Sociology Chapter 4-7

Deviance/Conflcit Theory

Deviance is a result of social conflict. In order for the powerful to maintain their power, they marginalize and criminalize the people who threaten their power. Inequality is reproduced in the way deviance is defined.

Deviance/Functionalism

Deviance serves a functionin our society.According to Emile Durkheim, deviance serves a positive social function by clarifying moral boundaries and promoting social cohesion

Damaging Effects of Social Isolation

Doesnt Develop Like a Normal Child

Cooley (Self)

Looking Glass Self 1.We imagine how we look at others 2.We imagine peoples judgement of us 3.We experience some kind of feelings about ourselves based on other peoples judgments.

Goffman (Self)

Meaning is constructed through interacted "if people define their consequences as real, they are real in their consequences"

Nature vs Nurture

Nature vs. Nurture Debate- an ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determing individual behaviors and traits. Nature- is ususallly supported by by biologists, and often psychologists. They say behavioral traits can be learned through genetics Nurture- is usually supported by sociologists and other social scientists. They say behaviorial traits can be learned and shaped through the social environment

Deviance/Symbolic Interactionism

We kearn to be deviant through our association with deviant peers Edwin Sutherland Not everyone is a rule breaker

Norm

a rule or guideline regarding what kind of behavior is acceptable and appropriate within a culture.

media

affects body image and appearance

Ascribed

an inborn status; impossible to change

Out Groups

any group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward

school

associated with fondness dread or relief. First expriende away from home. Helps children become less dependent.

Deviance

behavior, trait, or belief, that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction. (chewing with your mouth open, cannalbalism)

Aggregate

collection of people who share a physical location but don't have lasting social relations (crowds, audiences)

Group

collection of people who share some attribute, identify with another, and interact with each other. (Sorority)

Social Networks

family friends, peers, coworkers, colleagues, and teachers.

Taboo

forbidden act ( incest )

Law

formal (illegal to speed)

More

greater moral significance

In groups

group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward

Referance Groups

group that provides standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves -We often try to live up to the standards of our parents silbings

Subculture

group within society that is deifferientated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle. -White Sox Fans

peer

groups of people that are the game age and have same characteristics. Fitting in.

Values

ideas about what is desirable or contemptible and right or wrong in a particular group. They articulate what a culture cherishes or honors -Durkheim stressed the role of values -shared beliefs

Symbolic Culture

ideas associated with cultural group. Including beleifs, ideas, values, and assumptions. As well as way of behaving ( norms, interactions, communication)

Secondary Groups

larger and less intimate that primary. Usually organized around a specific goal and often temporary.

family

most significant part of socialization. Original group to which we belong. Where we first learn skills such as lagueage and other norms

Category

no sense of interaction of their status (all 18 years)

Real Culture

norms, values, and patterns of behavior that actually exist in society which may or may not correspond to society's ideals.

Ideal

norms, values, and patterns of behavior that members of society believe should be observed in principle.

Folkway

ordinary conventions of everyday life that aren't inforced (cutting)

Milgrim

ordinary people had to follow orders by shocking people -they weren't allowed to stop -werent really shocking them -measure effect of punishment and learning

Primary Groups

people who are most important to our sense of self; face to face interactions ; high cooperation ; intense feeling of belonging

Status

position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations

Sanction

positive or negative reactions to the ways that people follow or disobey norms Positive- handshake, smile, praise, award. Negative-harsh words, frown, fine

Role Exit

process of leaving a role we will no longer occupy (after a divorce no longer husband)

Role

set of behaviors expected of someone because of his or her particular status (office hours of a teacher)

Role Conflict

someone who has two or more roles with contradictory expectations (professional and family)

Acheived

status earned through effort or imposed by others.

Master

status that is always relevant and affects all other status' we posses

Culture

the entire way of life of a group of people including (both material and symbolic elements) - beliefs, shared behaviors, and attitudes

Material Culture

the materials associated with a cultural group, such as tools, machines, utensils, buildings, and artwork. Any physical object (cloths)

Socialization

the process of learning the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society

Role Strain

the tension experienced when there are contradictory exopecatation between roles (mother -discipline and nurture)

Triad

three person social group (3 person apt)

Dyads

two person social group (married)

Dominant Culture

values, norms, and practices of the group within society that is most powerful (in terms of wealth, status, prestige, influence...)

Deviant Behavior

- sufficenitly serious or unnusal to spark a negative sanction (eat a steak and mash potatoes with your hands)

Asch

-7 or 8 students were asked to look at 3 straight lines -match to a 4th -unanmious the first few rounds to form a comformity -perceving the lengths incorrectly -only 25 were independent refusing to give in -the rest were wrong but refused to change their aswer

Enthocentrism

-belief that our own culture and way of life is supieor to other groups -other cultures are inferior, wrong, backward, or immoral -Our Culture is the Measuring Stick

Standford

-ended in few days -roles were played to EXTREME

Mead ( Self )

1. Preparatory Stage- children lack the self so they imitate others 2.Play Stage- pretend or play being a significant other (mom) 3.Game Stage- take perspective of generalized other

Characteristics of Bureaucracies

1.Specialization-all members are assigned to special roles and tasks 2. Technical competence- bureauticatic members are specially trained for their specific roles 3-Hierachy-always feature supervision of subordinates by higher ranking mangers and bosses 4-rules and regulations -meant to make all operation as predictable as possible 5-impersonality-rules come before people; no special treatment 6-formal written communication- documents such as memos are the heart of the organization and the most effective way to communicate

Cultural Relativism

All Cultures is equal judged by own standards

Labeling Theory

Becker suggests that "Labeling"can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy—a prediction that causes itself to come true.