people from several different categories or backgrounds c. If the sample has the same mix of people, in the same proportions, as the population being studied d. If the participants have been interviewed to reveal possible bias.

83. When it comes to proxemic communication a. most people are aware of how they use personal space. b. women always stand close, regardless of the degree of friendship with the person they are talking to. c. people who are sexually attracted to each other stand exceptionally close. d. men stand closer to women than to men.

89. In regards to interpersonal attraction, sociologists find that a. attraction to others is not sociological. b. absence makes the heart grow fonder; we tend to find those who live further away from us more attractive. c. close proximity is one of the determinants of attraction between people. d. people tend to fear too much personal disclosure when communicating online.

90. Which of the following statements is false regarding culture from a conflict perspective? a. Cultural conflict may be driven by intense group hatred. b. Culture is dominated by economic interests. c. Culture promotes solidarity within society. d. Culture is produced within institutions that perpetuate inequality.

91. Regardless of the city one is in, a hamburger purchased at McDonalds is always very much the same. This is due to what Ritzer called _______ . a. efficiency b. calculability c. predictability d. control

87. William Foote Whyte's "Street Corner Society" is an example of which kind of research? a. A survey b. An interview c. An experiment d. Participant observation

17. Durkheim, Marx, and Weber have which of the following in common? a. They were all macrosociologists. b. They were all qualitative researchers. c. They all followed the Chicago School. d. They all attended prestigious universities.

25. According to the text, the problem of the color line described by W.E.B. DuBois: a. extends to the 21st century b. ended with desegregation c. ended at the turn of the 20th century d. never existed

52. _______ was the first Black person in any field to earn a PhD. a. W.E.B. Du Bois b. Ida B. Wells-Barnett c. Jane Addams d. Robert Parks

85. While Marx saw economics as the organizing influence on society, Weber focused on a. three dimensions: political, economic, and cultural. b. primarily the political system. c. problems of cultural diversity. d. two dimensions: the personal and the political.

90. According to Social Darwinists a. the "survival of the fittest" is the driving force of social evolution. b. social reform was essential for the protection of the poorest members of society. c. the evolution of society would always create more social problems. d. "social engineering" was necessary for society to meet the needs of its members.

72. The Enlightenment had an enormous influence on the development of modern sociology. The Enlightenment a. occurred in Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. b. is also known as the Age of Reason. c. refers to the period of renewed faith in God and religion. d. occurred first among the lower and working classes.

89. According to the text, a significant difference between the early American sociologists and their European counterparts was that the American sociologists were more _______ . a. theoretical b. practical c. free-thinking d. academic

59. Albert likes to play catch with his brother, but he cannot understand the complete game of baseball. Albert is likely in which of Mead's stages? a. imitation b. play c. game d. taking

41. Freedom, justice, and education are examples of: a. sanctions b. functions c. values d. mores

91. Cultural resources that are socially designated as worthy and that give advantages to groups that possess them are called _______ . a. cultural "zeitgeist" b. cultural capital c. cultural margins d. cultural frames

13. Which of the following is not a social institution? a. education b. family c. friends d. religion

10. When Bobby reviews existing research to develop a research question he is involved in ________ . a. a literature review b. data collection c. data analysis d. research design

94. According to the _______ perspective, the diminished usefulness of the elderly justifies their depressed earning power. a. functionalist b. conflict c. psychoanalytic d. symbolic interactionist

87. Classical sociologists placed most emphasis on _______ . a. material culture b. nonmaterial culture c. real culture d. cultural constructions

92. In regards to interpersonal attraction, sociological research tells us that a. we must like someone in order to love and feel passion toward them. b. it is possible to like someone a great deal and not love them. c. the less we see of someone the more desirable we find them. d. most of the time our evaluations of others are not influenced by their attractiveness to us.

76. The perspective that uses a micro approach to deviance includes _______ . a. functionalism b. conflict c. symbolic interactionism d. criminology

88. The perspective of functionalist theory on mental illness suggests that a. mentally ill people aren't necessarily "sick", but are the victims of societal response to their behavior. b. people with the fewest resources are the most likely to be mentally ill. c. identifying behaviors as mental illness serves as a means of reinforcing conformity to societal norms and values. d. mental illness does not exists, only individual responses to oddities.

9. Sociologists note that the way society is organized and people's lives within it are the result of social definitions and processes. In other words, sociologists state that our lives are socially a. static. b. differentiated. c. constructed. d. interactive.

96. The FBI's Uniform Crime Report stresses _______ crimes. a. violent b. official c. index d. victimless

72. For Mead, the generalized other represents a. the unconscious mind. b. people with whom children have a close relationship. c. the repressed feelings and instincts to act badly. d. the roles and expectations of society.

74. Positivism refers to a. thinking very optimistically about society. b. being very certain of one's research methods. c. a belief system first suggested by Emile Durkheim. d. scientific observation and description

32. In a study of the impact of parental prejudice on the attitudes of their child, the attitudes of the child are the _______ . a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. intervening variable d. control variable

33. _______ is characterized by less prominence of personal ties, a somewhat diminished role of the nuclear family, and a lessened sense of personal loyalty to the total society. a. Gemeinschaft b. Gesellschaft c. Verstehen d. Sue Generis

43. America's dominant culture is characterized by which of the following? a. diversity b. middle-class values c. later arriving immigrants d. Asians and Latin Americans

43. In _______ societies, there is a clearer division of labor than pastoral societies, but less than in industrial societies. a. foraging b. horticultural c. pastoral d. post-industrial

43. Using multiple indicators of a concept likely makes the measure more _______ . a. reliable b. valid c. reactive d. reflective

80. Parents vary their pattern of touch or tactile communication most often based on _______ . a. age b. gender c. race d. communication style

81. _______ occurs when a person in a position of authority processes an individual without questioning the rules. a. consensus b. labeling c. exploitation d. social control

88. Which type of theorist is most likely to emphasize that culture serves the interest of powerful group in society? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction d. new cultural studies

106. Social exchange theory analyzes social interaction as: a. based on the meaning people give to actions in society. b. enactment of social roles played out in front of an audience. c. a rational balancing act involving perceived costs and benefits of a given behavior. d. calculated risks to balance rewards and punishments.

78. According to Weber, bureaucracies are organized in such a way as to a. create totalitarian government of organizations. b. ensure that all workers are treated the same. c. create an organization that is easy to change. d. promote democracy within the work place.

8. In his study of the effect of size on group dynamics, Simmel found that a. a dyad is basically an unstable social grouping. b. a triad is an unstable social grouping, whereas dyads are relatively stable. c. adding a third person to a dyad has no effect on the stability of the group. d. the size of the group has no effect on interaction.

8. Sociologists who study the large patterns of social interactions that are vast, complex, and highly differentiated are using _______ . a. microanalysis b. macroanalysis c. content analysis d. organic analysis

20. The _______ is the most important factor in creating a research design. a. available funding b. research question c. review of the literature d. hypothesis

24. Which of the following is an example of the medicalization of deviance? a. gang violence b. use of crack cocaine c. alcoholism d. gender inequality

25. Mechanisms of social control that enforce rules against killing are examples of: a. norms b. folkways c. sanctions d. mores

58. Although the process of socialization promotes conformity, individual are also shaped by resistance to conformity and to oppression. This is an argument of _______ . a. conflict theory b. functionalism c. social learning theory d. symbolic interaction theory

49. Social control theory is based on the assumptions that a. there is a common value system and most people feel some impulse toward deviance. b. those with the most power in society define what is considered deviant or not. c. deviance is a process of labeling. d. deviants agree with the goals of society, but are blocked from achieving them through legitimate means.

49. Social learning theory views identity as a. the result of shaping oneself in response to the expectations of others. b. the result of the struggle of the self with the unconscious. c. unimportant. d. the product of the I and the Me.

48. A recent study by Taylor and associates, of networks among Black leaders within the U.S., found that Black leaders a. do not depend on networks as much as Whites. b. feel isolated and do not know others who share their situation and background. c. form closer networks with greater density than do Whites. d. do not attach any importance to networks, preferring to work only through friends.

52. What is the Hawthorne effect? a. researcher bias when interpreting results of data collection b. people act according to what they believe to be true c. subjects of research altering their behavior if they know they are being studied d. believing something will happen actually causes it to happen

56. The faithful fans of the original Coke form a(n) _______ . a. social group b. social constituency c. audience d. social category

57. According to the conflict perspective, when the elite in society violate norms or laws they are not considered deviant because a. their deviant behavior is not as damaging to society as that of the lower classes. b. they don't violate norms that affect other people. c. they have the resources to hide or mask their behavior. d. they are punished for slight infractions.

57. Ethnocentrism a. can be subtle or extreme. b. can only be practiced by dominant groups. c. encourages intergroup understanding. d. is another word for cultural relativism

28. Considering oneself as part of "people like us" is an example of being part of _______ . a. an out-group b. an instrumental group c. a reference group d. an in-group

74. Individuals often join _______ organizations for monetary reasons. a. coercive b. volunteer c. normative d. utilitarian

2. Sociology is a/n _______ discipline, meaning the conclusions are based on systematic observations. a. empirical b. observational c. common sense d. rigorous

43. Which of these is an observation that de Tocqueville made in his study of American society? a. Americans had little independence of mind, despite their emphasis on individualism. b. Individual freedom was widespread despite the principle of majority rule. c. Democratic values had little impact on American social institutions. d. American were mostly controlled by capitalist values.

59. Which of the following social thinkers is associated with the concept of the sociological imagination? a. Max Weber b. Emile Durkheim c. Wright Mills d. Charles Murray

97. _______ interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of society as a whole. a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interaction d. Positivism

4. George Simmel developed the concept of "critical distance," which refers to _______ . a. being physically separate from one's research subjects b. being able to detach from the situation at hand to view things critically. c. being a stranger in social groups. d. being able to not participate in your own research.

61. A fundamental concept for using one's sociological imagination is the distinction that Mills made between a. mechanical and organic solidarity. b. troubles and issues. c. the gemeinschaft and the gesellschaft. d. social status and social dynamics.

71. Sociology first emerged as a discipline in _______ . a. the United States b. western Europe c. South America d. eastern Europe

79. Durkheim conceptualized social facts as a. one's personal drives and motivations. b. social patterns that are external to individuals. c. the embodiment of sui generic. d. the direct outgrowth of our biological drives.

81. According to Marx, capitalism is based on a. social solidarity and cohesion. b. profit and private property. c. a democratic political system. d. a rejection of socialism and communism.

40. Which of the following is not true about the global perspective in sociology? a. sociologists consider comparing and contrasting societies across cultures valuable b. the global perspective is essential to the study of change in society c. although societies are interconnected, their social and economic systems remain very separated d. a global perspective goes beyond simple comparisons of cultures

50. The organic metaphor refers to a. seeing a particular society as untarnished by the influence of others. b. sociologists working in the community, not being strictly academic. c. seeing society as a system of interrelated functions and parts. d. understanding behavior from the perspective of those engaged in it.

51. Social Darwinists believed that a. social evolution did not work in the same way as biological evolution. b. over time complexity would revert to simplicity and societies would become more primitive. c. social reforms should not be implemented because they interfered with the natural progression of society. d. Humans could shape the evolution of society.

55. In what way does symbolic interaction theory differ from conflict theory and functionalism? a. Conflict theory and functionalism are theoretical frameworks and symbolic interactionism is not. b. Conflict theory and functionalism focus on immediate social interaction and symbolic interactionism does not. c. Symbolic interactionism does not examine society in terms of its abstract institutions, and conflict and functionalist theory do. d. Symbolic interactionism is a macro-level approach; conflict theory and functionalism are not.

57. The text emphasizes that _______ is most responsible for a person's chance in life. a. human biology b. inherited traits c. social location d. individual personality

63. According to Mills, the specific task of sociology is to a. expose the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. b. help individuals solve their problems. c. comprehend human society and its influence on the lives of human beings. d. promote the use of "verstehen" to understand social behavior from the point of view of those who engaged in it.

66. Using the sociological perspective to debunk the assumptions of the education system reveals that schools a. are primarily a way for students to learn and get ahead. b. provide opportunity for all students. c. teach some children their place within society. d. give girls much more attention than boys.

73. The Enlightenment had an enormous influence on the development of modern sociology because it was characterized by a. the spread of socialism. b. the influence of religion as a system of authority and law. c. faith in the ability of human reason to solve society's problems. d. an emphasis on the supernatural.

75. Alexis de Tocqueville and Harriet Martineau were alike in that both were a. abolitionists who feared that slavery would tear a society apart. b. feminists who were concerned about the subordination of women. c. interested in the newly emerging culture in America. d. symbolic interactionists.

80. Marx's work was devoted to explaining a. the social basis of human behavior. b. the social laws that governed human behavior. c. how capitalism shaped society. d. how to observe social behavior while participating in it.

83. According to Marx, the beliefs of the common people tend to support the interests of the capitalist system, not the workers themselves. This is because a. workers do not understand how capitalism works. b. workers have no idea what their own interests are, or what would benefit them. c. the capitalist class control the production of ideas. d. all of these are true

10. Which of the following is not a basic dimension of society, according to Max Weber? a. Political b. Economic c. Cultural d. Social

42. Alex de Tocqueville referred to the ability of the majority in a democracy to impose its will on everyone else as _______ . a. the "tyranny of democracy" b. "unenlightened despotism" c. "manifest destiny" d. the "tyranny of the majority"

6. August Comte is known for: a. developing the first sociology program. b. writing the first sociology textbook. c. conducting the first sociological research. d. coining the term "sociology."

77. Harriet Martineau's book, How to Observe Manners and Morals, was the first a. to discuss observing behavior while participating in the situation. b. field study of folkways and mores c. in-depth analysis of democratic culture d. co-authored manuscript involving Auguste Comte

14. Jane Addams is the only practicing sociologist to have won a _______ . a. Pulitzer Prize b. Preston Award c. Nobel Peace Prize d. Fulbright Fellowship

26. According to feminist theory, prior to _______ , women were largely absent from sociological research. a. the Industrial Revolution b. the Civil War c. the second wave of feminism d. World War II

28. "Inequality is inevitable and functional for society." This statement best represents which theoretical perspective? a. Conflict theory b. Feminism c. Functionalism d. Symbolic interactionism

33. Sociologists believe that persistent problems in the U.S. are a. largely the result of individual behavior. b. caused by people with psychological problems. c. embedded in society. d. the consequence of free will

49. The early American sociologists are characterized by a. their extremely theoretical approach to problems. b. their adherence to the conflict perspective primarily. c. their belief that sociology could alleviate the negative consequences of society. d. their lack of interest in research.

