Sociology Chapter 15
69. According to , society "sorts" people into occupations, with the more qualified people having the more prestigious occupations. a. functionalists b. symbolic interactionists c. conflict theorists d. feminists
a
70. The meaning of work for those who do it, and the ways that workers learn new roles, are areas best studied using the application of . a. symbolic interactionism b. conflict theory c. functionalism d. feminist theory
a
71. Which perspective is most likely to view work as valuable for society because it teaches people shared values? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory
a
77. The authority that the older people in society may seem to have over others is an example of authority. a. traditional b. charismatic c. rational-legal d. coercive
a
82. Analyses of bureaucracies reveal that a. those with the least power in a bureaucratic hierarchy are often the most adamant about the need to follow the rules. b. those who make the rules are also the ones who enforce them. c. within bureaucracies power and authority are based on personality and who one knows. d. although there are a lot of rules, anyone in the organization may alter the rules fairly easily.
a
83. According to the model of state power, political power is diffused broadly throughout society and derives from the activities of interest groups. a. pluralist b. power elite c. autonomous state d. feminist theory
a
85. In which type of theory does the pluralist model of state power have its origins? a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interaction d. feminist
a
94. Taken together, the institutions that make the rules for society are called . a. government b. democracy c. pluralism d. populism
a
99. The largest contributors to political campaigns are typically , and the funds generally go to support incumbents. a. political action committees (PACs) b. many different people from the general population c. major corporations d. the national committees of Democrats and Republicans
a
1. According to sociologists the state has a central role in . a. determining cultural values b. determining the rights and privileges of various groups c. determining the outcome of elections d. organizing communities
b
103. Military socialization places a high premium on . a. individuality b. conformity c. creativity d. resourcefulness
b
105. The greatest change in recent years in the military as a social institution is a. the inclusion of college-level coursework as part of basic training. b. the increase in the representation of racial minority groups and women in the armed services. c. the increase in the percentage of volunteer recruits that make the military a career. d. its termination of the previous strong connection that existed between the military and corporate America.
b
14. The subsequent demonstrations that broke out following those in Tunisia serve to illustrate: a. that there is a cyclical nature to the state. b. a network of interdependence of nations. c. that student demonstrations are more devastating than other demonstrations. d. that the European Union is not defined as a state.
b
15. is the strong identity associated with an extreme sense of allegiance to one's culture. a. Globalization b. Nationalization c. Power d. Interdependence
b
23. Which of the following groups has the largest number of congressional members in 2010? a. Asians b. African Americans c. Hispanics d. Native Americans
b
24. In 2010, there were women in the U.S. House and women in the U.S. Senate. a. 33; 2 b. 74; 17 c. 19; 7 d. 99; 41
b
28. College graduates are increasingly working in sectors based on information, research and development. This is an example of . a. industrialization b. a postindustrial society c. a secondary economy d. none of the above
b
30. The term deindustrialization refers to that fact that a. goods are no longer being produced in the U.S. b. fewer workers in the U.S. are required to produce goods. c. production using computer technologies will replace service industries. d. the work force is becoming more diverse.
b
31. Which of these is a change resulting from the economic restructuring of the workplace? a. The percentage of workers who are White women and people of color has declined. b. The number of people over the age of fifty-five is increasing. c. The employment opportunities in the service industry are declining. d. the manufacturing economy is growing.
b
32. Which of these is the best example of a contingent worker? a. Someone in a developing country working in manufacturing. b. A person in the U.S. making their living as a substitute teacher. c. A full-time bank employee. d. A university professor.
b
33. Which of the following type of labor is the most rewarded and most often used by college graduates? a. emotional labor b. mental labor c. manual labor d. household labor
b
34. In the U.S., the jobs people have within the division of labor generally correspond to a. the skill they might bring to any particular type of occupation. b. their social status in society. c. the aptitude that they have based on occupational aptitude testing. d. their motivation.
