Sociology Chapter 5
Matt Hoffman and Lisa Torres
which two people discovered that women who are part of networks that include more men than women are more likely to hear about good job leads. But if their networks include more women than men, then those same women are less likely to hear about quality jobs 1. Women are simply less likely than men to hear about job leads 2. Women who do hear about job leads are more likely to pass along that information to men; they may feel threatened by the idea of more women in their places of employment and fear loss of their own jobs
strong ties
are people you are close with (relatives, good friends, and mentors)
traditional authority
authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right (usually associated with monarchies and dynasties)
legal-rational authority
authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader is based in laws and rules not in the lineage of any individual leader (modern presidencies and parliaments are built like this)
Charismatic authority
authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader neither rules nor traditions are necessary for the establishment of this type of leader (Jesus Christ and Adolf Hitler)
proscriptions
avoiding the things we're not supposed to do
aggregates
collections of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations
direct ties
connection with individuals directly (your family, friends, coworkers, etc.)
indirect ties
connection with individuals you are not associated with directly (your friend's cousin or business transactions)
social ties
connections between individuals
dyad- 1 triad- 3 group of four- 6 group of five- 10
define how many relationships are in each group dyad triad group of four group of five
prescriptions
doing the things we're supposed to do
compliance
going along with something because you expect to gain rewards or avoid punishments, however, they don't actually change their own ideas or beliefs (a person sentenced to attend an Alcoholics Anonymous club as part of his sentence only in order to avoid a jail sentence, not because he actually cares about the group)
social influence
group control over others' decisions when individuals are part of groups, they are necessarily influenced by other members
primary groups
groups composed of the people who are most important to one's sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belonging
secondary groups
groups that are larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary (co-workers, college classes, athletic organizations, and political parties)
dyad
which type of relationships are usually intense and fundamentally unstable, because if one person wants out of the group, its over
Durkheim
who believed that the technological and cultural changes that accompanied the Industrial Revolution would cause people to become more disconnected from one another and that this disconnection would be detrimental both to individuals (who might be more likely to commit suicide as a result) and for society (which would lack necessary cohesion ans solidarity)
Joseph Conti
who concluded that America's centrality is what gives it powerful influence and not the actual outcomes of the disputes He studied the World Trade Organization
George Ritzer
who developed the term McDonaldization?
Durkheim
who developed the term anomie?
Irving Janus
who developed the term groupthink?
Robert Putnam
who wrote Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community that talks about how we no longer practice the type of "civic engagement" that builds democratic community and keeps anomie at bay. Our collective bonds are disintegrating.
Robin Leider
who wrote Fast Food, Fast Talk that has a model for understanding the increasing routinization of service industries, in this case the ubiquitous fast-food restaurant
Sheryl Sandberg
who wrote Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead that encourages girls and women to aspire to leadership roles
Mark Granovetter
who wrote The Strength of Wreak Ties that talked about measuring how a person's distant relatives and acquaintances, attached to different social networks, pass along information about job opportunities? (if your father, mother, and sister are all actors, you would likely "inherit" a network of acting contacts)
Duncan Watts
who wrote the book Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age that is about the connections individuals have to one another and how those connections shape our actions
power
the ability to impose one's will on others the ability to control the actions of others
rationalization
the application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns
authority
the legitimate right to wield power
honor killing
the murder of a family member- usually female- who is believed to have brought dishonor to her family (examples of people who dies because of these perceptions; refusing to enter an arranged marriage, being a rape victim, dressing or acting immodestly, or having sex outside marriage)
group dynamics
the patterns of interaction between groups and individuals (how groups form, change, disintegrate, achieve great goals or commit horrendous wrongs)
social loafing
the phenomenon in which each individual contributes a little less as more individuals are added to the task; a source of inefficiency when working in teams (having too many "helpers")
group cohesion
the sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong the force that binds members together (team spirit, fraternity, etc.)
axiom of group dynamics
the smaller a group is, the more likely it is to be based on personal ties; larger groups are more likely to be based on rules and regulations
Social Network
the web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual (family, friends, peers, colleagues, etc.)