8. _______ 's work is the basis for conflict theory. a. Emile Durkheim b. George Simmel c. Karl Marx d. Auguste Comte

1. The case of Genie, a girl who was isolated for most of her childhood, illustrates that a. human beings need social contact for normal development. b. the human genome project will be able to create humans without socialization. c. human development is possible without socialization. d. society is not as important as biology for human development.

100. According to the new cultural studies perspective, culture a. is ephemeral, unpredictable and constantly changing. b. prevents deviance from occurring. c. provides stability in society. d. does not include popular or widely understood artifacts.

103. Conflict theory originated in the work of _______ . a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Robert Parks d. Max Weber

103. Erving Goffman's analysis of interaction views the participants as actors on a stage. This perspective is called the _______ model of social interaction. a. dramaturgy b. social exchange c. equilibrium d. impressionist

34. Sociologists have found that religious beliefs influence parenting practices. Research has found that conservative Protestants are more likely than others to a. use strict discipline with children. b. use reasoning with their children. c. use positive reinforcement. d. use little or no discipline with children.

45. According to Merton, members of the _______ are most likely to experience the structural strain that produces deviance. a. lower-class b. working-class c. middle-income d. upper-income

46. When a researcher is concerned if a measure gives consistent results, s/he is focused on _______ . a. reliability b. validity c. ethics d. the Hawthorne effect

61. As _______ , trends in risk-taking are amplified. a. groups become larger. b. groups become smaller. c. groups become less stable. d. groups become more intimate.

61. Which theorist used the concept of the looking glass self to explain how the self emerges in interaction with others? a. Charles Horton Cooley b. George Herbert Mead c. Sigmund Freud d. Jean Piaget

62. From a sociological standpoint, the most convincing explanation for the occurrence of risky shifts is _______ . a. deindividuation b. anomie c. panic d. social disorganization

63. Which of the following is not part of the process of the looking glass self? a. We watch others and learn the basic rules of identity. b. We consider how we think we appear to others. c. We consider how we think others judge us. d. How we think others perceive us affect how we feel.

67. The study of formal organizations represents an example of _______ . a. macroanalysis b. microanalysis c. content analysis d. survey analysis.

67. W. I. Thomas explained deviance as: a. a normal response to social conditions. b. behavior one learns from others. c. behavior frequently associated with crime. d. varied behavior dependent on one's social bonds.

68. The concept of cultural hegemony implies that culture is highly a. politicized. b. gendered. c. racist. d. religious.

71. Cultural hegemony refers to a. the pervasive influence of just one culture. b. the social agreement that the powerful should control the media. c. the belief that mass media's influence is larger than desirable. d. multiple cultures merging to create a new mass media.

72. Anne is a college student and a full-time employee and a mother of two young children. Anne is likely experiencing a. role conflict. b. role strain. c. status inconsistency. d. status sets.

72. Total institutions were described by Goffman as a. coercive organizations. b. well-integrated throughout society. c. having very differentiated populations. d. responsive to the needs of the individual.

74. In their conceptions of how the self is formed, how does Mead differ from Freud? a. Freud believed the self was fixed in childhood; Mead though it was always changing. b. Mead doesn't think there are multiple parts of the individual. c. Freud isn't theoretical and Mead is. d. Mead argued that the self is static and unchangeable.

74. Mass-produced culture (e.g. popular music and films) and other parts of culture that are shared by most people are called _______ culture. a. popular b. high c. elite d. institutional

74. The ability to apply the findings from one study to a broader population is called _______ . a. generalization b. validity c. reliability d. proving causality

108. Functionalist theorists and conflict theorists both share the belief that a. all parts of society work together. b. social behavior originates in the structure of society. c. theory should focus on interpersonal, face-to-face interaction. d. power and exploitation are the basis for order in society.

109. Manipulating culture or imposing one's culture on another group a. is not possible given the characteristics of culture. b. is a form of dominance and social control. c. is possible but has never been attempted. d. is common within Eastern cultures more than Western cultures.

109. _______ predicts that human interaction has the characteristics of a game. a. Social exchange theory b. Game theory c. Impression management d. Zero-sum

25. Research on race and reference groups indicates that a. school desegregation is most important in raising the self-esteem of Black children. b. positive representations of ethnic and racial groups raises the self-esteem of children of those groups. c. reference groups have little or no affect on self-esteem. d. how groups are presented has no impact on their effectiveness as reference groups for children.

28. Which of the following has increased its influence on our socialization in the modern era? a. The family b. The mass media c. Peer groups d. Education

34. In the statement, "Diet determines one's life expectancy," diet is the _______ variable. a. dependent b. independent c. intervening d. control

35. Peter Berger's concept of debunking refers to a. the ability to use common sense. b. the "unmasking" tendency of sociology. c. taking people's actions for granted. d. using empirical evidence to support common sense.

35. Recent research indicates that as agents of socialization, sports a. are more important sources of identity for men than women. b. are where many ideas about gender differences are formed and reinforced. c. have historically been significant in the formation of women's identity. d. have been less significant in the development of masculine identity than was previously believed.

38. Research on education in the U.S. indicates that a. the expectations encountered in schools are much the same for most students. b. studying socialization in schools is an excellent way to see the influence of gender, class, and race in shaping socialization. c. girls receive more attention in the curriculum than boys. d. even when boys and girls are segregated into different groups, the sociological consequences are the same.

44. Which of these is true regarding cultural diversity in society? a. It is rare for a society to be diverse. b. Diversity is very characteristic of American society. c. Many very simple societies actually have the most cultural diversity. d. As societies become more complex, the more the culture will be internally uniform and consistent across all groups.

65. Symbolic interaction theory suggests that children learn a. as the unconscious mind shapes their behavior. b. through taking the role of significant others. c. only when they identify with the same sex parent. d. as they begin to learn the rules of the game of life.

68. AARP and the NAACP are examples of _______ organizations. a. affiliative b. normative c. coercive d. utilitarian

90. _______ refers to the institutional practice of age prejudice and discrimination. a. Age cohort b. Ageism c. Age stereotypes d. Age stratification

98. Symbolic interactionists argue that our perceptions of reality are determined by our definition of the situation. This means that to a large extent, a. we wait until we have enough factual information before we form opinions. b. we basically see what we want to see. c. we can never have any opinions or perceptions of reality. d. our opinions and perceptions are determined by what others want us to believe.

14. In the immediate aftermath of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, many Americans publicly demonstrated their patriotism. This is an illustration of Durkheim's belief that a. people only mobilize when they feel threatened. b. the definition of deviance is relative to the situation. c. deviance produces social solidarity. d. some societies will not tolerate deviance.

16. W.E.B. Du Bois wrote in 1901 that a. "he who discriminates shatters the world." b. "the line between rich and poor is Black." c. "the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line." d. "education is only available to those that can afford it."

18. Which of the following questions would a sociologist not be likely to ask about deviance? a. Why are some behaviors defined as deviant while others are not? b. Why is deviance more common in some social groups than others? c. Why do some types of people act more deviant than other types of people? d. How does the criminal justice system reflect social inequality?

35. Which of these is true about gesellschaft societies? a. they have no social cohesion b. primary relationships are dominant in society c. the division of labor creates organic solidarity d. mechanical solidarity creates social control

45. Psychoanalytic theory argues that a. human identity changes at different stages throughout our lives. b. social identity is the result of a conscious and creative process. c. human behavior is directed and motivated by underlying forces that are largely unconscious. d. the self is an extension of the social standards of society, not instinctual influences.

48. A pastoral society is unlike a forging society because: a. It lacks a division of labor. b. A forging society is more complex. c. It develops a division of labor. d. It lacks surplus.

53. Conflict and functionalist theories of deviance share a. an emphasis on individual motivation. b. a focus on how a shared definition of the situation affects deviance. c. an emphasis on the social structure in creating deviance. d. a common understanding of the role of crime and the legal system in defining deviance.

60. Sociological research on group decision making finds that a. groupthink is inevitable any time a team comes together to make a decision. b. people in positions of power are not affected by groupthink in the same way that those below them are. c. if members of a group feel invulnerable this increases the potential for groupthink to occur. d. younger people are more affected by groupthink than older people.

61. A _______ is a large collection of people, groups, or categories that a researcher studies and about which generalizations are made. a. collectivity b. sample c. population d. subject pool

7. Social scientists and others debate whether humanness is naturally occurring or socially created. This is called the _______ debate. a. inherent - innate b. internal-external c. nature - nurture d. sociology - biology

70. Mead believed that children acquire a concept of the generalized other during the _______ stage of childhood socialization. a. imitation b. play c. game d. preoperational

70. Sociologists refer to the concentration of cultural power as _______ . a. cultural borrowing b. cultural relativism c. cultural hegemony d. cultural pervasiveness

75. Sociologists have found that a. all utilitarian organizations are for-profit. b. all formal organizations are bureaucracies. c. all total institutions are coercive organizations. d. all normative organizations are charitable organizations.

81. Sociologists have found that the informal structure of an organization a. includes all members at the lower levels of the organization. b. may increase productivity, but doesn't seem to decrease productivity. c. develops largely among those most taken for granted in an organization. d. is stronger at the top than at the bottom of the organization.

81. When Jack raises his eyebrows at a comment made by Carol he is engaging in _______ . a. role stain b. verbal communication c. nonverbal communication d. small talk

81. Which type of survey questions are analyzed qualitatively? a. closed-ended questions b. survey data c. open-ended questions d. observational data

82. According to Max Weber, a. the capitalist economy is the most beneficial to a culture. b. culture is a source of power. c. culture influences other institutions. d. nonmaterial and material culture are equally important.

93. Ida B. Wells-Barnett was an early sociologist whose contributions to the field have only recently been examined. She is best known for her work a. on the design of cities. b. aimed at improving the lives of urban immigrants and the homeless. c. in the anti-lynching movement. d. with the NAACP.

31. According to researchers on culture and language: a. terms like handicapped do not stigmatize people b. culture and language are unrelated c. terms for race are accurate depictions of human history d. language affects people's perception of reality

34. People generally follow norms for behavior because a. they fear serious punishment for violations. b. they've thought about all their actions and act in the way they find best. c. they are forced to do so. d. they have learned and internalized the common expectations for behavior.

35. Which of the following does not illustrate a common type of attribution error? a. a girl who does well in science is perceived as being unusually smart b. a white person observes a white student taking a wallet out of someone's purse and assumes the student was asked to do so by the owner c. a Hispanic student is carrying a baseball bat and it is assumed he intends to vandalize something d. All of these are illustrations of attribution error.

4. Sir Francis Bacon originally defined _______ , which involves several steps of the research process. a. deductive reasoning b. inductive reasoning c. qualitative research d. scientific method

42. Networks based on _______ are especially important in job networks. a. age b. skill set c. experience and union membership d. race, class, and gender

46. The Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazis are both examples of which type of structural strain? a. retreatism b. ritualism c. innovation d. rebellion

46. The reality of the expression "it's a small world" is that a. there is no interconnection throughout the world. b. people are interconnected in close social networks regardless of their sex, race, and social class. c. the world is a small place for most people in it. d. the world is only a small place for those in one's immediate network (those who share the same race, class, and sex).

5. If a sociologist considered tattoos a form of deviance, they would categorize it as a type of _______ deviance. a. formal b. situational c. anomic d. informal

51. Professor Stevens tells his students at the start of the class that he wants to measure how many pages of notes they take during class. Which of the following is of concern for Professor Stevens? a. the Observational Effect b. the Thomas Theorem c. Murphy's Law d. the Hawthorne Effect

54. Which of the following is not an example of a social group? a. the elderly b. nurses c. veterans d. American Idol fans

68. Which of these is not one of the factors that symbolic interactionism uses to explain deviant behavior? a. the meanings people attribute to the situation b. how people respond to the meanings of a situation c. the interaction between different groups d. the strength of people's attachment to social norms

73. Mass media influences a. values alone. b. styles, but not values. c. language, but not styles. d. values, styles, and language.

93. Overall, the primary organizational principle that motivates McDonaldization is _______ . a. an emphasis on efficiency b. calculability c. predictability d. control

1. What is the relationship between culture and society, from a sociological perspective? a. The members of a society share a culture to some extent. b. A society is much larger and more widespread than culture. c. A society involves social interaction; culture does not. d. Culture is a subset of society.

1. Why is it important for sociologists to have a shared definition of groups? a. Having a definition enables sociologists to understand the behavior of people in society and how to predict people's behavior in groups. b. If all sociologists cannot agree on a definition of groups, then groups cannot exist. c. Groups are a very simple aspect of sociology; the definition makes them seem more academic d. A shared definition allows sociologists from around the world to collaborate.

100. "Hierarchy can result in dysfunction." This is a criticism of: a. functionalist theory b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

100. Merton called the unintended consequences of behavior _______ . a. latent functions b. manifest functions c. hidden functions d. indirect function

105. Research to learn what educational practices work best so as to improve how public schools are run would be an example of _______ . a. policy research b. qualitative research c. historical research d. program assessment

107. When people are held captive, deprived of sustenance or otherwise abused they sometimes come to identify with their captor or abuser because they are dependent upon them. This phenomenon has been termed _______ . a. the Stockholm Syndrome b. the Shreve Syndrome c. brainwashing d. desocialization

108. Sociologists have trouble being value free because of a. social pressures b. personal values c. deception d. the media

109. The Thomas dictum states that people behave according to what they believe to be real, not necessarily what is objectively true. This principle is fundamental to which type of sociological theory? a. symbolic interactionism b. conflict theory c. functionalism d. feminism

11. Which of the following is true about culture in the U.S.? a. groups have different traditions but share a culture b. groups have different traditions and do not share a culture c. groups have independent culture experiences. d. groups have independent cultural traditions and do not learn a similar culture.

13. A(n) _______ is something that stands for something else, or anything to which people give meaning. a. symbol b. culture c. identity d. society

27. Folkways are a. the ordinary customs of different group cultures. b. strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. c. often upheld through laws that bring serious repercussions. d. norms that provide strict codes of behavior.

