Sociology, Chapter 8: RACE AND ETHNICITY AS LIVED EXPERIENCE
What is the 4th reason as to why race is a social construction/ social category?
"Race" is defined by a country, society, or culture
What is the 5th reason as to why race is a social construction/ social category?
"Race" is defined by history (historical context)
What is the 2nd reason as to why race is a social construction/ social category?
"Race" is defined by others
What is the 1st reason as to why race is a social construction/ social category?
"Race" is defined by self
What is the 3rd reason as to why race is a social construction/ social category?
"Race" is defined by the government
What is the 3rd reason as to why race is biological is questionable?
"Race" is socially defined
RAZ means?
"artery" or "blood"
The Arabic RAS means?
"head"
The Spanish RAS means?
"head" or "origin"
GENERATIO means?
"lineage"
What are some examples of traditional pilgrimage?
-Hajj, an excursion to Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which is required by all Muslims once in their lifetime. -Catholics may travel to the Vatican
What is an example of categories---->treatment?
-If you were an American woman living prior to 1920, you could not vote -If you are 21 years old and over, you may purchase alcohol in the U.S. -If you are a sophomore at SDSU, you will register last for classes.
What happened to Mildred and Richard Loving?
-In 1958, she was African American and he was white, they married and settled in Virginia. -July of that year they were arrested in an attempt to "Act to preserve racial purity" -this law was overturned in 1967
What is an example of Symbolic Ethnicity?
-Irish Americans celebrate St. Patricks Day -Mexicans celebrate Cinco de Mayo
What is an example of Ethnicity?
-The Amish, linked by a common heritage that includes language, religion, and history. -The Jewish people, is an ethnic group not a race
What is an example of Prejudice?
-all Mexicans are lazy -all Irish are drunks
What are the 6 reasons as to why race is social construction/ social category?
1. "Race" is defined by self 2. "Race" is defined by others 3. "Race" is defined by the government 4. "Race" is defined by a country, society, or culture 5. "Race" is defined by history (historical context) 6. Skin color is no the best measurement for "race" (or, its not convincing)
The idea that race is biological is questionable (or not meaningful) because:
1. Blood is unidentifiable 2. There are no "pure races" 3. "Race" is socially defined
What is an example of "Race" being defined by a country, society, or culture?
1. Brazil has 40 racial groupings, and race is determined by how much money one makes 2. South Africa has only 4 racial groupings (Asian, Blacks, Mixed races, and Whites) 3. U.S.A. traditionally had 3 races, and currently has 15
Categories of people that are set apart from others because of socially defined physical characteristics, which are?
1. Skin Color 2. Facial Features (eyes, nose) 3. Hair Color 4. Body Shape
How many reasons are there as to why the idea that race is biological is questionable?
3
How many racial grouping does South Africa have and what are they?
4, Asian, Blacks, Mixed races, and whites.
How many racial groupings does Brazil have and how are they categorized?
40, money
How many kids did Sally Hemmings and Thomas Jefferson have?
6
Blood is unidentifiable, meaning?
A blood sample cannot identify "race"
What's an example of Individual Discrimination?
A racist teacher might discriminate against a Hispanic student by assigning him a lower grade than he deserves.
Who was the last state to overturn the act to preserve racial purity and when?
Alabama, 2000
What races enjoy education?
Asian Americans and Whites
Black Masculinity Passing
Black gay guys, passing throughout the day as straight but on Friday nights they are gay.
What is the 1st reason as to why race is biological is questionable?
Blood is unidentifiable
What is the 4th socially defined physical characteristic, (categories) where people are set apart from one another?
Body Shape
Which nation practices Pluralism the most?
Canada
What were the original 3 racial groups that the U.S. recognized?
Caucasoid, mongoloid, and negroid.
What is an example of "Race" being defined by others?
College or job applications sometimes have different numbers of social categories. My relatives in China used to see me as "American"
Prejudice (thought/feeling)------->
Discrimination (behavior/act)
The Census Bureau classifies Hispanics and Latinos as an.....
Ethnic Group
What is the 2nd socially defined physical characteristic, (categories) where people are set apart from one another?
Facial Features (eyes, nose)
The term "race" may come from the Latin word?
GENERATIO
What is the 3rd socially defined physical characteristic, (categories) where people are set apart from one another?
Hair Color
What race will live the longest?
Hispanics
After the 2000's what was Americas favorite and most popular condiment?
Hot Sauce or Salsa
What is an example of "Race" being defined by self?
I cannot prove that I am Asian, you cannot disprove that I'm Asian
What is the 2nd example of blood being unidentifiable?
In Louisiana (1980's), if a person possessed 1/32 or more Black blood, that person was classified as Black
What is an example of "Race" being defined by history (historical context)?
In Virginia, if a person possessed 1/4 or more Indian blood or 1/16 or less Negro blood, that person was considered Indian on the reservation, but Black off the reservation.
What is the 1st example of blood being unidentifiable?
In old Missouri, is a person possessed 1/8 or more Negro blood, that person was classified as non-White
What is an example of population transfer?
In the early 19th century, Native Americans who had not perished in the battles with the U.S. soldiers were forced by the U.S. government to move onto Indian reservations
Before the 2000's what was Americas favorite and most popular condiment?
Ketchup
What is an example of cultural appropriation?
MLS's Cleveland Indians or the NFL's Washington Redskins, both which continue to use their derogatory names.
Who is Thomas Jefferson?
Principal author of The Declaration of Independence and the 3rd president of the United States
The term "race" may come from the Arabic word?
RAS
The term "race" may come from the Spanish word?
RAS
The term "race" may come from the Czech word?
RAZ
What is Symbolic Interactionism's approach to race and ethnicity?
Race and ethnicity are part of our identity as displayed through our presentation of self.