The Twenty Statements Test (TST)
what determines the degree to which we base our self-concepts on our membership in different groups and is used to examine the self-concept of members of various ethnic, gender, and generational groups, as well as to make cross-cultural comparisons
Burning Man
what event challenges many of the norms and values of mainstream society, especially those associated with conformity, bureaucracy, and capitalism
contagion
what flows through social ties (sexually transmitted disease are more likely among people who have had four or more partners in the past year- whites who have many partners tend to have sex with other whites who have many partners, and whites who have few partners tend to have sex with whites who have few partners. STDs, then, are kept in "core" groups of active white partners and are found less often in less active groups)
interpersonal interactions
what helps humanize bureacracies?
compliance
what is the mildest type of conformity?
groups
what make our lives enjoyable by providing us with companionship and recreation-from our friends and families to the entertainment conglomerates that produce our favorite music and films
The Social Identity Theory model
what model claims that the most efficient teams are characterized by the greatest shared social identity among their members; such social identity increases motivation and places the needs of the group above purely personal concerns
"six degrees of separation"
what suggests that everyone in the world is connected to everyone else within six steps?
cohesion
what tends to rely on an attraction to the group as a whole or to certain individuals as exemplars of the group
tight circles
when everyone in a circle primarily has strong ties with each other, it becomes difficult to reach beyond that circle
in-group
which group membership can be a source of prejudice and discrimination based on class, race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or political opinion
Charles Horton Cooley
which person introduced the term primary because such groups have the most profound effects on us as individuals
Charles Horton Cooley
which person said that primary groups represent the most important "looking glasses" in the formation of out social selves-they constitute our "significant others"
Melinda Blau and Karen Fingerman
which scientists developed the term "consequential strangers"
Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler
which two people discovered that 1. all social networks have a connection 2. there is contagion
anomie
"normlessness"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change (if you were always searching for but never getting the things you wanted, you would be very unhappy and over time might even become suicidal)
The three types of conformity
1. Compliance 2. Identification 3. Internalization
The Organizational Traits of Bureaucracy
1. Specialization 2. Technical Competence 3. Hierarchy 4. Rules and Regulations 5. Impersonality 6. Formal Written Communication
The three types of authority found in social organizations
1. Traditional authority 2. Legal-rational authority 3. Charismatic authority
McDonaldization
George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization (we no longer depend on the interaction with other people- at lunch, we construct our own salads and bus our own tables, we run by the ATM at the bank instead of communicating with the human tellers)
1. formal written communication 2. hierarchy 3. specialization 4. impersonality 5. technical competence 6. rules and regulations
Match these definitions of bureaucracy roles to their terms: 1. Documents such as memos (or e-mails) are the heart of the organization and the most effective way to communicate 2. Bureaucracies always feature the supervision of subordinates by higher-ranking managers and bosses 3. all members of a bureaucracy are assigned specialized roles and tasks 4. In a bureaucracy, rules come before people; no individual receives special treatment 5. all members are expressively trained and qualified for their specific roles within the organization 6. These are meant to make all operations as predictable as possible
"consequential strangers"
People we might not think of as mattering much to our sense of happiness or well-being but who nonetheless play an important role in our otherwise fragmented postmodern lives. They are not total strangers but acquaintances (that guy at the gym, your favorite manicurist, or the checkout clerk at the grocery store)
the size of a group
What affects how a group operates and the types of individual relationships that can occur within it?
organization and social loafing
What are the two major sources of inefficiency that come from group process?
Internalization
What is the strongest type of conformity and most long-lasting?
cohesion
What tends to rely heavily on interpersonal factors such as shared values and shared demographic traits like race, age, gender, or class?
The Stanford Prison Experiment Philip Zimbardo
What was the experiment and who got 24 undergraduates who were deemed psychologically healthy and stable to participate in a two-week mock prison simulation where role assignments as prisoner or guard were decided by a coin toss. guards were given batons, khaki clothing, and mirrored sunglasses and were told they could not physically harm any of the prisoners but could otherwise create feelings of boredom, fear, or powerlessness prisoners were "arrested" strip-searched, dressed in smocks and stocking caps, and assigned identity numbers The students quickly inhabited their roles but soon resulted in an abusive and potentially dangerous situation where rioting began, the guards started harassing prisoners and depriving them of food, sleep, and basic sanitation, and several of the guards became sadistic and some of the prisoners showed signs of psychological trauma
Black Rock Desert
Where does the event Burning Man take place?
The Asch Experiment Solomon Asch
Which experiment was on the study of compliance and who conducted it?