b
35. A comparison of unemployment rates among various groups indicates that a. Whites are hardest hit by economic restructuring. b. unemployment among African Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Mexican Americans are currently at a level associated with a major economic depression. c. globalization and the move to a service economy have really benefited minority workers in terms of opportunity and wages. d. African American men are more likely to be underemployed than unemployed.
b
41. According to the text, why are women and racial-ethnic minority group members underrepresented in national government? a. There is no evidence that voters would vote for a woman or member of a minority group. b. They are disadvantaged by the power of incumbents who are generally White men. c. There is a lack of interest among women and members of racial-ethnic minority groups in running for national offices. d. The patriarchal nature of government is pervasive.
b
44. In the military, members of minority groups a. receive less pay than their White counterparts of similar rank. b. are generally excluded from higher-status positions likely to bring advancement and higher earnings. c. are equally likely to have graduated from military academies as Whites. d. are more likely to serve in the Army than Marines.
b
47. While work and making a living are related to all of society's institutions, they are particularly deeply embedded in the social institution of . a. government b. the economy c. religion d. the family
b
54. In general, what has been the impact of global economic restructuring? a. The global economy has had a positive effect on the U.S. economy in particular, creating many new jobs in the manufacturing sector. b. In the global economy, assembly-line work is performed in nations with less power globally. c. State regulation has made the transfer of jobs overseas unattractive to U.S. manufacturers. d. Economic restructuring has had no real impact globally.
b
56. Cashiers have come to rely on electronic cash registers to tell them how much change to return to a customer. Sociologists refer to this as . a. routinization b. deskilling c. deindustrialization d. the service economy
b
58. Emotional labor is work that a. is only done by women. b. is common in a service-based economy. c. involves healthcare in particular. d. requires a degree in psychology.
b
61. The is a popular concept that refers to the limits that women and minorities experience in job mobility. a. glass escalator b. glass ceiling c. glass floor d. glass elevator
b
62. When explaining unemployment, sociologists are likely to argue that a. women and minorities are taking away jobs from White men. b. the major causes of unemployment are related to structural problems in the economy. c. unemployment is caused by the failings of individual workers. d. the unemployed do not try very hard to find employment.
b
64. The kind of sexual harassment that does not involve outright demands is called . a. quid pro quo sexual harassment b. hostile working environment harassment c. sexual coercion d. status quo sexual harassment
b
72. theorists see economic restructuring as the result of tensions and power differences between groups vying for social and economic resources. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interaction d. Social exchange
b
74. theorists look to the class division of labor as the source of unequal rewards that workers receive for their work. a. Symbolic interaction b. Conflict c. Functionalist d. Feminist
b
76. The German sociologist who identified three types of authority in society was . a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Ferdinand Tönnies d. Oswald Spengler
b
79. The leaders of cults most often exemplify authority. a. traditional b. charismatic c. rational-legal d. expertise-based
b
81. According to Weber, rational-legal authority inevitably leads to the formation of . a. theocracies b. bureaucracies c. democracies d. autocracies
b
86. The model sees the state as representing the interests of a small, but economically dominant, class. a. pluralism b. power elite c. autonomous state d. feminist theory
b
87. In which type of theory does the power elite model of state power have its origins? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. social exchange theory
b
88. Some people believe that the government is run by the wealthy and serves the needs of the wealthy. This would be an example of which model of power? a. pluralist b. power elite c. autonomous state d. feminist theory
b
9. The labor market includes jobs characterized by low wages, few benefits, and poor working conditions. a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. dual
b
95. How do voting patterns in the U.S. compare with those of other democratic countries? a. The U.S. has one of the highest voter turnouts of any democratic country. b. The U.S. has one of the lowest voter turnouts of any democratic country. c. All democratic nations have roughly the same percentage of voters for any given election. d. The U.S. does not keep statistics on the percentage of the population voting in a given election.