29. A characteristic that may have more than one value or score is called a(n) _______ . a. variable b. value c. hypothesis d. observation

58. If a researcher is interested in studying baseball teams, the teams represent a _______ . a. correlation b. population c. sample d. primary data source

10. In regards to the "nature vs. nurture" debate, sociologists would tend to emphasize _______ . a. nature b. nurture c. both d. neither

100. Studies of corporate crime find that a. those who engage in deviant behavior are aware of the consequences their behavior has for others. b. the deviant behavior is part of the routine activities of the corporation. c. the costs to society are overstated in the media. d. newcomers are the most likely to be whistleblowers.

101. From a functionalist perspective, unequal distribution of resources a. is a reflection of who has the most power to decide how resources are distributed. b. is fair because some roles are more important to society than others. c. does not occur. d. is not fair since everyone has an important role to play in society.

101. New scholars within cultural studies are emphasizing a. nonmaterial over material culture b. material over nonmaterial culture c. cultural capital over civic engagement d. civic engagement over cultural capital

102. Ethnomethodology is based on the premise that a. most people do not act according to social norms. b. we are not wholly aware of the norms that we use even though they are shared. c. we never know what to expect from other people. d. conflict over the norms for a situation is part of what holds society together.

110. Movements like the "Black is Beautiful" movement of the 1960s, and the push to teach Native American children their indigenous languages, demonstrate that a. culture is static. b. culture may be used as a means of political resistance. c. the control exercised by the dominant culture is complete. d. nonmaterial culture is more important than material culture.

28. Mores are a. the ordinary customs of different group cultures. b. strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. c. often upheld through laws that bring serious repercussions. d. norms that provide strict codes of behavior.

43. When the goals are accepted and the means of attaining the goals are made available to the individual via the social structure, Merton called this _______ . a. innovation b. conformity c. ritualism d. retreatism

66. _______ are statuses that demonstrate that it is difficult to draw a firm line between ascribed and achieved statuses. a. Occupation and education b. Social class and gender c. Age and occupation d. Being a parent and being a student

89. Conflict theorists view in which of the following ways? a. a form of integration. b. controlled by economic monopolies. c. multiple interests. d. a form of stability around other areas of conflict.

89. Psychiatrist Thomas Szacz argues that there is no such thing as mental illness, but that a. some situations are just crazy. b. there are only people's reactions to what they perceive as unusual behavior. c. there are psychiatric disorders that are not considered illnesses. d. some people like the attention of the stigma of mental illness.

9. A soldier who kills in battle is not considered deviant, but a murderer is. This illustrates the point that a. killing is not morally deviant. b. whether or not behavior is considered deviant depends on the context. c. soldiers are not judged as harshly as others in the general population when it comes to how they behave. d. military law supersedes civil law.

90. A _______ is an attribute that is socially devalued and discredited. a. master status b. stigma c. deviant career d. nonconforming behavior

90. Research has established that a. there is no such thing as overexposure to someone you are attracted to. b. if you find someone attractive, the more often you see them the more attractive they become, up to a point. c. if you start out disliking someone, the more you see that person the more you will come to like them. d. if you dislike a person, continued exposure to them will intensify those feelings.

94. According to symbolic interactionists, culture a. serves the interests of powerful groups. b. creates group identity from diverse cultural meaning. c. provides coherence and stability to society. d. is unpredictable and constantly changing.

76. Recent research on the content of television programs has found that a. the popular media have been influential in expanding the boundaries of what is considered female beauty in our society. b. the working class are now depicted as intelligent and involved members of society. c. there has been a recent increase in the portrayal of gays and lesbians. d. images of racism have increased despite the decline of racism within the larger society.

17. Which of the following is not an element of culture? a. language b. norms c. mores d. all of the above

79. Patterns of touch are strongly influenced by gender. Which of the following statements regarding gender and touch is false? a. Women are more likely to use touch for emotional support than men are. b. Boys tend to be touched by their parents more roughly than girls are. c. In an interaction, which people touch others is a reflection of the relative social status of the participants. d. In everyday interaction men and women tend to use touch about equally.

80. Labeling theorists would explain recidivism among those released from prison as a. caused by the company they keep upon their release. b. resulting from the anger they have at having been incarcerated. c. very rare, but overemphasized in the media. d. caused by the difficulty in changing one's classification as a deviant.

80. When people must respond to a question from a fixed list of possible answers to a question, this a. makes the findings more valid. b. increases reliability. c. is an open-ended question. d. is a closed-ended question.

83. Studies done in the 1930s at the Hawthorne, Illinois, Western Electric telephone plant found all of the following, except a. workers developed their own norms for how much work should be accomplished each day. b. workers may be punished by their fellow workers for being too productive. c. informal structures within an organization may increase or decrease productivity. d. women were more likely to be "rate busters" than men.

83. Which of the following is not a disadvantage of using surveys to gather data? a. What people say and what they do may be different. b. A survey may not be anonymous or confidential enough. c. Surveys are rigid in their design. d. Surveys are too subjective in their analyses.

83. Which of these statements about deviant identity from a labeling perspective is false? a. A deviant identity usually emerges over time. b. A deviant identity is developed through a process of interaction with others. c. Deviant identity involves how other people view the person labeled deviant. d. A deviance identity is nearly impossible to change.

4. Which of the following is true regarding socialization? a. The socialization experience differs for individuals based on their social location. b. The process of socialization is most directly considered psychological. c. Through socialization, individuals internalize behaviors. d. Personality is the basis for socialization.

41. Social class and power are examples of: a. a concept b. a hypothesis c. an indicator d. a scale

102. The idea of cultural capital was developed by: a. Durkheim. b. Weber. c. Marx. d. Bourdieu.

13. Developing a research question is the _______ step in the research process. a. first b. second c. third d. fourth

16. In their study of groups of different sizes, sociologists have found that a. primary groups are a major influence and an important source of social control. b. primary groups often take on the characteristics of secondary groups. c. primary groups are less important today as our society has become more secondary group-oriented. d. secondary groups tend to be most significant in the emotional lives of people.

94. According to the text, which of the following is true? a. The more similar a couple is in terms of race and class, the more likely they are to break up. b. The more similar a couple is in terms of race and class, the less likely they are to break up. c. The more similar a couple is in terms of parental relationships, the more likely they are to break up. d. The more similar a couple is in terms of parental relationships, the less likely they are to break up.

82. Researchers interested in how socialization takes place during childhood observed the behaviors of parents walking with children in public. The researchers noted that a. mothers carried their children more than fathers. b. fathers were more likely to be pushing an empty stroller than were mothers. c. both parents were more protective of girls than of boys. d. both parents were more protective of boys than girls.

84. Organization ritualism refers to a. the norms and practices that an organization uses to socialize new members. b. the fact that formal organizations have written rules. c. the way that rules in an organization are followed even if they do not serve the purpose they were originally meant to. d. the way in which the informal structure of a formal organization is able to subvert the organizations goals.

21. According to Karl Marx: a. capitalism is built on the exploitation of workers. b. capitalism is negotiated by cultural values. c. capitalism involves racist oppression. d. capitalism includes the domination of men over women

49. In postindustrial societies a. the economy is dependent on the production and distribution of services and knowledge. b. there is very little social differentiation or division of labor. c. religion and family are the most vital social institutions. d. social inequality is rare.

49. Which of these is used by sociologists to ensure the reliability of measures? a. They use measures that have proven to work in the past. b. They use multiple indicators. c. They warn people that they are being studied. d. They define the concepts in advance.

47. Which of the following theories focuses on the external social stimuli and social context of socialization? a. social learning theory b. the psychoanalytic theory c. symbolic interaction d. object relations theory

59. Which of the following is not a characteristic common to most cases of groupthink? a. an illusion of unanimity b. treating dissent as disloyalty c. an understanding of one's weaknesses d. underestimating the antagonists to one's plans

6. Which of the following is an example of informal deviance? a. a traffic ticket b. underage drinking c. body piercing d. polygamy

12. When a student is intellectually gifted in math it is an example of _______ . a. innate traits b. social experiences c. a combination of nature and nurture d. social control

13. According to Durkheim, why do societies actually need deviance? a. in order to recognize normal behavior b. to make most people feel morally superior c. to support the existence of a prison system of employment d. in order to shake up society so it can be reorganized in a better fashion

14. To say that not only do people live in society, but society also lives in people, is to recognize socialization as a form of _______ . a. social control b. nature c. innate knowledge d. conformity

17. Functionalist theorists contend that social institutions a. assure the stability and continuance of society. b. provide for some segments of society at the expense of others. c. distribute power to the various segments of society unequally. d. shape individual identity and personality.

18. How is doing a replication study useful? a. A replication study can indicate what changes have occurred since the original study was conducted. b. A replication study is only useful if the first study was conducted incorrectly. c. If the original researcher replicates the study it is more useful than if other researchers replicate the original study. d. A replication is usually less expensive because most of the work has previously been done.

19. How is socialization related to conformity? a. Some people conform too much as a result of socialization. b. Most people need to be coerced into conformity because socialization is incomplete. c. It is only the threat of some type of punishment that makes people conform to social norms. d. People do not respond to the subtle influence of social pressure to conform, even after years of socialization.

20. Psychological explanations of deviance emphasize _______ as the underlying cause of deviant behavior, unlike sociological explanations. a. individual factors b. the context within which the deviance occurred c. the effects of labeling d. patterns of inequality in society

80. The digital divide refers to: a. inequality based on access to electronic information. b. differences in technology. c. differences in perception of media. d. non of the above.

80. The informal structure of a bureaucracy a. follows the same rules and regulations as the formal structure. b. develops among those at the top of the organizational structure. c. increases the feelings of solidarity among all workers. d. uses alternate channels to get some things done faster.

84. Anthropologist E.T. Hall coined the term proxemic bubble to refer to our personal three-dimensional space. Also, according to Hall, a. we feel threatened when people we do not know enter our proxemic bubble. b. the proxemic bubble is not affected by culture or ethnicity. c. enemies stand close in order to try and intimidate each other. d. we burst our proxemics bubble when we like the other.

84. If respondents do not answer a survey honestly, the researcher has a problem with _______ . a. validity b. reliability c. generalization d. serendipity

101. The study of human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attempt to restore normalcy is called a. equilibrium theory. b. ethnomethodology. c. conflict resolution. d. exchange theory.

2. If a sociologist is studying groups he or she is using _______ . a. micro level analysis b. macro level analysis c. universal level analysis d. individual level analysis

2. The complex system that includes a group's beliefs, values, dress, and way of life, is called _______ . a. counterculture b. culture c. social structure d. culture complex

2. The research technique in which the sociologist is the researcher, but is also involved in the activities being studied is called a. subjective analysis. b. participant observation. c. actor-action research. d. ethnography.

37. Current research on women in sports has found that women athletes a. have low self-esteem when they compare themselves to male athletes. b. develop a strong sense of bodily competence. c. have difficulty bonding with other women. d. are considered as feminine as other women.

37. The sociological term for a set of links between individuals or between other social groups is _______ . a. consortium b. social network c. organizational complex d. interactive web

38. In the example of the United Nations Human Development Index, life expectancy and educational attainment are used as _______ for level of well-being, which is a(n) _______ . a. independent variables / dependent variable b. indicators / concept c. concepts / indicator d. control variables / experimental variable

59. When the different statuses of a person each brings with them significantly different amounts of prestige this causes _______ . a. role strain b. status inconsistency c. role conflict d. status ambivalence

6. In a triad, when two of the people are interacting and form a dyad, the sociological term for the third person is _______ . a. an outcast b. an isolate c. a third party d. a co-participant

86. Despite being warned of danger, NASA scientists proceeded with the launch of the space shuttle Challenger that exploded during launch. Sociological analysis of this situation finds it was caused by a. a lack of communication. b. a combination of risky shift and organizational ritualism. c. organizational alienation. d. groupthink.

86. How does adult socialization differ from socialization at younger ages? a. Socialization is easier the older one gets. b. Adult socialization is more geared toward specific situations and roles. c. There are no differences between the socialization of adults and youth. d. Adult socialization has a fixed order in which events occur.

88. The research method that permits the sociologist to be both a subjective participant and an objective observer at the same time is called _______ . a. content analysis b. participant observation c. research on the web d. structured interviews

10. Which of the following is an example of a primary group? a. classmates b. neighbors c. family d. teachers

66. The best way to ensure that a sample is representative of the population is to a. make sure it is large enough. b. select it oneself based on a review of potential sample members. c. select it randomly. d. select people who follow directions well.

68. Asking your roommates to answer a survey you designed for your sociology class is problematic because: a. they have not given informed consent. b. they have been are paid to participate. c. they are not randomly selected. d. they have been coerced.

69. George Herbert Mead used the term _______ to refer to people like parents, siblings, or friends. a. generalized other b. important other c. significant other d. familiar other

70. Voluntary organizations a. lack organization because they are informal and social. b. are always political. c. have been organized to address a wide variety of issues. d. are equally accessed by people from diverse backgrounds.

76. Weber analyzed the class characteristics of bureaucracy, which he referred to as the _______ bureaucracy. a. primary b. principle c. ideal type d. model

93. The theoretical perspective that examines how culture creates group identity from diverse cultural meanings is _______ . a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction d. new cultural studies

95. Research on interpersonal attractiveness is very clear that a. opposites attract. b. there is not pattern to interpersonal attraction. c. attraction to people who are very similar to us is most common. d. politics do not matter when it comes to love.

95. _______ predicts that people will withdraw from participation in society as they age, and that they will be relieved of responsibility. a. Conflict theory b. Age stratification c. Disengagement theory d. Social learning

11. Qualitative research is based on _______ . a. survey data b. statistics c. replicated results d. interpretive observations

16. Which of the following is not evidence that socialization serves as a form of social control? a. Once learned, the expectations of others are enough to keep most people in line. b. A person experiences pressure when they deviate from what others believe. c. Internalizing social norms causes most people to conform without the use of coercion or violence. d. Social control eliminates individuality.

18. As an element of culture, language is important because a. it enables a person to become a part of society. b. it permits the formation of culture c. language enables us to learn social skills. d. All of these choices are true.

2. Which of the following characteristics does a society not possess? a. People think of themselves as distinct from other societies. b. Members maintain ties of interaction. c. Individuals have a high degree of interdependence among their members. d. Groups resemble society, but are similar in size..