The Asch Experiment Solomon Asch
Which experiment was this and who gathered groups of seven or eight students to participate in what he called an experiment on visual perception (only one of the students was actually the test subject, the others were told ahead of time what to say), he had students put the same length string under four identical ones and eventually have the students in on the experiment start intentionally guessing wrong which made the student who was unaware of what was happening feel pressure to choose the incorrect answer, know it was incorrect and just went with it, or stayed independent and put the correct answer All students felt a great amount of distress by the discrepancy between their own perceptions and the perceptions of the others in the group
The Milgram Experiment Stanley Milgram
Which experiment was this and who used a laboratory setting to test the lengths to which ordinary people would follow orders from a legitimate authority figure the goal was to measure the effect of punishment on memory and learning The teacher was told to ask questions and if the person they were asking the question to got it wrong, the teacher would have to administer a shock that increased in voltage after every incorrect answer The teacher would get extremely uncomfortable but most continued after the authoritative figure came in and said they would not be held responsible Learned that subjects will often rely on the expertise of an individual or group, when faced with a difficult decision and how thoroughly socialized most people are ti obey authority and carry out orders, especially when they no longer consider themselves responsible for their actions
Eric Klinenberg and Claude Fischer
Which scientists make the case that, despite a rise in social media use and an increase in single-person households, Americans are no more or less lonely or detached from one another than they have ever been
Ivan Steiner
Who attempted to systematically study group productivity by comparing the potential productivity of a group (what they should be able to do) with the group's actual productivity (what they in fact got done) actual group productivity can never equal potential productivity because there will always be losses in the team process
Durkheim
Who claims that all the social groups with which we are connected (families, peers, co-workers) have this particular feature: the norms of the group place certain limits on our individual actions
Manfred Kuhn
Who developed the Twenty Statements Test (TST)
Max Weber
Who developed the three types of authority found in social organizations?
Jeff Bezos
Who developed the two pizza rule? If a team of Amazon workers cannot be fed by two pizzas, then that team is too large Too many people means too much miscommunication, chaos, and bureaucracy, which leads to social loafing and reduces efficiency and slows progress
Ralph Turner
Who discovered that patterns of behavior can change over time and that separate generations may respond differently to social pressures
Mark Granovetter
Who discovered that people tend to form homogeneous social networks-to have direct ties to those who are like themselves, whether through race, class background, national origin, or religion?
Duncan Watts
Who discovered that we may change our minds about whom to vote for if enough of our friends are voting for the other candidate?
Weber
Who's model of bureaucracy seems cold and heartless, alienating and impersonal, rule-bound, inflexible, and undemocratic?
group
a collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other (family, soccer team, sorority, etc.)
in-group
a group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward
reference group
a group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves or a group to which we aspire to belong but of which we are not yet a member (peers- am I maintaining a higher or lower grade point average than other students in my class, am I faster or slower than other runners on the track team or if someday we plan on becoming a nurse or a lawyer we may look to those groups and wonder if we, too, have what it takes to join their ranks)
out-groups
a group toward which an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility
local bridge
a person who can connect two people who don't know each other Can connect people outside their circle and help them reach different jobs
crowd
a temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact (sightseers at a tourist attraction, people who gather to watch fireworks)
Social Identity Theory
a theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging
triad
a three-person social group slightly more stable group because the addition of a third party person means that conflicts between two members can be efered by the third
dyad
a two-person social group the smallest possible social group (a romantic couple, two best friends, or two siblings)
Bureaucracy
a type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, written rules, impersonality, and formal written communication are designed to perform tasks efficiently, and they approach their tasks, whatever they are, with calculations designed deliberately to meet their goals (university, employer, internet service provider, even church)
centrality
an actor with the most ties in a given network
weak ties
are acquaintances (other students in your class)
groupthink
in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement can cause groups to feel invulnerable and morally superior
Identification
induced by a person's desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a group or person (the drunk driver actually starts relating to the people in the group, forms connections and decides to actually join the group for more than his sentence requires)
social influence
knowing how what works can help you when you need to convince others to act in a certain way (like agreeing on a specific restaurant or movie) or it can also help you recognize when others are trying to influence you (to drink too much or drive too fast)
expressive
leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within a group this leader conveys interest in group members' emotions as well as their achievements
instrumental
leadership that is task or goal oriented less concerned with people's feelings and more concerned about getting the job done
Internalization
occurs when individuals adopt the beliefs of a leader or group as their own when it occurs, there is no separation between beliefs and behavior; people believe in what they are doing and feel that it is morally right (The drunk driver believes in the messages being taught and lives them out as a new way of life)
category
people who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging (everyone 18 years of age or everyone who owns a Chevy truck)
coercive power
power that is backed by the threat of force
influential power
power that is supported by persuasion
virtual communities
social groups whose interactions are mediated through information technologies, particularly the internet (support groups that ''meet'' regularly to deal with personal issues or medical conditions, fans of authors or bands, and online gaming)