b
97. The differences in women's and men's political attitudes and behavior are referred to as the . a. sex ratio effect b. gender gap c. androgyny factor d. glass wall
b
100. National surveys of the level confidence that people in government find that a. most people have a great deal of confidence in Congress, but not the Supreme Court. b. the majority of people have a great deal of confidence in the Supreme Court, but not in Congress. c. only a small percentage of the national population has much confidence in either Congress or the Supreme Court. d. the majority of the population has a lot of confidence in both Congress and the Supreme Court.
c
104. The privatization of the military refers to the fact that a. it is harder and harder to get into the military. b. it is extremely difficult to get accurate information about military practices. c. an increasing number of the military's functions are being carried out by forprofit, private corporations. d. an increasingly large number of new recruits are being kept in the lower ranks and not permitted to pursue promotions
c
11. If Genie is trying to work and her boss keeps asking her about her personal sex life while offering a promotion, she is experiencing . a. a hostile environment b. a personal problem c. quid pro quo sexual harassment d. work related harassment
c
12. The U.S. government increasing security screenings at airports is an example of which of the state's roles? a. regulation of social order b. determining the rights of groups c. managing dissent d. influencing public opinion
c
16. Power is defined by sociologists as a. the perception by others of legitimate and formal authority. b. authority that stems from rules and regulations. c. the ability to control others. d. a hierarchy of authority.
c
19. The current U.S. government is an example of a. the pluralist model. b. the power elite. c. an autonomous state. d. a populist.
c
27. In 1948, President Truman a. signed "don't ask, don't tell" into law. b. promoted Blacks joining the military. c. banned discrimination in the armed services. d. fought for equal pay among minority soldiers.
c
3. Which of the following is a consequence of deindustrialization? a. economic restructuring b. xenophobia c. job displacement d. a global assembly line
c
38. According to the text, nationalism is a. most often a positive force in the world. b. generally accompanied by cultural relativism. c. often a dominant force in world affairs. d. prominent in industrial nations.
c
4. In the U.S., immigrants make up more than of the labor force in industries such as agriculture, building and construction. a. one-fifth b. one-quarter c. one-third d. one-half
c
45. In the Supreme Court ruled that federally funded military academies like the Citadel and West Point may not refuse to admit women. a. 1976 b. 1986 c. 1996 d. 2006
c
46. According to research done for the Pentagon, of women in the military have experienced sexual harassment, including sexual coercion. a. one-fifth b. one-quarter c. one-third d. one-half
c
48. Postindustrial societies are organized around . a. production of goods b. agricultural production c. the provision of services d. trade via the Internet
c
49. The system characterized by state ownership and management of the base industries is called . a. capitalism b. communism c. socialism d. postindustrialism
c
5. The Carp corporation has decided to quit making its own components and instead buy them from another company in Thailand. This is an example of . a. postindustrial society b. xenophobia c. outsourcing d. none of the above
c
50. Within the global economy, the role of the more developed nations tends to be that of a. assembly line work. b. provision of natural resources. c. research and management. d. manufacturing goods.
c
51. Fear and hatred of foreigners is called . a. arachnophobia b. cultural relativism c. xenophobia d. anglophilia
c
55. Recent changes in the way people work, including the composition of the workplace and the use of enhanced technologies, are jointly referred to as . a. privatization of the workplace b. government regulation c. economic restructuring d. de-mechanization
c
57. When employment patterns shift in different areas and certain types of jobs are lost, this is termed . a. deindustrialization b. deskilling c. job displacement d. urban renewal
c
60. Sociologists define work as a. participation in any activity that increases the gross domestic product. b. human activity that is paid either by hourly wage or salary. c. productive activity that creates something of value, goods or services. d. human activity in the public sphere.
c
63. In terms of the frequency of occurrence of sexual harassment, a. there is evidence that White women are harassed more often than women of color. b. the rate has dropped to about only a fourth of working women who are ever harassed. c. about three percent of sexual harassment cases involve men as the victims. d. same-gender sexual harassment does not occur.