89. Alienation is least common in organizations in which a. workers have little control over what they do. b. the same repetitive task is done over the entire shift. c. employees feel they have little chance of advancement. d. leaders use democratic methods in decision making.

91. Which of these is not one of the disadvantages of using participant observation for sociological study? a. it may pose serious dangers for the researcher b. it is time-consuming c. the findings may not be generalizable d. it permits the researcher to use their own subjective experience

94. Which of the following is false in regard to patterns of discrimination within organizations? a. The most powerful positions in any organization are typically held by White men of upper class status. b. Discrimination persists even when formal barriers have been removed. c. Minority employees increasingly have the same amounts of education as White employees. d. In situations where minority employees have the same amount of education as Whites, promotions are given out equally.

95. Symbolic interactionists emphasize a. the economic basis of behavior. b. the role of culture in creating social solidarity. c. the manifest and latent functions of culture. d. the social construction of culture.

99. Professor Watkins comes into her classroom before class begins and moved all the desks so that they are facing the back of the classroom. She then watches to see how the students react. Professor Watkins is using: a. symbolic interactionism b. functionalism c. conflict theory d. ethnomethodology

99. The _______ perspective considers the role of social perception in understanding the meaning of different age groups within different societies. a. functionalist b. conflict c. psychoanalytic d. symbolic interactionist

32. Sociology differs from media programs that feature human problems in that a. the media are interested in individuals—sociologists are not. b. sociologists use research techniques and theories that the media may not use to explain social issues. c. sociologists do not study the types of problems that appear on television programs. d. the media focuses on problem behavior, sociology does not.

45. According to Durkheim, public rituals, including punishment, are important because a. they make people afraid of authority and less likely to commit crime. b. they create a bond among the members of society. c. they give members of society an opportunity to meet the key figures of authority. d. they create sui generis.

78. According to Emile Durkheim a. deviance has no place in a "healthy" society. b. people in society are held together by belief systems. c. the best theoretical approach to the study of society is social conflict theory. d. the economic system has the most important influence on human thought and behavior.

86. Weber theorized that value-free sociology could not exist since values would always influence what sociologists considered worthy of study. Because they could not be completely value-free, Weber believed that sociologists should a. not worry about whether or not their research is biased. b. use their research to promote particular political perspectives. c. acknowledge the influence of values and try to be as objective as possible. d. avoid research and stick to theoretical writing.

88. An important concept in Weber's sociology is verstehen which refers to: a. approaching the study of society from a value-free perspective b. a focus on the political systems of society c. viewing social behavior from the perspective of those engaged in it d. social action

19. Robert Merton suggested that human behavior has _______ . a. functions and dysfunctions b. qualitative and quantitative components c. elements of conformity and individualism d. manifest functions and latent functions

62. Sociologists refer to the organized patterns of social relationships and social institutions that make up society as the _______ . a. social framework b. sociological perspective c. social structure d. interactionist perspective

3. According to the sociological imagination, the current high numbers of college graduates moving back in with their families reflects: a. individual choices. b. social forces impacting private lives. c. failed socialization d. none of the above.

34. Elaine Bell Kaplan's research on black teenage motherhood concluded that a. the black community condones teen pregnancy. b. the black teens felt embarrassed and stigmatized by being pregnant. c. black women don't value success as much as white women do. d. the black teens always developed complete sexual identities.

36. Sociological research on education has debunked many common assumptions. It has found that a. the education system is primarily a way to learn and to get ahead. b. poor children rarely have the same resources in schools that middle-class and elite students have. c. today, girls are achieving more rapidly than boys in the areas of math and science. d. social cliques do not form until adulthood.

96. Theoretical frameworks that center on face-to-face social interaction are categorized as _______ . a. macrosociology b. microsociology c. theories of the middle range d. universalistic sociology

41. Which of the following was not a condition that led to the development of sociology? a. rapid social change in Europe b. the disappearance of traditional sources of authority c. contact between societies was increasing d. the increasingly important role of religion

56. Feminist theory is a type of contemporary theory that does not a. analyze the status of men and women in society. b. have the goal of improving women's lives. c. provide new ways of seeing the world. d. see women are more powerful than men.

18. Emile Durkheim's work is the foundation for which major theoretical perspective? a. Conflict theory b. Symbolic interactionism c. Functionalism d. Feminism

11. Weber defined verstehen as _______ . a. the multidimensionality of society. b. understanding behavior to which people give meaning. c. a constantly evolving organism. d. a hands-off approach to understanding society.

46. In Durkheim's view of society, people come to believe what society expects them to believe because a. they internalize the existence of society in their minds. b. they are subject to coercion and exploitation. c. they do not believe that they have free will. d. they understand that society is an integrated whole.

76. Harriet Martineau was an early sociologist and a British citizen. Her book, Society in America a. was overlooked for many years. b. quickly became a classic in sociological study. c. has never really been evaluated by sociologists. d. made no real contribution to the field of sociology.

92. The Chicago School sociologist who was a leader in the settlement house movement and who did systematic research geared toward improving the lives of the dispossessed groups within the city was: a. Jane Addams b. Robert Park c. Lester Ward d. George Herbert Mead

30. Using a sociological perspective C. Wright Mills points out that unemployment is _______ . a. is a product of the environment. b. related to the structure of society and social institutions. c. only an individual problem. d. none of the above.

44. What do Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber all have in common? a. They are largely discredited sociologists. b. They are classical thinkers whose ideas continue to influence the social sciences. c. They were all German economists. d. They were all political rebels who were imprisoned for their ideas.

84. Marx's perspective of society argued that a. capitalists do not own the actual system by which goods are produced and distributed. b. workers receive a fair share of the profits that they help create. c. profit is produced through the exploitation of the working class. d. while capitalists control the production of goods, they do not control the production of ideas.

99. Functionalism emphasizes all of the following except a. the consensus that exists in society. b. the order that exists in society. c. shared public values. d. the role of coercion and power.

3. _______ are the expected behaviors associated with a given status in society. a. Roles b. Norms c. Folkways d. Values

31. Those societies that are gemeinschaft are characterized by a. a sense of "we" feeling. b. extensive division of labor. c. strong secondary relationships. d. organic solidarity.

32. Religion is a powerful socialization agent. What is the impact of religion during one's childhood? a. Religious education is important to the identities children construct in childhood. b. Children typically develop very different belief systems than those of their parents. c. Regardless of how they are raised, children tend to grow away from their earliest religious training. d. Children are likely to not understand religion until they are adults.

36. Ethnic conflict is most likely within _______ societies and between _______ societies. a. gesellschaft / gemeinschaft b. gemeinschaft / gesellschaft c. mechanical / organic d. traditional / contemporary

36. Michael Messner's research on men and sports shows that a. sports are often the context for developing relationships between fathers and sons. b. most men strive for a professional sporting career. c. for most Men their closest peer relationships are within sports. d. sports are more influential for men than for boys.

47. Postindustrial societies are characterized by a. the production of information services. b. an increase in manufacturing jobs. c. a large working class of industrial laborers. d. a strict division of labor.

37. Sociologists distinguish six different types of societies based on a. the complexity of their social structure and level of technology. b. locations in the world. c. their political systems-whether they are democratic or totalitarian. d. their economic system-whether capitalist or socialist.

47. The idea of strength in weak ties refers to: a. knowing one person in a network b. knowing many people in a network c. people with different backgrounds d. networks connected together

38. Which of the following is false about the formation of social networks? a. Networks are must often formed in very conscious and formal ways. b. The formation of networks can be very spontaneous. c. Social networks may form at home, work, church, or many other places. d. Family networks can lead to jobs and upward mobility.

39. Which of the following statements about values is true? a. Values define what is considered desirable and morally correct. b. Values are not guides for behavior because they are too abstract. c. Societal values are actually realized or achieved most of the time. d. Values most often create conflict.

4. Material culture consists of a. objects created in a given culture. b. ideas and beliefs of a group of people. c. laws, customs, and ideas. d. ideas about what is right and wrong.

41. Which of the following is not characteristic of foraging societies? a. simple technologies for harvesting food surpluses b. being nomadic c. society organized around the family d. role differentiation based on gender

42. Consumption for the sake of displaying one's wealth is called _______ . a. conspicuous consumption b. conspicuous austerity c. economic posturing d. financial reciprocity

67. An ascribed status is one that is _______ . a. beyond the individual's control b. the responsibility of the individual c. an earned status d. a low rank

45. A student's grades are not an accurate reflection of the student's intelligence. Therefore a student's grades lack _______ in a study of intelligence. a. validity b. reliability c. objectivity d. abstraction

45. In industrial societies, social cohesion is achieved through _______ . a. a complex division of labor b. kinship systems c. religious beliefs d. shared ethnic heritage

2. The sociological definition of social deviance a. stresses social context, not individual behavior. b. focuses on individual nonconformity. c. recognizes deviance as being the same for all groups and settings. d. argues that definitions of deviance remain the same over time.

21. To study the difference in academic achievement between male and female athletes, one might look at rates of graduation among university students involved in sports. This is an example of _______ research. a. quantitative b. qualitative c. inductive d. nonscientific

22. The recommended solution for alcoholism usually includes some type of treatment and possibly hospitalization. In contrast, the use of crack cocaine is legally punished. The difference may be explained by the fact that alcoholism has been and crack cocaine use has not. a. medicalized b. social constructed c. contextualized d. normalized

23. Explanations that emphasize the physical or genetic roots of deviant behavior are referred to as _______ by sociologists. a. the medicalization of deviance b. social disorganization theory c. the social construction of deviance d. social conflict theory

23. The specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation are called _______ . a. norms b. directives c. belief-based actualizations d. culture-constructs

24. Which of the following is true of reference groups? a. Reference groups are not "groups" in the sense that they involve interaction. b. A well-adjusted person only has one reference group at a time. c. The influence of a given reference group can be positive or negative, but not both. d. Reference groups only influence our behavior during childhood.

24. Which type of research would Mary use if she wants to take an in-depth look at how mothers and daughters interact? a. qualitative b. quantitative c. experimental d. historical

26. In a society marked by organic solidarity a. individuals play a great variety of different roles and unity is based on role differentiation. b. the roles people play are very similar. c. individuals share the same values and hold the same things sacred. d. there is a complete lack of collective consciousness.

26. Which of these statements about reference groups is false? a. reference groups always provide good role models b. one does not belong to a reference group c. the influence of a reference group may be positive or negative d. Identification with a social group can strongly influence self-esteem.

29. Durkheim defined division of labor as: a. the relatedness of different tasks. b. the differentiation of male tasks and female tasks. c. unity within diversity. d. important secondary relationships.

101. The research on depictions of Black Americans in children's books is discussed in the text in order to illustrate a. how content analysis may be used to measure cultural change. b. the limitations of doing content analysis. c. the need for more studies of children's literature. d. the racist nature of American society.

110. Today, care is taken to protect the subjects of sociological research. Which of these statements about ethics in sociology is false? a. The U.S. government does not play a role in protecting the subjects of research. b. The American Sociological Association has developed a professional code of ethics. c. Research subjects must be informed of the rights and responsibilities of the researcher and the subject. d. Sociologists should not involve people in research without their informed consent.

110. Which of the following statements is true about cyberspace interaction? a. In cyberspace interaction one is encouraged to develop a new identity. b. Negative forms of interaction (e.g., aggression, intolerance, and exclusion) are prohibited when engaging in cyberspace interaction. c. Tradition and a conservative mentality are emphasized in cyberspace. d. Nonverbal communication is central to cyberspace interaction.

111. Which of the following individuals is least likely to use the Internet? a. A Black male, living in a rural area with less than a high school education. b. A White male, living in an urban area with a high school diploma. c. A Hispanic female, living in a suburban area with a college education. d. A Black female, living in an urban area with a high school diploma.

12. From a functionalist perspective, when punishment of deviant behavior is public it serves to a. reaffirm the collective beliefs and values of the society. b. protect the punishers from any appearance of being unethical. c. reinforce that crime brings one publicity and notoriety. d. encourage future deviant behavior.

13. Robert Park a. was interested in urban problems. b. focused on immigrant workers. c. emphasized qualitative research. d. used a reform-based approach.

13. Which of these statements about primary groups is true? a. Primary groups have a powerful influence on a person's selfidentity. b. Primary groups are not as influential for the individual as secondary groups. c. The concept of the primary group refers only to groups in one's childhood. d. Your sociology class is an example of a primary group.

14. _______ are small and intimate; _______ are larger and short-lived. a. Primary groups; secondary groups b. Secondary groups; primary groups. c. Triads; dyads d. Categories; secondary groups

15. According to the text, the example of attitudes toward smoking in the U.S. demonstrates the concept that a. perceptions of deviance are influenced by social change. b. smoking should not have been considered acceptable. c. laws are needed in order to best define deviant behavior. d. evidence of risk is enough to change behavior.

19. Which of the following statements is true about the differences between primary and secondary groups? a. Secondary groups are less intimate than primary groups. b. Primary groups are larger in membership than secondary groups. c. Primary groups are less long-lasting than secondary groups. d. Secondary groups include only family members.

29. Durkheim's research on _______ formed some of the framework for the functionalist understanding of deviance. a. suicide b. homosexuality c. altruism d. labels

50. A student is given the same survey three times, each time sitting alone in a room. The student's results on the survey are different each time. This is an indication that the survey a. is not reliable. b. is not valid. c. doesn't cover the material it was supposed to. d. is biased.

50. If my occupation involves scientific research or management of information, then the type of society I represent is _______ . a. postindustrial b. industrial c. forging d. pastoral.

50. In his classic study of perception and group pressure, Asch found that a. even rather gentle pressure was sufficient to cause an astonishing rise in the number of wrong answers. b. most people would not bend to the opinions of others without a great deal of anger and argument. c. the majority of people make up their minds for themselves and stick to those opinions. d. there is no real pressure to conform in most situations.

51. The difference between subcultures and countercultures is that a. countercultures reject and defy the dominant culture and subcultures do not. b. subcultures are created as a reaction to the dominant culture and subcultures do not. c. countercultures retreat from the dominant culture and subcultures do not. d. subcultures cause the development of countercultures.

53. From a sociological perspective, which of these is not necessarily characteristic of a group? a. interaction is face-to-face b. members communicate with each other c. members share goals and norms d. members possess an awareness of themselves as "we"

54. The implications of Milgram's experiments on obedience to authority are that a. it may be possible for any ordinary person to commit atrocities under the right conditions. b. getting most people to follow orders requires a great deal of coercion. c. only some personality types are capable of committing atrocities against other human beings. d. we cannot hold people accountable for their actions.

