Sociology Ch. 6
examples of white collar crime
crime that does not involve force crime that is committed by high social status individuals crime that is policed and typically punished less strenuously than other types of crime
Robert Merton
developed strain theory as a functionalist account of social deviance
Erving Goffman suggests there are three main types of stigma: physical, moral, and
tribal
define innovator
accepts society's approved goals but rejects the means to achieve those goals
In the United States, imprisonment as a method of punishment was rare until what century?
19th century
Which of the following situations is an example of deviance avowal?
A man admits to his family that he is a smoker, and even if he quits, he will always be a smoker because the addition is lifelong.
Which of the following statements about crime and gender have been supported by data from the last decade?
As women gain power in the labor market through education and income, crime rates among women rise to match those among men more closely.
example of street crime
Crime that is caused by lack of jobs, lack of after-school child care, lack of good schools, and other factors.
incapacitation
The governor is seeking a solution that does not reform the individual but seeks to protect society.
The phenomenon of social deviance can be studied through many different sociological lenses. Identify how social deviance would be viewed through the lens of symbolic interactionist theory.
a recognition of the impact of assigning labels to behaviors and to people a focus on individual psychology rather than on the social dynamics of large populations
What, in broad terms, is the definition of deviance?
a behavior, trait, belief or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction
Deviance is about
a particular group's judgment of a behavior and not a universal moral judgment.
stigma
any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction
Howard Becker
applied labeling theory to the question of how deviance begins
Erving Goffman
applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of stigma
property crime
arson burglary larceny motor vehicle theft
Which of the following hypothetical scenarios are examples of social control in the United States?
compulsory schooling laws for high-school-aged students parents often reminding their young children not to pick their noses
conformity
embraces socially acceptable goals and the means to achieve those goals
innovation
embraces socially acceptable goals but rejects the means to achieve those goals
ritualism
embraces socially acceptable means but rejects the goals
define ritualist
gives up on achieving society's approved goals but accepts the means to achieve those goals
White collar crime
involves theft of money or property by nonviolent means.
Émile Durkheim
offered a functionalist theory of deviance
The way that the My Lai massacre ended during the Vietnam War is an example of what?
positive deviance
Violent Crime
rape, robbery, murder, aggravated assault
retreatism
rejects both socially acceptable goals and the means to achieve the goals; does not participate in society
Define rebel
renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and instead works toward his or her own goals using new means
define retreatist
renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and lives outside the conventional norms altogether
Which of the following is an example of positive deviance?
rosa parks refusing to give up her seat to a white man
In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?
secondary deviance is an eventual effect of primary deviance, which is the initial deviant behavior
Merton suggests
that rebellion is an orientation toward new means and new goals.
primary deviance
the initial act of rule breaking
What term describes "actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic"?
positive deviance
secondary deviance
the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant
tertiary deviance example
this person embraced his alcoholism and suggested that he is just different and not deviant