c
7. Which of the following is not a recent technological change in the workplace? a. the invention of the semiconductor b. the use of computers c. the introduction of the steam engine d. automation
c
73. What is the sociological term for information that is circulated in order to justify the power of the state? a. media b. state literature c. propaganda d. censorship
c
75. What is the sociological term for power that is achieved through force, against the will of those being forced? a. legitimate b. arbitrary c. coercive d. cyclical
c
78. What type of authority do the police and courts in society have? a. traditional b. charismatic c. rational-legal d. expertise-based
c
80. authority stems from rules and regulations typically written down as laws, procedures, or codes of conduct. a. Traditional b. Charismatic c. Rational-legal d. Expertise-based
c
84. In the United States, groups such as the National Organization for Women (NOW) and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) have an impact on what legislation is created. This process is an example of , a. the power elite model b. the authoritarian model c. the pluralist model d. the autonomous state model
c
90. According to the model of state power, the state develops its own needs and interests that are separate from those of its constituents. a. pluralist b. power elite c. autonomous state d. populist
c
91. The United States government has a large number of organizations and departments for various purposes, all run by bureaucrats who are not elected and may be most interested in their own employment, rather than public interests. For which model of state power would this be the most important? a. pluralist b. power elite c. autonomous state d. populist
c
93. In 2009, the U.S. Senate is percent male. a. 33 b. 45 c. 86 d. 96
c
96. Which of these groups is disproportionately Republican? a. African Americans b. Puerto Rican Americans c. Cuban Americans d. Mexican Americans
c
98. In general, how do women's political attitudes and behavior differ from men's? a. Women tend to be more socially conservative. b. Men are more likely to vote Democrat than are women. c. Women tend to have more liberal views than men. d. Men are more likely to vote than women are.
c
102. Approximately percent of the American public say they would vote for a woman for President. a. 15 b. 36 c. 65 d. 92
d
106. The branch of the military with the highest percentage of female enlisted personnel is . a. the Army b. the Navy c. the Marines d. the Air Force
d
13. The unemployment rate is defined as a. the number of people not working for pay. b. the percent of workers who are not making as much as they want to. c. the number of jobless people. d. the percent of those not working but looking for work.
d
18. Mills' concept of power elite includes all of the following areas, except: a. the economy. b. the military. c. the government. d. the courts.
d
2. A global economy means that a. major industries cross international borders. b. an international wage gap exists. c. workers are xenophobic. d. economic events in one nation are felt around the world.
d
21. According to feminist theory, social conflict is interpreted as: a. the competition between diverse groups that mobilize to promote their interests. b. stemming from the domination of elites over less powerful groups. c. developing between states, as each vies to uphold its own interests. d. resulting from the power men have over women.
d
25. Sociological research on the Tea Party finds . a. they tend to be more egalitarian than other people b. they tend to be less likely to vote than the rest of the population c. they tend to be critical of the very top economic leaders in the nation d. they tend to more authoritarian than the general public
d
36. Which of the following is not a role of the state? a. To pass legislation determining the rights and privileges of members of society. b. To resolve conflicts within society. c. To protect the sovereignty of the nation. d. To censor public opinion.
d
37. The Americans with Disabilities Act, adopted by Congress in 1990, does all of the following, except a. requires employers to provide "reasonable accommodation" on the job. b. prohibits discrimination against disabled people in employment. c. applies to state and local governments. d. requires equal pay among all workers.
d
39. Which of the following best represents feminist theories of the state? a. The state should be predominantly matriarchal. b. Power is directly linked to social class. c. Women should boycott involvement in the state. d. The state reflects men's interests, and is run primarily by men.
d
40. The 2008 U.S. Presidential election was unusual in terms of voter turnout. In which of the following ways did the 2008 voter turnout not differ from other elections? a. The 2008 had the highest turnout of youth voters there has ever been. b. The younger voters in the 2008 were far more racially diverse than older voters have been in any previous election. c. The percentage of African American voters nearly matched that of White voters in 2008. d. The less educated had higher voter turnout rates than previous elections.