55. A significant difference between functionalist and conflict theory is that a. functionalism assumes the system works for the good of the whole, and conflict theory does not. b. functionalists focus more on the social structure than conflict theorists do. c. functionalism pays more attention to the individual than conflict theory does. d. functionalism ignores the role of deviance in society, while this is a focus for conflict.

55. The habit of seeing things only from the point of view of one's own group is called _______ . a. ethnocentrism b. xenocentrism c. cultural relativism d. multiculturalism

55. When choosing a research method, the most important thing for sociologists to consider is a. what type of sociological question is being investigated. b. which research method is most popular at the time of the study. c. if funding is available for that particular method. d. the size of the desired sample.

57. What was the outcome of the classic prison simulation done by Zimbardo and his associates? a. Without being told to do so, students playing the role of guards behaved sadistically toward the students in the role of prisoners. b. When upper-class students were put in the role of prisoner, they were not abused as much as the working-class students in the same role. c. The students acting in the roles of both prisoners and the prisoners did not take the experiment seriously and so it was discontinued early. d. The findings were not significant in terms of how people adapt to roles of authority.

59. Conflict theorists argue that a. the power to define deviance is an important form of social control. b. how much power a group possesses has no effect on whether its members will be labeled deviant. c. all groups in a society are equally subject to social control. d. labels of deviance have nothing to do with social control.

59. Cultural relativism is the idea that a. a phenomena should be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears. b. things should be viewed from one's own point of view. c. culture is diffused throughout the world. d. cultures are created in reaction to social change.

59. What is a sample? a. any subset of people of a population being studied b. another term for the population under study c. the set of data that comes in response to a survey d. a portion of data taken from another study to the one being done

6. In what way does sociological knowledge differ from philosophy and personal belief? a. In sociological study the theory must be testable. b. Sociology is the one to explore social problems. c. Sociological is never humanistic and the others are. d. Philosophy and personal beliefs are based on values.

6. The importance of Durkheim's sui generis is that _______ . a. society is more than the sum of the individuals in it. b. society is simpler than once thought. c. social interaction is more important than social structure. d. culture and society are not equivalent.

64. A strength of conflict theory in terms of understanding deviance is a. its insight into the significance of power relationships. b. its ability to see how the entire social system works for the benefit of all. c. its recognition of the importance of shared values and beliefs. d. its benefits in explaining new forms of deviance.

64. Sociological analysis of the process of deindividuation finds that a. a person in this situation thinks any blame that results will be shared by the entire group. b. the size of the group has no impact on the tendency for deindividuation. c. the larger the group the better chance there is of people talking each other out of risky behavior. d. mixed-sex groups are more likely to take risks than single-sex groups.

64. The widespread dissemination of information and entertainment through widely available channels of communication is called _______ . a. mass media b. cyber media c. cultured media d. elite media

65. Formal organizations a. are secondary groups that are organized to accomplish complex tasks efficiently. b. may be very small or very large. c. are not relevant to most people's lives. d. are generally organized around kinship or friendship.

67. A _______ gives everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for a study. a. random sample b. stratified sample c. snowball sample d. biased sample

68. What is the sociological approach to diversity in society? a. Sociologists believe that people are shaped by the social context around them. b. Sociologists like to study the unusual. c. According to sociologists, diversity seems to be disappearing. d. Sociologists study mostly racial diversity.

69. The primary reason that people join normative organizations is a. to pursue goals they believe are worthwhile. b. to increase their financial status. c. because of coercive pressure. d. to increase the size of their social networks.

69. When a person defines her identity as a mechanic, she is creating her _______ . a. master or achieved status b. ascribed status c. role set d. none of the above

7. Sociologists who study relatively small, less-complex, and less differentiated patterns of social interaction are using _______ . a. microanalysis b. macroanalysis c. structural analysis d. organic analysis

7. Triadic segregation refers to: a. the tendency for triads to develop into a pair and an isolate. b. the likelihood of dyads to be stable. c. the emergence of coalitions. d. the predisposition for primary groups to be small.

70. The University of Chicago sociologist who defined deviance as a normal response to the social conditions in which people find themselves is _______ . a. W. I. Thomas b. Michael Dyson c. Talcott Parsons d. Robert Merton

75. A problem with differential association theory is that it a. does not explain how people who are not members of deviant cultures become deviants. b. fails to account for socialization. c. ignores the influence of friends and family. d. does not explain how deviance is learned.

75. Students are expected to spend a lot of time on their studies, but students are also increasingly expected to perform some sort of volunteer work and to socialize in their residence halls. The result is a. role strain. b. anomie. c. role conflict. d. role breakdown.

76. Which of the following is the most commonly used method in sociological research? a. survey b. participant observation c. analysis of secondary sources d. experiments

77. Annette Lareau's research on middleclass and workingclass children illustrates a. the lack of preparation working-class and poor children receive in terms of learning to negotiate through various social institutions. b. the relatively few significant differences in the socialization experiences of middle-class and working-class children. c. how working-class children are actually better off than middle-class children. d. that socialization is not really class-based.

77. In the study of social interaction, sociologists find that a. social status influences the meaning of nonverbal behaviors. b. nonverbal communication, such as silence, has universal interpretations. c. the vast majority of human communication is verbal. d. although men and women have different speech patterns, they use nonverbal communication in the same ways.

77. Which of the following is not characteristic of Weber's "ideal type" bureaucracy? a. cooperative structures for accomplishing tasks b. impersonal relationships c. formal rules and regulations d. high levels of efficiency

79. The overall purpose of the bureaucratic organization is a. to maximize efficiency. b. promote democracy. c. alleviate suffering for the workers. d. be open to social change.

79. Which of the following statements is true about the process of socialization? a. Socialization begins the moment a person is born. b. By adolescence the socialization process is complete. c. Socialization ends when one becomes an adult. d. One's identity becomes fixed during the process of early socialization.

8. Mary is discussing her feelings about her country. Her consistent pattern of behavior is called _______ . a. personality b. identity c. nature d. innate beliefs

81. The phases of the life course are important because they a. bind people of the same generation. b. control what individuals are allowed to do. c. permit sociologists to study the internal construction of one's self. d. keep individuals organized.

84. _______ theorists are most likely to emphasize that cultural norms and beliefs integrate people into groups and create social bonds. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interactionist d. New cultural studies

85. Which of these is not considered a problem within bureaucracies? a. the informal structure b. risky shift c. groupthink d. ritualism

88. Alienation refers to the _______ . a. psychological separation of a person from an organization b. rigid adherence to rules and regulations c. shift away from intimate relationships with others d. physical movement away from a negative interaction

89. If Jeff wants to understand a person's income and employment status he will use _______ . a. an interview b. a survey c. an experiment d. participant observation

89. The term for both prejudice and institutionalized discrimination against people of various ages is termed _______ . a. ageism b. classism c. cohort discrimination d. age stereotypes

9. Which of these is an example of something a sociologist would consider from the microlevel analysis of social interaction? a. day to day life in a sorority house b. poverty in the U.S. c. the causes of homelessness d. rates of urban crime

91. Research on the importance of attractiveness in human interactions indicates that a. standards of attractiveness vary between cultures and between subcultures in the same society. b. its significance is overrated in terms of who we form relationships with. c. attractiveness affects who we are attracted to, but not how we judge people. d. people considered unattractive are generally thought of in very positive terms.

91. What is the sociological relationship between deviance and stigma? a. People who are stigmatized are frequently labeled as deviant. b. People who are stigmatized are not labeled deviant, but may still be looked down on. c. When someone is stigmatized the label of deviant is not applied as it would be in other circumstances. d. There is no relationship between deviance and stigma.

92. What is the significance of the concept of cultural capital for sociologists? a. It helps explain how one group may maintain its dominant social status. b. It refers to the urban centers in which cultural change is most likely to occur. c. The concept is central to resistance movements and counter cultures. d. None of these; cultural capital is not a sociological concept.

93. According to the perspective of _______ , age differentiation contributes to the common good of society because each group has varying degrees of usefulness for society. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. disengagement theory

93. Standards of beauty are culturally variable. In the U.S., a. White women are more concerned about weight than African American women. b. the Hispanics and Whites have the same standard for thinness in women c. African Americans women are more self-critical of their bodies than are White women d. Hispanic women are more interested in outward appearances of beauty than White women.

95. Studies of people being discharge from employment, or fired, have found that a. Black federal employees are twice as likely to be fired as their White counterparts. b. when Whites and Blacks have the same education and hold upper-level federal positions, they are equally likely to be fired. c. racial patterns in being discharged from employment may be attributed to lack of seniority for Black workers. d. White employees were more likely to be fired, but only when they worked less than 40 hours per week.

97. According to the concept of the social construction of reality, a. there is no reality beyond that which is produced by social interaction. b. the truth of a situation may be difficult for us to recognize at first. c. people supporting different teams will agree on the fairness of the referees, because whether something is a foul or not is a matter of fact. d. many things have their own intrinsic or inherent meaning.

97. What is the disadvantage of doing an experiment? a. experiments may be artificial, eliminating any real life effects b. experiments are not able to establish causation c. experiments rely on too many independent variables d. experiments are too expensive for most sociologists to conduct

97. _______ is an interdisciplinary field that builds on symbolic interactionism and is often critical of classical sociological approaches. a. Cultural studies b. Conflict analysis c. Communication studies d. Critical sociology

98. According to functionalism, age differentiation a. contributes to the common good. b. results from varied levels of power. c. occurs in most societies in varying ways. d. promotes inequality.

99. According to sociologists studying crime, a. both organized crime and corporate crime have an institutionalized character. b. organized crime is a term that is applied only to the Mafia in the U.S. c. financial loss from street crime is greater than that from organized or corporate crime. d. the media images of crime are relatively accurate.

99. The central focus of _______ is: positive functions contribute to unity and stability of the organization. a. functionalist theory b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

43. According to this theory of socialization if Betty receives positive reinforcement she will repeat it. a. psychoanalysis b. social learning c. functionalism d. conflict

10. Which of these would interest a sociologist who prefers macroanalysis of social interaction? a. the pattern and content of cliques in a high school b. how laws governing family leave have affected families in the U.S. c. how members of a gang feel about the crimes they commit d. the daily lives of people in a homeless shelter

101. Studies of women's participation in crime indicate that a. women actually commit more crime than men if prostitution is included in the statistics. b. women's crimes tend to be extensions of their gender roles. c. the crime committed by women most frequently is child abuse. d. overall rates of crime for women have decreased over the past decade.

101. Which of the following statements is true about rites of passage? a. The ceremonies surrounding rites of passage tend to be informal and "low key." b. Contemporary U.S. society has no single, formalized rite of passage marking the transition from childhood to adulthood. c. Rites of passage are a unique feature of American society. d. Rites of passage are relatively consistent over time.

102. Officers Matthews sees two cars speed by. According to the meter, the drivers were each going ten miles over the speed limit. One driver has light colored skin and the other has dark colored skin. Office Matthews pulls over the darker-color skinned driver. Matthews is using: a. good judgment b. racial profiling c. neutral policing d. randomness

105. Which of the following statements about culture shock is false? a. Culture shock may result from being in a different culture. b. Culture shock can only be experienced in a foreign country. c. Rapidly changing cultural conditions may produce culture shock. d. Some of the people displaced by Hurricane Katrina have experienced culture shock.

106. The FBI views terrorism as: a. a crime that violates international laws. b. a violent action to achieve political ends. c. a necessary evil. d. including bioterrorism but not cyberterrorism.

106. The transmission of cultural elements from one society to another is called _______ . a. cultural hegemony b. cultural diffusion c. cultural lag d. cultural shock

11. According to Durkheim deviance is functional because it a. threatens the social order. b. helps members of society know what is considered normal behavior. c. points up the flaws in how society is organized. d. creates employment for a large number of people.

12. Cooley's concept of primary groups a. refers only to the intimate groups of one's formative years. b. has been elaborated to include a variety of intimate relationships in groups. c. no longer has relevance within sociology. d. has been replaced with the concept of secondary groups.

12. In their day-to- day lives, most people a. have to consciously think about their cultural practices. b. take the expectations of their culture for granted. c. spend a lot of time questioning why they engage in certain behaviors. d. ignore their own cultural traditions.

12. You eat everyday in the same cafeteria on campus and notice that everyone seems to sit with the same group of people whenever they come to eat. You notice that people seem to be sitting with others who share traits such as race or gender, and you decide to explore if this is the case. What kind of reasoning does this involve? a. applied reasoning b. inductive reasoning c. deductive reasoning d. conceptual reasoning

14. A _______ is a broad system that organizes specific functions in society. a. social organization b. social institution c. social structure d. socialization

15. People stand during the National Anthem and are emotionally moved by a cross or Star of David because a. these symbols have an innately significant. b. of the significance people bestow on them as cultural symbols. c. crosses and stars are instinctually moving to people. d. people innately know how to behave when facing these symbols.

15. Professor Conway has read the previous research completed on his research question. Professor Conway is _______ . a. developing a hypothesis b. reviewing the literature c. content analysis d. searching the web

17. Research that is exactly the same as a previous study, but on a different group of people or in a different time or place, is called a _______ study. a. carbon b. replication c. reified d. spurious

17. The sociological studies of gangs in the U.S. has found that a. gang behavior is always extremely deviant. b. joining a gang may be an adaptation to conditions of poverty, racism, and sexism. c. girls who are given too much freedom to make choices about their lives are more likely to commit acts of deviance, including joining gangs. d. family dynamics are unrelated to the decision to join a gang.

19. From the perspective of conflict theorists, social institutions a. exist to protect the rights of those with less power in society. b. provide for some members of society more than for others. c. create meaning for the people who participate in them. d. hold society together.

19. How do sociologists define deviance? a. as any behavior that is extreme and unsettling b. as behavior that violates social norms c. as behavior that matches social values d. they look at what the media focuses on

19. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that: a. reality is the result of social inequality. b. language provides the category through which social reality is defined. c. there is no relationship between language and culture. d. language reflects social differences and therefore material culture.

2. Genie was studied intensively by scientists primarily interested in a. how physical attractiveness affects personality. b. language acquisition and the psychological effects of extreme confinement. c. how age chronology affects one's social development. d. how the human genome affects personality development.