What is Structural Functionalism's approach to race and ethnicity?
Racial and ethnic differences are a necessary part of society. Even racial inequality has functions that help maintain social order.
What is Conflict Theory's approach to race and ethnicity?
Racial and ethnic differences create intergroup conflict; minority and majority groups have different interest and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect their interests.
What is the 1st socially defined physical characteristic, (categories) where people are set apart from one another?
Skin Color
What is the 6th reason as to why race is a social construction/ social category?
Skin color is no the best measurement for "race" (or, its not convincing.)
What is the sociological perspective on race?
Sociologists know that a category that has been constructed, can be destructed, and reconstructed or recreated.
What is an example of symbolic interactionism's approach to race and ethnicity?
Some individuals (white ethnics and light-skinned nonwhites in particular) have the option to conceal their race or ethnicity in situations where it might be advantageous to do so. This may allow them as individuals to escape the effects of racial inequality but does not erase it from society at large.
What is an example of conflict theory's approach to race and ethnicity?
Some members of majority groups (whites and men in particular) object to affirmative action programs that assist underrepresented groups. This can create conflict among racial groups in society.
Why do we categorize people by race?
Sometimes, we categorize people because then we know how to treat them
What is the Brown Paper Bag rule?
Teachers would put a brown paper bag outside of the classroom and if you were darker than the paper bag, you could not enter the class.
What is an example of "Race" being defined by the government?
The Census Bureau currently recognizes 15 racial categories or choices.
What is an example of assimilation?
The Irish, Italians, and Eastern Europeans who immigrated to the U.S. who were all once considered "ethnics" but were eventually assimilated into the larger category of white Americans.
What is the 2nd reason as to why race is biological is questionable?
The are no "pure races"
What is an example of structural functionalism's approach to race and ethnicity?
The functions of racial inequality and conflict for society could include the creation of social cohesion within both the dominant and minority groups.
Social Construction
The process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that it exists.
Discrimination
The unequal treatment of people because of their group membership
Who is Sally Hemmings?
Thomas Jeffersons slave
What is an example of "race" being socially defined?
Traditionally the U.S. recognized 3 racial groups: caucasoid, mongoloid, and negroid.
Categories--------->
Treatment
Double-Consciousness
W.E.B. DuBois's term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the United States.
What type of descendants were buried at Monticello with Thomas Jefferson?
White ones
What are the 15 racial categories that the Census Bureau recognizes?
White, Black or African American or Negro, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Other Asian, Native Hawaiin, Guamanian or Chamorro, Samoan, Other Pacific Islander, and some other race.
What is an example of Skin color not being the best measurement for "race" (or, its not convincing.)?
Whites in South India are darker than blond Black in Australia (Aborigines).
Some examples of social construction or social categories in the U.S.: A university graduate...
Why is it defined as a person with a 4-year degree"?
Some examples of social construction or social categories in the U.S.: Children...
Why is it defined as someone under 18?
Some examples of social construction or social categories in the U.S.: Drinking Age...
Why is the legal drinking age 21?
Discrimination is?
a behavior or an act
Pluralism
a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within a society.
Assimilation
a pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogenous
Racism
a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic
Ethnicity
a socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or some other cultural factor.
Race
a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
Prejudice is a?
an attitude or feeling
Situational Ethnicity
an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation
Symbolic Ethnicity
an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly affect everyday life.
Race Consciousness
an ideology that acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that shapes our individual and social experiences
Color Blind Racism
an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment
Can be destructed...
and reconstructed or recreated
1980->
before people were lynched Hate Crime was coined
What is an example of internal colonialism?
black living in separate neighborhoods and restricted to certain parts of bathroom, restaurants, and buses, yet close enough to serve as workers for the dominant group
What is the 1st thing that prejudice and discrimination have in common?
both are a form of bias
What is the 4th thing in prejudice and discrimination have in common?
both are learned
What is the 2nd thing that prejudice and discrimination have in common?
both can be favorable or unfavorable
What is the 3rd thing in prejudice and discrimination have in common?
both can vary in intensity
Sociologists know that a category that has been constructed....
can be destructed
1970->
date rape phrase was coined
Having Prejudice can lead to?
discrimination
Individual Discrimination
discrimination carried out by one person against another
Institutional discrimination
discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affect all members of a group who come into contact with it.
What is an example of discrimination?
if a person is turned down for a job promotion or a home loan because he's black or latino.
Prejudice
preconceived judgements (either favorable or unfavorable) toward a category of people
Passing
presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to.
Race means everything;
race means nothing
What is heritage tourism?
related to the idea of pilgrimage- a journey to a geographical location of significance to ones religion.
Miscegenation
romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races
Sociologists view race as a?
social construction/social category
Minority Group
social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups though they are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups
What are the 2 ways to show group membership?
symbolic & situational ethnicity
RAS pertains to both...
the Arabic and the Spanish
Cultural Appropriation
the adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant groups' gain
Genocide
the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group
Internal Colonialism
the economic and political subjugation of the minority group by the dominant group within a nation
Population Transfer
the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied.
Segregation
the physical and legal separation of groups by race and ethnicity
Racial Assimilation
the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage ex: having children with the dominant group until the different races are completely mixed
Cultural Assimilation
the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture ex: members learn the cultural practices of the dominant group
What is an example of Embodied Identity?
the way we are perceived in the physical world
Embodied Identity
those elements of identity that are generated through others' perceptions of our physical traits.
1990 you were able_________
to choose more than 1 race
Privilege
unearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups (males, whites, heterosexuals, the physically able, etc.)
Sociologists do not see race from a biological standpoint...
we see it from a social standpoint
What does the phrase "majority-minority" mean?
when the majority of the population are the minorities.
race is obvious;
yet complex
Before 1990______
you could only choose 1 race