d
42. Which of these statements about the U.S. military as a social institution is false? a. The U.S. military is the single largest employer in the country. b. The function of the military is to protect the country from both external and internal threats. c. The U.S. military is one of the most hierarchically structured social institutions. d. The division of labor within the military is unclear.
d
52. Globally, most of the work involving the assembly of goods is done by . a. men b. Americans c. workers in more developed nations d. women and children
d
53. Campaigns to "buy American" are an example of the trend toward . a. cultural relativism b. multinational corporations c. postindustrialism d. xenophobia
d
59. In the U.S., the class-based division of labor is correlated most closely with . a. age b. sex c. race d. education
d
65. Research documenting the changes in labor force participation among different groups indicates that a. women and minorities are taking jobs away from White men. b. the jobs historically dominated by White men are growing in number. c. Black women are just now catching up with White women in terms of rate of employment. d. the jobs that have tended to be race- and sex-segregated are increasing in number.
d
68. Which of the following is not included in the sociological concept of the state? a. organized power and authority in society b. the military c. the court system d. a state, like Alaska, within the U.S.
d
8. Critics of guest worker programs argue that a. they limit immigration. b. they depend on economic restructuring. c. they encourage illegal immigration. d. they threaten jobs for U.S. workers.
d
89. A bank president may sit on the Board of Trustees for a university, or a CEO in business may also serve as a government representative to important committees. From a sociological perspective this creates . a. representational democracy b. pluralism c. grass roots politics d. an interlocking directorate
d
92. Applying the model of state power, it could be argued that the dominant values of the state are masculine. a. pluralism b. power elite c. autonomous state d. feminist theory
d
10. If John does not have a job and is actively searching for a job, he is . a. part of the official unemployment rate b. not part of the official unemployment rate c. a discouraged worker d. all of the above
a
101. Hispanics make up 13 percent of the population, but there are only Hispanic senators. a. 2 b. 4 c. 9 d. 12
a
107. Which of these statements regarding gays and lesbians in the military is false? a. The policy "Don't ask; don't tell" has effectively kept gays and lesbians in the military from being discriminated against. b. There have long been gays and lesbians in service in the military. c. Homophobia is very pervasive within military culture. d. The U.S. military does acknowledge that gays and lesbians have been serving in all branches of the armed forces.
a
17. The pluralist model of power interprets social order as: a. the result of the equilibrium created by multiple groups balancing their interests. b. coming from the interlocking directorate created by the linkages among those few people who control institutions. c. the result of administrative systems that work to maintain the status quo. d. resulting from the patriarchal control that men have over social institutions.
a
20. According to autonomous state theory, the state is a. an administrative organization. b. a dominant group. c. an elaborate system of power elites. d. a military-style apparatus.
a
22. John wants to study the role of interlocking directorates in the political system. Which sociological perspective would he use? a. Conflict b. Functionalism c. Feminism d. Symbolic Interactionist
a
26. If a sociology student wants to study the military, s/he will first find that . a. the military is divided by ranks that do not have clear definitions. b. there are few divisions of rank in the military c. the military has clear-defined ranks with rights and responsibilities d. the military allows a lot of personal freedom
a
29. Which of the following is not a characteristic of capitalism? a. ownership of basic industries b. market competition c. pursuit of profit d. private property
a
43. Critics of the privatization of the military argue that a. it may lure the best talent away from the traditional military if they make more money through private military employment. b. privatization is much less efficient than retaining all functions within the government funded military. c. privatization means that new recruits will not have any positions open to them within the military. d. it may reward conflict over consensus.
a
6. Johnny wants to work in manufacturing. He will work in a sector that employs of U.S. workers. a. 10 percent b. 20 percent c. 30 percent d. 50 percent
a
66. Sociologists use the term state to refer to a. the organized system of power and authority in society. b. the geographical areas within the country where people live. c. oppressive forces in society. d. any type of organizational authority in society.
a
67. The state a. is made up of government, the police, the military, and the legal system. b. is an individual unit, separate from the police and the military. c. is only made up of government and the legal system. d. cannot be described.
a