20. Sociologists use the term _______ to refer to the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together comprise society. a. cultural complex b. social structure c. infrastructure d. social network

21. Bob is reflecting back on how he experienced socialization. He is thinking about his _______ . a. innate experiences b. self-concept c. nature d. personality

21. How does language influence patterns of social inequality? a. Language has little effect on patterns of race or gender inequality. b. Language may produce inequalities through stereotypes and assumptions that may be built into what people say. c. Studies have proven that what someone is called really doesn't matter, since identity is developed internally by the individual. d. While language affects patterns of race and gender, there is no indication that it influences patterns of class inequality.

23. According to Emile Durkheim, it is _______ that gives groups social solidarity. a. the social macrostructure b. collective consciousness c. class consciousness d. popular culture

23. When a researcher uses numerical analysis s/he is engaged in _______ research. a. qualitative b. quantitative c. content d. historical

27. Which of these statements about deviant behavior would be considered true from a sociological perspective? a. Some people are just born rebels and deviants. b. Deviance may be an adaptation to the social structures in which people live. c. In most cases there is a medical approach to solving problems of deviance. d. Evolutionarily, humans are predestined to push the limits.

29. When Johnny experiences an agent of socialization providing social approval and support, the agent is most likely _______ . a. his family b. his peer group c. his religious community d. his school

3. By definition, groups must be at least _______ people. a. 1 b. 2 c. 5 d. 7

3. From a sociological perspective a. a specific behavior is either always deviant or always not. b. a behavior may be judged as deviant in one situation but not another. c. all members of society must agree on which acts are deviant and which are not. d. deviant behaviors affect large groups of people.

3. How scientific is sociology? a. Sociology is always completely scientific. b. Sociology aspires to be both scientific and humanistic. c. All sociological research strictly adheres to the scientific method. d. Sociology is not one of the empirical sciences.

3. Which of the following describes a society according to sociologists? a. Highly independent individuals living together. b. Members who share common culture. c. Members who are unaware of other societies. d. Members who exhibit constant harmony.

30. A policy maker wants to address drug use with therapy. Which of the following is he or she advocating? a. Mass incarceration b. Medicalization of deviance c. Deviance as functional for society d. The idea that street criminals are an exploited class

30. According to attribution theory, when an outgroup member's behavior is unclear a. it will be interpreted in a neutral way by in-group members. b. it will be interpreted in a negative manner by in-group members. c. it will be interpreted as positive by in-group members. d. in-group members will not pay attention to it.

30. In most contemporary societies _______ create consistent patterns in the division of labor. a. intelligence and ability b. age, gender, race and class c. interest and enthusiasm d. religion and moral beliefs

31. Durkheim believed that the causes of suicide were a. best explained by the problems a person was facing. b. found in the social environment. c. the result of individual problems. d. the direct result of emotional stress.

32. According to Durkheim, what factors were responsible for producing suicides? a. a person losing their job b. the degree of integration one has into the structure of society c. psychological stress created from depression d. marital status.

32. Attribution error refers to a situation in which one a. fails to see that group membership is the cause of a person's behavior. b. falsely attributes a person's behavior to membership in a particular group. c. blames something on one person that is really the fault of another person. d. completely misunderstands the action in a particular situation.

32. The strength or seriousness of social sanctions is a. harsh, regardless of how strictly the norm is held. b. generally lighter for violations of folkways than violations of mores. c. unrelated to the type of norm that is violated. d. not something that sociologists consider in the study of norm violations.

33. When a student joins an organization it will provide which of the following? a. primary needs b. instrumental needs c. secondary needs d. basic needs

36. Shared ideas that help bind people in society together are called _______ . a. folkways b. beliefs c. mores d. sanctions

37. Concepts are a. empirically testable hypotheses. b. abstract ideas that are potentially measureable. c. ideas that can be directly seen. d. characteristics of a person of a group.

38. The abstract standards that define the ideal principles of a society are called _______ . a. beliefs b. values c. myths d. mores

39. Which of these statements explains why indicator variables are used to study concepts? a. Sociologists have no way of measuring concepts. b. Concepts cannot be observed directly. c. Concepts cannot be included as variables in a study. d. indicators are more easily defined.

4. Sociologists would consider crime to be a form of _______ deviance. a. informal b. formal c. situational d. inherent

40. When teens perceive themselves as deviant because of who they are, they are using which sociological perspective? a. conflict b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. psychology

42. Pastoral societies are based on the domestication of animals. In addition, they are characterized by a. having no material wealth. b. being nomadic. c. their location in rich farmlands. d. a lack of any division of labor.

42. When a researcher is measuring levels of well-being the variable "educational obtainment" becomes _______ . a. a dependent variable b. an indicator c. a concept d. none of the above

43. Which of these statements about occupations and networks is false? a. Compared with Whites, Latinos and Black are more likely to be harmed by a lack of social contacts b. The "old boy network" has virtually disappeared. c. The person who leads you to a job is likely to have a background similar to yours d. Black leaders have formed a network closer than that of White leaders.

44. How do sociologists ensure the validity of their research findings? a. They stick to a single indicator for a particular concept in order to avoid confusion. b. They use more than one indicator for a particular concept. c. They avoid using concepts at all because they are too abstract. d. They replicate studies multiple times.

45. Whereas earlier immigrants to the U.S. were predominantly from Europe, today most new immigrants come to the U.S. from _______ . a. Southern and Eastern Europe b. Asia and Latin America c. the Middle East and Africa d. South America and the Caribbean

45. Which of the following is a criticism of Travers and Milgram's research? a. They had a small sample size. b. Only one-third of the documents ever reached the targets. c. They did not include any Black or Hispanic senders or targets. d. The senders were highly incentivized for their work.

46. How do psychoanalytic theory and social learning theory differ from each other? a. Psychoanalytic theory is more focused on human development than social learning theory. b. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the internal process of the unconscious mind; social learning theory stresses response to external stimuli. c. Psychoanalytic theory places more importance on the social context than does social learning theory. d. Psychoanalytical theory focuses more on problematic behavior than social learning theory.

46. In every society, the dominant culture is a. the only culture in society. b. the culture of the most powerful group. c. strongly influenced by minority subcultures. d. always the culture of the majority of people.

46. Which of these is not a characteristic of most industrial societies? a. use of machines to produce goods and services b. increased death rates and a lowered life expectancy c. highly differentiated labor force d. social cohesion achieved through structures of social institutions

47. Social control theory suggests that deviance occurs when: a. a person is labeled as deviant. b. a person's attachment to social bonds is weakened. c. a person does not have access to legitimate means of reaching their goals. d. social regulations in a society break down.

47. The dominant culture in any society a. is the only true culture in the society. b. is commonly believed to be "the" culture of a society. c. does not necessarily correspond to the groups with the most power. d. is the least recognized.

48. According to the social control theory, what is the primary reason that people internalize social norms? a. they fear punishment b. they care what others think of them c. they hope for economic gain d. internalizing norms is biologically determined

48. The gas gauge on your car is broken and always drops to empty when the tank is just half full. Although the gauge is inaccurate, it can still be said to be _______ . a. valid b. reliable c. an independent measure d. inconsistent

49. The cultures of groups whose values and norms differ to some extent from those of the dominant culture are called _______ . a. countercultures b. subcultures c. popular cultures d. postmodern cultures

5. Which of the following is an example of a dyad? a. your parents and you b. a married couple c. your sociology class d. all 18-year-olds

5. Which of the following is not a step in the scientific research process? a. hypothesis testing b. finding funding for the research c. observation d. data analysis

50. Which of the following best describes social learning theory? a. people are passive creatures who merely responded to stimuli in their environment. b. while learning is crucial to socialization, imagination also has a critical role. c. the importance of schema is overemphasized in theories of socialization. d. there are really no distinctive stages of cognitive development.

51. The results of Solomon Asch's classic study of conformity were that a. test subjects required a great deal of harassment before they would succumb to group pressure and give an incorrect answer. b. individuals are likely to conform to group pressure, even if the group is objectively incorrect. c. the size of the group of confederates do not make any difference in the likelihood of the subject to give an incorrect response. d. male subjects were more likely to conform than female subjects.

51. Today, the United States would be described as a. an agricultural society. b. between industrial and post-industrial phases. c. moving beyond post-industrial society. d. no longer manufacturing any products for itself.

52. A criticism of the functional perspective of deviance is that it a. places too much emphasis on the individual. b. does not explain why some people are able to impose their ideas judgments on others. c. overemphasizes injustice and inequality in society. d. fails to see the good that deviance accomplishes.

54. An ethnocentric person is characterized by which of the following? a. is always extreme b. protects their identity from others c. is not normal d. none of the above

54. From a conflict perspective, all of the following at true, except, a. deviance results from inequality in society. b. powerless groups may be labeled deviant for small infractions c. deviance reaffirms social solidarity. d. racial minorities are punished more harshly than others.

54. When sociologists conduct surveys or engage in participant observation they are gathering _______ . a. primary data b. secondary data c. background data d. experimental data

55. According to _______ , society relies upon conformity to maintain stability and social equilibrium making socialization into the ways of one's society very important. a. psychoanalytic theory b. functionalism c. social learning theory d. object relations theory

55. Applying Milgram's research on conformity to the torture of prisoners by American soldiers that took place at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq demonstrates that a. the torture of prisoners by American soldiers must have been the act of a few cruel and deranged people. b. the reasons that prisoners were tortured by soldiers lay within the social structure and the group pressure of the situation. c. the American soldiers are in no way responsible for their actions. d. only new recruits with little experience would conform to authority if told to intentionally harm another person.

56. According to the perspective of _______ , the internalization of societal values in the process of socialization is important because it reinforces social consensus. a. conflict theory b. functionalism c. social learning theory d. symbolic interaction theory

56. Applied to a situation like the torture of Iraqi prisoners in American prison Abu Ghraib, Milgram's and Asch's findings would indicate that a. there was a serious breakdown in respect for authority that caused soldiers to violate the international standards for treatment of prisoners. b. the cause of the American soldiers' inhumane treatment of prisoners is partly the structure of the situation and group pressure. c. American soldiers would only commit torture if following a direct order with fear of punishment for not carrying it out. d. soldiers are more sadistic than the average college student or American citizen.

56. Which of the following statements is false regarding ethnocentrism? a. Ethnocentrism may be a strong force for group solidarity. b. Only Americans are ethnocentric. c. Ethnocentrism discourages intergroup understanding. d. One's own culture is taken for granted so it may be difficult to understand other people's culture.

58. According to Janis, which of the following decisions was the result of groupthink? a. Bush's decision to engage in the first Gulf War. b. Kennedy's decision to launch the "Bay of Pigs" invasion in Cuba c. Johnson's decision in 1967 to start the War on Poverty. d. Obama's decision to reform health care.

58. Extreme ethnocentrism a. is rare. b. may result in violence, including terrorism, war, and genocide. c. is found primarily in less developed countries. d. has not been studied by sociologists.

58. The historical persecution of witches is presented in the text as an example of a. the system works for the good of the whole society. b. how dominant groups can exert control by marking some populations as deviant. c. how deviance, in this case persecution of witches, may be functional for society. d. the importance of shared values and beliefs within a society.

6. The discussion of birthday traditions included in the text demonstrates that a. some forms of celebration are universal. b. even seemingly "normal" practices have cultural roots. c. American birthday traditions represent cultural lag. d. U.S. culture dominates globally, even in birthday practices.

60. An immigrant from Vietnam was a lawyer in his home country. In the U.S. he cannot practice law, and so he drives a cab for a living. His experience is an example of _______ . a. role conflict b. status inconsistency c. role strain d. ascribed status

61. A status that is earned is called an a. acquired status b. achieved status c. assumed status d. ascribed status

62. A sociologist wants to find out what the attitudes toward drinking are among the students at the university where she works. What would be considered the population for this study? a. a subset of the student population who will answer a questionnaire b. the entire student body at that university c. all of the university students in the U.S. d. everyone on that university campus, including students and non-students

62. When a population sees itself as a victim of the criminal justice system, it is drawing on which perspective? a. functionalism b. conflict c. postmodern d. feminism

63. What is necessary in order to draw the most accurate conclusions about a population while only studying part of it? a. a sample that is at least 10 percent of the population b. a representative sample c. a group of people from the population who volunteer for the study d. a sample that is at least half of the population.

64. When Dr. Baker collects census data on farm loss he is using _______ . a. primary b. secondary c. content d. historical

66. Which of the following is not characteristic of formal organizations? a. They develop their own cultures and routine practices. b. They are independent of any other organization. c. They change over time, but also tend to remain in existence. d. They may be tools for creating social change.

68. According to Mead, children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment during the _______ stage of childhood socialization. a. imitation b. play c. game d. preoperational

7. Sociological study that starts with a specific research question focused on some generally-held principle is called _______ . a. inductive reasoning b. deductive reasoning c. conceptual reasoning d. applied reasoning

70. A student who admires her basketball coach and plans to become a coach herself is an example of _______ . a. role reversal b. role modeling c. role imitation d. taking the role of the other

72. A research finding that was not being looked for and is unanticipated is called _______ by researchers. a. spurious b. serendipity c. intervening d. valid

72. According to differential association theory, people become deviant a. when other means of achievement are blocked. b. by learning from members of their primary groups. c. when they lack attachment to other people. d. in protest over unjust circumstances.

73. Large organizations that individuals join for specific purposes are referred to as _______ organizations. a. normative b. utilitarian c. coercive d. voluntary

73. Mead's term for the passive, conforming self that reacts to others is the _______ . a. ego b. me c. I d. id

76. In her research on the socialization of white and black children in working-class and middle class families, Annette Lareau found that the a. middle-class children had a more leisured life than working-class children. b. workingclass children's lives were less structured than those of middleclass children. c. working-class children had less opportunity for creative play than middle-class children. d. middle-class children were more harshly punished than working-class children.

79. If a sociologist wants to know how students feel about the cost of living in residence halls, the most appropriate research method to use would be _______ . a. an experiment b. a survey c. observation d. searching university records

8. Which of the following statements about deviance is false? a. Even the most aberrant or odd behavior may be understood if we understand the situation in which it occurs. b. Most deviant actions are deviant no matter what the circumstances. c. Definitions of what is considered deviant behavior may change over time. d. Some actions are only considered deviant when certain people commit them.

81. Classical theorists of sociology were primarily interested in the relationship of culture to a. standards of beauty. b. nonmaterial culture such as values and beliefs. c. other social institutions. d. the material artifacts that were produced.

82. One advantage of surveys is that a. they are rigid. b. they can ask about a large number of topics and use sophisticated techniques to find the patterns among variables. c. they do not need to relate to a hypothesis. d. they have a very high response rate.

84. Erik Erikson stated that the central task of adolescence is a. developing youth subcultures. b. forming a consistent identity. c. extending childhood. d. preparing for adult roles.

85. Research on adolescents of different social classes has found that a. lower income youth are more likely to have fun than upper class youth. b. economically privileged youth are more likely than their less privileged peers to define their activities as fun and not work. c. there are no significant differences in the activities of adolescents of different social classes. d. the world seems more "worklike" for economically privileged adolescents because of their different roles.

86. Compared to survey research, participant observation creates a greater risk that a. the research is not measuring what it is designed to. b. the researcher may be subjective in their interpretations. c. the results are will not be easily understood by other researchers. d. the research process is too analytical.

87. Weber was concerned with the responsibility of sociologists. He stated that sociologists should a. use their research to promote particular political positions. b. teach students the uncomfortable truth about the world. c. avoid examining unpopular opinions and views. d. theorize without trying to be empirical.

88. Which of the following is true about human relationships? a. Most people do not seek affiliation. b. Many people lack human contact. c. They have a strong need for affiliation. d. Most people are not conscious of their need for relationships.

94. John want to be a sociology major who studies the social cause of crime. He is majoring in _______ . a. Deviant sociology b. Criminology c. Criminal justice d. Victimology

94. What is the purpose of sociological theory? a. To make sociology seem more academic. b. To organize and interpret observations. c. To provide a way to do sociology without having to conduct research. d. To describe what sociology is.

95. In a controlled experiment, the group that is exposed to the variable being studied is called _______ , the group not being exposed is called _______ . a. the control group; the sample b. the experimental group; the control group c. the sample; the population d. the population; the sample

95. Which of the following problems are both the Uniform Crime Report and National Crime Victimization Survey subject to? a. overreporting b. underreporting c. changing definitions d. stereotypes

96. By focusing on the competition for resources such as jobs, _______ theory offers an explanation of why both youth and the elderly are assigned lower status in society and are most likely to be poor. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interaction d. disengagement

96. The group exposed to the variable in a controlled experiment is called the _______ . a. control group b. experimental group c. participant group d. design group

97. What are the effects of social class and race on people's roles within an organization? a. Race and social class do not have any consistent effect on people's roles within an organization. b. People of upper and middle class backgrounds are more likely to be promoted than someone with a lower-class background, even if they are of the same race. c. When members of minority groups have the same level of education as their White peers, there is no difference in the rates of promotion. d. When people with a lower social class background have the same level of education as their peers they are just as likely to be promoted.

98. A(n) _______ analyzes the communications of people in order to paint a picture of society. a. experiment b. content analysis c. questionnaire d. telephone interview

98. At its most basic level, the function of the family is _______ . a. emotional support b. reproduction c. marriage d. economic support

98. The orientation that sees society as comprised of the images and words that people use to represent behavior and ideas is called _______ . a. new cultural studies b. postmodernism c. critical sociology d. new age theory

99. A study of how women are depicted in advertisements is an example what method? a. literature review b. content analysis c. questionnaire d. analysis of secondary data

99. Which of the following is true of postmodernism? a. It places a strong emphasis on the economic basis of behavior. b. Within postmodernism, culture is a series of images that may be interpreted in a number of ways. c. Postmodernism places a strong emphasis on the unifying features of culture. d. Traditions are the most important aspects of culture.

1. In order for something to be considered deviant, a. it must be against the law. b. everyone in society must regard it as deviant. c. it must violate socially created rules and norms. d. it must have negative consequences.

100. According to Ervin Goffman, when Jim willfully tries to manipulate others, he is engaging in _______ . a. role conflict b. exploitation c. impression management d. role strain

100. Of the methods listed below, which does not directly study people? a. participant observation b. survey c. content analysis d. experiment

102. Tommy joined a cult where he was given a new name and moved away from his family in order to learn the "right way." Tommy is going through _______ . a. anticipatory socialization b. reverse socialization c. resocialization d. amalgamation

103. The major disadvantage of content analysis as a method is a. that the cultural artifact has already been produced. b. it is unobtrusive. c. it cannot tell us how people respond to the content. d. it is susceptible to the Hawthorne effect.

103. When one aspect of culture changes more slowly than other aspects, sociologists call this a. cultural leveling. b. cultural obstructions. c. cultural lag. d. cultural construction.

104. Culture shock refers to a. the experience of realizing that you are aging and culture is changing. b. the introduction of new technologies to older members of society. c. the feeling of disorientation one feels when placed in a new or rapidly changing cultural environment. d. the sticker shock of constantly increasing prices.

104. For what types of research questions is oral history particularly useful? a. understanding how social groups are perceived over time b. discovering what factors motivate people to behave in certain ways c. learning the history of groups that have been ignored or misrepresented d. visualizing changes in the population over time

104. The focus on how the individual looses their sense of self and is overwhelmed by bureaucracy reflects which perspective? a. functionalist theory b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. feminist theory

105. Goffman's theory, dramaturgy, views human experience as if it were a performance. Specifically, Goffman argues that a. we perform in a way that presents a consistent image of ourselves. b. we are unaware that we are engaging in a performance. c. how we present ourselves varies according to the stage and the role we are performing. d. the only time we are not engaged in performance is with family and close friends.

107. Being completely objective while conducting research is impossible. Therefore, most sociologists a. do not even attempt objectivity. b. claim to be value-free and avoid considerations of objectivity. c. do not claim to be value-free, but try to produce objective research. d. try to be ethical even if they do not actually do it.

107. Exchange theorists analyze human interaction in terms of _______ . a. gender and class b. race and ethnicity c. profit and loss d. gemeinschaft and gesellschaft

107. The invention of subways and trains illustrates which cause of social change? a. change in the societal condition b. cultural diffusion c. innovation d. the imposition of cultural change by an outside agency

11. From a sociological perspective, what a person becomes a. is a result of innate traits. b. emerges throughout life. c. results from social experiences. d. is mainly genetic.

15. Secondary groups are most likely to take on characteristics of primary groups a. in situations where there is a clear authority and purpose to the group. b. when family members are living at a distance. c. in times of high stress or crisis such as natural disasters. d. when they are extremely small.

15. Within sociology, the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations is called _______ . a. criminology b. socialization c. social control d. punishments

16. Which of the following is true about cultural change? a. There are some beliefs that are so self-evident, such as the scientific understanding of disease, that they never change. b. While culture changes from place to place, in each place it stays virtually the same. c. Culture changes as people adapt in different time periods and in to different environments. d. Cultural changes overtime but not across places.

20. How do most sociologists view conformity? a. Socialization causes humans to passively conform to social norms. b. Even after socialization it is very difficult to get most people to conform. c. It is possible for some people to conform too much. d. Conformity ends when it leads people to enter into potentially dangerous behaviors.

21. According to the research presented in the text, in a study of the role of small voluntary groups in society Robert Wuthnow and his associates found that a. voluntary groups are not able to fill the void left by the breakdown of community and family. b. voluntary interest groups have lost their importance within U.S. society c. people seek small voluntary groups for a sense of community and a spiritual connection. d. voluntary group membership has been declining in the U.S.

21. According to the text, social structures a. are a part of large, but not small organization. b. only have an influence on impersonal aspects of our lives, like education and religion. c. are difficult to see for the untrained observer. d. do not have any connection to each other.

22. Professor Evans believes that if his students study more they will improve their exam scores. This is an example of a. quantitative research. b. qualitative research. c. a hypothesis. d. a variable.

23. Which of the following situations is most likely to result in a secondary group becoming a primary group? a. standing in line at an amusement park waiting to get on a popular ride b. picking over items at a large rummage sale c. a neighborhood digging out after a blizzard has hit d. sharing an admiration for a rock star

25. Based on what you read you think that people whose parents are divorced are more likely to become divorced themselves. As you begin your research you state your belief that if a person's parents are divorced that person is more likely to become divorced themselves. This is an example of a . a. research design b. statement of causality c. hypothesis d. generalized conclusion

25. In a society where mechanical solidarity exists a. solidarity is created by individuals playing a great variety of different roles. b. unity is based on role differentiation, not similarity. c. individuals share the same values, hold the same things sacred, and frequently play the same roles. d. the performance of multiple roles is necessary for the execution of society's complex and integrated functions.

25. Socialization agents teach us the social expectations of society. According to the text, a. social institutions are never socialization agents. b. individual people are not socialization agents. c. everyone is potentially a socializing agent. d. it is impossible to identify the true socialization agents in society

26. The primary sociological criticism of the medicalization of deviance is that it a. makes deviance too expensive to cure. b. makes it too easy for members of society to behave in deviant ways. c. ignores the impact of the social structure in the creation of deviant behavior. d. Assumes a trained medical profession.

26. Which of the following is true about the family as an agent of socialization? a. The family is rarely a person's first source of socialization. b. In today's world parents have a very minor role in the development of their child's identity. c. Not all families socialize children in the same way or into the expectations. d. The media are a more important source of gender socialization than the family.

27. The type of social solidarity that exists in the United States and other industrialized societies is _______ solidarity. a. communal b. mechanical c. organic d. integrated

27. _______ promote a sense of "us;" _______ promote a sense of "them." a. Dyads; triads b. Primary groups; secondary groups c. In-groups; out-groups d. Reference groups; attribution groups

28. Which of these statements can be said of all sociological research? a. it is all quantitative b. it is all qualitative c. it always has a plan for the collection of data d. it always follows the model of hypothesis

30. As a means of social control, to enforce norms, sanctions a. are always negative. b. are always positive. c. may be mild or severe. d. are not very effective.

31. Thomas Pettigrew's summary of research on attribution theory found that a. individuals are accurate in their perception of the motives of other people's acts, regardless of their ingroup or out-group membership. b. attribution error is much less common than people think. c. individuals commonly distort the motives and acts of people whom they see as out-group members. d. when provided with information about out-groups that disproves negative perceptions of them, people quickly alter their perceptions.

31. Which of these statements is the best description of a variable? a. A variable is something that the researcher wants to study. b. A variable is something that causes an effect on something else. c. A variable is something that can have more than one value or score. d. A variable is a scientific statement of observation.

33. The text uses "creationism" as an example of how the social context influences religious socialization. How does the social context related to "creationism"? a. People generally become creationists as adults when they learn evolutionary theory. b. Creationism is equally distributed among people in different religious denominations. c. People who believe in creationism tend to come from small towns where they have been less exposed to other influences. d. Creationism is more pronounced in nontraditional families.

34. If a students uses musicians as a model for behavior then musicians are their _______ . a. primary group b. secondary group c. reference group d. attribute

34. Within a gemeinschaft society, how is social control achieved? a. through social institutions such as the legal system b. through a system of written laws that apply equally to members of society c. through an internal sense of belonging that member of society share d. through a strict division of labor.

36. A person reads in the newspaper that a Black youth has been shot by a White police officer. If no other information is available, attribution theory suggests that a. a White person will view the shooting as an unnecessary act of violence. b. both Black and White people will assume that youth gang activity was a problem. c. a Black person will likely believe the shooting was unnecessary, while a White person will assume the officer acted appropriately. d. neither a Black nor a White person will make any assumptions about the situation until they have learned more information.

37. Which of the following is an example of egotistic suicide? a. teen suicide b. suicide bombers c. elder suicide d. suicide for religious reasons

37. Which of the following statements is false in regards to beliefs? a. Shared beliefs hold people in a group or society together. b. Beliefs are the basis for many norms and values in a society. c. Beliefs must be true in order for them to guide human behavior. d. Beliefs may be so strongly held that it is difficult to consider any contradictory information.

38. How do sociologists explain the fact that women have lower rates of suicide than men? a. Women are more fearful in general. b. Women are very hesitant to do harm, even to themselves. c. Women are more embedded in relations of care and responsibility. d. Women have less access to the means for committing suicide.

38. The key factor that distinguishes types of societies is the a. kinship system. b. division of labor. c. development of technology. d. economic system.

39. Durkheim used the term _______ to refer to the condition existing when social regulation in a society breaks down. a. dysfunction b. culture conflict c. anomie d. egoism

4. Emile Durkheim described society as suis generis. This means that society a. is made up of a lot of individualized social interaction. b. is the term for a set of groups and organizations in the same location. c. is greater than the sum of its parts; it is an entity of its own. d. lacks order because it has such great diversity.

40. Which of the following statements about values is true? a. Values are really too abstract to provide any guidelines for behavior. b. Values are never the source of cultural tensions. c. Values may cause conflict in society. d. Values create ideas that cannot actually be achieved.

41. The shooting of students and faculty at Virginia Tech in the spring of 2007 fits the pattern of Durkheim's _______ suicide. a. anomic b. altruistic c. egoistic d. fatalistic

42. According to Freud, people cope with the tension between their _______ by developing defense mechanisms. a. ego and id b. ego and superego c. id and superego d. None of these is correct.

42. Merton's structural strain theory traces the origins of deviance to a. anomie in an individual. b. emotional stress caused by job loss, divorce, and the like. c. the tension between desired cultural goals and the means of achieving them d. the lack of any commitment to cultural goals

49. According to social psychologist Philip Zimbardo, how do most people respond to hearing about the overly conforming behavior of others in groups? a. They empathize because they know they would behave the same way. b. They understand that for most people conformity is the norm. c. They believe that they themselves would not succumb to group pressure. d. They think that the conformity is the result of group members being tricked in some way.

5. What is the relationship between biology and culture in shaping human behavior? a. Human biology determines our behavior. b. The natural environment is the biggest determinant of human behavior. c. Human biology sets limits and provides the capacities for different types of behavior. d. Culture is the only influence on human behavior.

50. Members of a subculture a. are never well-integrated into the dominant culture. b. tend to share the same practices, values and beliefs as the members of the dominant culture. c. exist within and share some elements of the dominant culture. d. are indistinguishable from members of the dominant culture.

51. Which of these statements about functionalist theory is false? a. it focuses on the social structure, not individual action b. it argues that some things that are seen as dysfunctional are actually functional for society c. it explains how social norms first become established in society d. it sees deviance as having a stabilizing influence on society

52. According to the text if a family engages their children with deliberate cultivation of their development then: a. They reflect middle class socialization b. The children are experiencing natural growth c. They are most often engaging in middle class socialization d. They are most often working class

52. How does post-industrialism impact members of society? a. most have more leisure time b. new kinds of jobs pay better so most make more money c. education, particularly science, takes on paramount importance d. full employment as new kinds of jobs are created

52. In the now famous Milgram Obedience Studies, the results demonstrated that a. people will not conform when they believe their behavior will harm another person. b. women are less likely to engage in behavior that is potentially harmful for others than men are. c. there is a significant difference between what people believe they will do and how they actually behave. d. people only conform up to a certain point, but will not violate moral or ethical standards.

53. When asked to administer potentially harmful shocks to other people in a research setting, most people will a. only administer very weak shocks; they refuse to give stronger shocks. b. refuse to administer any type of shocks; they will quit the research project. c. give whatever strength of electric shock they are asked to, regardless of the risk to another person. d. call the authorities and report the person telling them to shock another person.

53. Which of the following is an example of primary data? a. the research used in another sociologist's study b. police reports of crime c. the results of a one's own sociological survey d. birth data from the Bureau of Vital Statistics

55. If I am a member of a parent-teacher association, which of the following am I involved in? a. an audience b. an informal organization c. a formal organization d. a private organization

56. When a wealthy and powerful executive engages in deviance representing his or her organization it is referred to as _______ . a. Corporate b. White-collar c. Elite d. Class

56. When used as data for sociological analysis, national opinion polls, and census data are all considered _______ . a. invalid b. unreliable c. secondary sources d. primary sources

57. _______ is interested in how social inequality affects the development of an individual's identity. a. Psychoanalytic theory b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Symbolic interaction

60. From the perspective of cultural relativism, in order to understand a particular cultural practice we must know a. how much harm it does. b. whether or not it is practiced by the majority of people in a society. c. the cultural values that it is based on. d. how it compares to the practices of our own culture.

60. When labeling theory and conflict theory are linked they explain a. why youth cultures create their own types of styles, such as tattoos and piercings. b. how deviance actually contributes to stability within society. c. why members of oppressed groups are more likely to be incarcerated or institutionalized. d. how deviance is defined.

60. Which of these statements is false from the perspective of symbolic interactionism? a. The self is what we imagine we are. b. Humans make conscious choices in response to their social environment. c. Identity is something unconscious and hidden from view. d. Social roles are real because people give meaning to them.

61. The diffusion of a single culture throughout the world is termed: a. cultural commerce. b. cultural relativism. c. global culture. d. infusion.

63. A status that is occupied from the moment of birth (e.g., your sex or race) is called an _______ . a. acquired status b. assumed status c. ascribed status d. achieved status

63. Some argue that many of the recent conflicts in the world are the result of a struggle between the values of a consumer-based, capitalist Western culture and a. the influence of socialist cultures. b. the values of a merchant-based Eastern culture. c. the traditional values of local communities. d. the global environmental movement.

64. According to Charles Horton Cooley, the self is formed as we a. respond to our subconscious need for approval. b. imitate the play of others. c. respond to the expectations that others have of us. d. are punished for behaving incorrectly.

7. Norms, values, laws, and customs are all examples of _______ . a. high culture b. material culture c. nonmaterial culture d. nontraditional culture

70. During which step of the research process do sociologists make their research discoveries? a. formulating a hypothesis b. collecting data c. data analysis d. presenting their conclusions

73. A researcher asks himself whether his results apply only to the people he studied or to the whole world. This researcher is questioning the _______ of his research. a. reliability b. validity c. generalizability d. replication

74. Youths raised with parents who are deviant are more likely to be deviant themselves. This is an illustration of: a. labeling theory b. functionalism c. differential association d. social control theory

77. Social labeling theory focuses on who in society can determine that others are deviant and are able to apply sanctions. This aspect of social labeling theory makes it most associated with _______ . a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. feminist theory

77. Sociological research on the impact of media images has found that a. most people are unable to distinguish between fantasy on television and real life. b. music videos are the only type of media that does not have a negative impact. c. White girls in particular believe they are judged according to media standards of beauty. d. media has little overall influence of individual lives.

78. A high school student acts bored in class and the teacher decides she is a bad student. This teacher discusses the student with other teachers who then treat that student as if she were a bad student. This describes the process of _______ . a. differential association b. cultural transmission c. labeling d. weakening social bonds

78. Nonverbal communication a. varies very little from one society to another. b. is of little interest to sociologists because it is so difficult to observe. c. varies according to one's race, class, and gender. d. is usually one-way.

79. Labeling theorists argue that once a person is labeled deviant a. they will only associate with others who are considered deviant. b. the will no longer share an interest in socially desirable goals. c. it will be difficult for them to reestablish a nondeviant identity. d. they will turn to a life of crime.

8. A sociological study explores whether there is any truth to the stereotype that women are bad drivers. This study is based on which type of reasoning? a. inductive reasoning b. applied reasoning c. deductive reasoning d. conceptual reasoning

80. _______ examines human development through exploration of the connections between one's personal attributes and roles and social and historical events. a. The social-historical self b. Life history analysis c. The life course perspective d. The sociological imagination

82. Which of the following statements about bureaucracy is false? a. Subcultures develop even in the largest bureaucracies. b. Secretaries and other assistants often have more power than their job description or salary indicates. c. The informal culture of bureaucracy works to make all employees feel more connected and included. d. Informal norms within a bureaucracy may increase or decrease worker productivity.

85. Sociologists have found that deviant communities a. generally share most of the same values and norms as the dominant community. b. are a source of support for previously labeled people who want to try and return to a non-deviant identity. c. often develop their own emblems, language, and dress. d. exist mostly in large urban areas.

85. The size of proxemic bubbles differs between ethnic groups. Research indicates that the ethnic group with the largest interaction distance between individuals involved in a conversation is _______ . a. Hispanic people b. White middle-class Americans c. White British males d. African Americans

87. Julie has a positive response when she sees Carl. Julie is experiencing _______ . a. affiliation b. proxemic communication c. interpersonal attraction d. imprinting

91. An age cohort refers to a. the hierarchical ranking of different age groups in society. b. a type of age-based discrimination. c. an aggregate of people born during the same time period. d. the discrimination and prejudice toward a particular age group.

92. According to some sociologists, when some people are stigmatized a. it helps to elevate their social status. b. they are often overlooked by others. c. it reinforces "normalness" in others. d. it has little impact on their overall identity.

92. As George ages, disengagement theory would predict that he would _______ . a. increase his physical activity b. increase his support of youth activities c. decrease his participation in society d. get depressed

92. Which of the following would not be a slogan for Ritzer's McDonaldization? a. "the same way, everyday" b. "count on it" c. "have it your way" d. "over and over again"

93. Which of the following would be of the least interest to sociologists studying drug and alcohol use? a. How definitions of alcohol and drug abuse change over time. b. Why using one substance is considered more than another. c. The hormone levels of the people most likely to use drugs. d. What social groups those who are most stigmatized belong to.

96. According to the text, the interdisciplinary field known as cultural studies builds on the insights of _______ . a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction d. feminist theory

96. Rosabeth Moss Kanter's classic study of organizational structure indicated that a. there is no indication that the hierarchical structure of the bureaucracy negatively impacts on minorities or women. b. while race and gender play a major role determining people's place within the organization, social class does not. c. the stressful effects of tokenism on women and minorities can have very negative consequences. d. in modern organizations, token minorities and/or women hires no longer exist; persons are hired and fired strictly on their own merit.

96. The social construction of reality is a principle that is central to _______ . a. functionalist theory b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. equilibrium theory

97. The meaning of different age groups varies from culture to culture. This would be of most interest to _______ . a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. object relations theory

97. Which of the following types of crime is the least likely to be rigorously enforced? a. personal crimes b. property crimes c. victimless crimes d. violent crimes

98. According to Weber bureaucracies have positive functions that contribute to their overall unity. Weber termed these _______ . a. positive functions b. manifest functions c. eufunctions d. non-dysfunctions

104. Resocialization likely occurs in all of the following, except a. joining the military b. going to prison c. an extreme conversion d. losing a loved one

67. Mead's stages, in their correct order, are a. imitation, sensorimotor, operational. b. preoperational, play, concrete operational. c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational. d. imitation, play, game.

104. Using impression management, individuals a. present themselves in the same way, regardless of the situation. b. do not think about how others will perceive them. c. worry they will not be able to play their role properly. d. present different "selves" to others, depending on the situation.

104. _______ crimes are those motivated by various forms of social bias. a. Person b. Victimless c. Bias d. Hate

106. Being completely objective while conducting research is probably not possible. Which of these influences a sociologist's research results? a. the subjects b. the research question c. the research design d. the research question, research design and subjects all influence the findings.

108. Which of the following statements about cultural change is false? a. Cultures change in response to changed conditions in the society. b. Cultures change through cultural diffusion. c. Cultures change as the result of innovation. d. Cultural change cannot be consciously created.

11. Sociologists use the term _______ to describe the order established in social groups at any level. a. social interaction b. infrastructure c. social design d. social organization

111. Symbolic interactionists view _______ as the primary motivation for human behavior. a. whether or not action is functional b. struggles for social and economic resources c. achieving social solidarity d. people's definition of the situation

112. Which of the following best characterizes differences in Internet usage between men and women? a. Cyberspace is shared by all groups evenly. b. Men use the Internet more than women. c. Women use the Internet more than men. d. Men are more likely to use the Internet for business purposes.

113. As cyberspace interaction increases, sociologists have begun to research the influence of the internet on social interaction. Research indicates all of the following, except a. some people are able to develop close and in-depth relationships through their interaction in cyberspace. b. cyberspace interaction seems to follow the same patterns of face-to-face interaction in terms of impression management. c. social interaction in cyberspace is a source of identity for people, just as in traditional forms of communication. d. cyberspace interaction is quickly replacing face-to-face interaction.

14. Which of the following is not a source of sociological research questions? a. past studies that one may want to expand further b. past research that one would like to develop a critique of c. an observation in everyday life d. All of these may be a source.

16. Social institutions are an important concept within sociology for all of the following reasons, except a. they shape life within any particular society. b. they meet certain needs that are necessary for society to exist. c. they exist outside of individual experience. d. they are natural extensions of society.

16. Which of these is not important when assessing whether or not information available on the Internet is valid? a. what kind of organization is responsible for the website b. what variables are discussed and whether a causal connection between the variables is stated c. if the research is based on a random sample, or if it is biased d. the date the website was last updated.

21. Which of the following questions about deviance is more psychological than sociological? a. How is deviance related to patterns of social inequality? b. Was this type of behavior always considered deviant? c. Does pressure from one's peer group encourage this type of deviance? d. What is it about this person that causes them to be deviant?

22. One consequence of socialization is that it makes people bearers of culture. Which of these outcomes of socialization is most related to people as bearers of culture? a. Socialization shapes a person's self concept. b. Socialization creates the capacity for understanding the perspective of other people. c. Socialization creates the tendency to act in socially acceptable ways. d. Socialization ultimately produces society itself.

22. What is the relationship between language and social inequality? a. Language may reproduce the inequalities that exist in society. b. The language that people use may alter social stereotypes to some extent. c. The power relations in a situation provide a context for the meanings of particular expressions. d. All of these choices are true.

33. Anomie, as defined by Durkheim, is frequently referred to as a state of a. euphoria or extreme depression. b. excessive social integration. c. total detachment from society and social forces. d. relative normlessness caused by the breakdown of social influences.

4. Georg Simmel is known for his work with: a. social networks. b. social institutions. c. groupthink. d. group size effects.

41. Which of the following statements regarding Freud's psychoanalytic theory is false? a. The superego incorporates society's collective expectations. b. The ego plays a balancing act between the id and the superego. c. The id is in permanent conflict with the superego. d. The ego is independent of the superego and the id.

44. Psychoanalytic theory differs from social learning theory in that it: a. sees human identity as indeterminate b. interprets human identity as a process occurring late in life c. interprets human identity as a process occurring early in life d. sees identity as a learned response

44. Sometimes people will comment that it is a "small world" when they coincidentally meet the friend of a friend. Research into the "small world problem" demonstrates that a. networks do not reach as far as was believed in the past. b. employment agencies are more effective than networks at directing people toward jobs. c. social networking is a thing of the past; it is now out-of-date. d. networks make the world seem a lot smaller than many might think.

5. In which of the following is Durkheim most interested? a. How society changes. b. The ways that interaction creates innovation. c. Power. d. The ways society is held together.

65. Gender may be considered an achieved status as well as an ascribed status for all of the following reasons, except a. gender is socially constructed. b. people enact their gender through behaviors and appearance. c. some people transition in some way from the sex into which they were born. d. gender and sex are unique concepts.

69. The growth of media conglomerates means that fewer organizations are involved in producing and distributing culture. Which of the following is not a consequence of this growth? a. there may be less diversity in content of the media. b. people may conform to the interests of the dominant groups without realizing they are doing so. c. cultural messages in the media become more homogeneous. d. over time, there may be a single corporation controlling all media sources.

77. Which of these is not a survey? a. questionnaire b. interview c. telephone or internet poll d. experiment

78. Children learn race and gender within all of the following, except a. the family. b. school. c. the media. d. the economy.

79. Which of the following is true about prime time media? a. women are often depicted as a majority of characters. b. women are presented as professionals late in their careers. c. black women are accurately depicted. d. men are often depicted as a majority of characters.

84. Which of the following is false of deviant communities? a. Joining a deviant community closes one off from conventional society and tends to solidify deviant careers. b. Subcultural norms and values reinforce the deviant label both inside and outside the deviant group, thus reinforcing deviant behavior. c. Disapproval of an individual member from the outgroup may only enhance one's status within the ingroup. d. Deviant communities are often indistinguishable from normative society to outsiders.

85. According to functionalists, a. culture is unpredictable and changing. b. culture creates group meanings. c. culture serves the interests of powerful groups. d. culture integrates people into groups.

98. Which of the following is true regarding criminal violence? a. Criminal violence is increasing and is random. b. Criminal violence is decreasing and is random. c. Criminal violence is increasing and is not random. d. Criminal violence is decreasing and is not random.

Sociology Ch. 1-7 Questions

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