sociology chapter 9
Sexuality
" a socially constructed phenomenon that isn't fully explained by gender roles and biologically- defined bodies" sexuality changes over time.how people understand and experience sexuality today is rather a lot different than it was 50 years ago, hundred years ago, 400 years ago and so forth
Third wave
-Concern with gender, critique of patriarchy, and certainly of intersectionality to social inequality -starts to develop in the, in the aftermath of the 1970s women's movement -pay more attention to intersectionality right to issues of social inequality and to the fact that that the leading voices and the first two waves of the of the of feminism were largely middle class white heterosexual women -there needed to be more attention to the intersectionality of social inequality and there needed to be more attention paid to the fact that women's Interests were not universal women's interests right that the women's interests were different, depending on the particular combination of social social circumstances. -much more pluralistic about sexuality and personal expression and you know fashion choices and much less dogmatic, -diversity - -Active attempt to include voices of all women, and not to assume that one knows the interests of a particular group are -Jurgen Habermas. For this reason, has argued that the feminist movement right as it transitions from second wave feminism to third wave feminism is the is arguably the most successful most powerful social movement of the late 20th century.
Resistance against heteronormativity:
-Destabilize the binary categories that inform our understandings of gender, sexuality, and identity -normal gender performances get policed by others by both in an informal way right through comments that people make. -Gay liberation -Two genders on ballots...reinforces public views
Vertical occupational segregation
-Even within the same position right that men tend to hold higher than paid positions right and common parlance, this would repeat this would be referred to as the glass ceiling. -There are women lawyers, right, there's lots of women lawyers now but they're much less likely to be found as partners of large law firms, so they sort of hit a ceiling.
Marketing Desire: sex sells
-Global media highlights sexual imagery and narratives -Default images for advertising tend to focus on heteronormative, white, middle-class families -The idea here is that in and 20th century and a 21st century society sex and sexuality is used to advertise products right so it's connected to capitalism. But differently than what we talked about in terms of the culture of romance, right, the culture of romance fused with capitalism. -sexuality itself is used as a tool to convince people to buy things -sexual imagery sexual narratives are attached to different products right in order to try to sell us things -in this sense right sexuality as part of a multibillion dollar industry advertising industry. -sexuality is used as part of a mark as part of marketing campaigns, it's also an exercise of power by presenting is common sense right only certain certain images or certain practices of sexuality -sexuality is also an agent of cultural power.
second wave
-Issues of reproductive rights, work, family, and equal pay -second wave of feminism sort of continues starts to pick up steam in the 1950s and really accelerates in the 1960s and 1970s -Second wave feminism is connected to all of the social movements of the 1960s. -second wave feminism was focused on Reproductive Rights but so sort of a continuation of the struggle of a birth control, but now really focusing on reproductive rights and terms of access to legal abortion right so that that women wouldn't have to put their lives in danger -the argument is made that women should have every right to equality in the workplace -women should have more equality in the family right than in terms of the division of household labor in terms of product prioritization of men's careers versus women's careers. -Argument in the legislative arena that there should be laws that were demanding right equal pay for equal work.
First wave
-Pursuit of the franchise and the struggle over birth control -The franchise, In other words, getting women the right to vote in the United States, which was finally granted in 1920, -also giving women the rights to birth control. So the first wave of feminism was political and medical
gender
-Socially constructed roles defining expected behaviors for individuals of each sex -norms -Sociology emphasizes that the act of classification shapes gender behaviors and related expectations There is a social tendency to overemphasize and exaggerate gender differences Through our gender performances (dress, speech, manner, etc.) we signal our gender identity to others. We also reinforce the cultural belief that the social organization of gender is natural, inevitable, and morally justified
Examples of heteronormativity:
-The institution of marriage -The medical and legal fields reliance on a two-sex system -The classification of homosexuality in the US as a mental disorder until 1973 --a compulsory heterosexuality was inscribed and enforced into the discipline of psychology right that until 1973
sex
-The status of male of female assigned at birth -Assigned at birth -Associated with attributes (i.e. chromosomes and anatomical differences, physical attributes) -sex is a social status.
Fourth wave
2010s-today -which prioritises and places at the center of the women struggle, right, the issue of consent and the issue of empowerment, arguing that for all women, consent and empowerment. -patriarchal power has been growing and transforming right and becoming sort of more inclusive And more focused on autonomy on consent on empowerment, right, recognizing that ultimately right resistance to power right requires empowerment requires a gaining of power -includes and incorporates a diversity of viewpoints and a diversity of Voices right that represent right different racial perspectives, different gender performances different sexuality. -Defined by the #MeToo movement, consent, empowerment, and digital media activism
Heteronormativity
A social order that maintains compulsory heterosexuality (ex: the assumption that sexual desire between men and women is the only normal form of sexuality)
Attraction, emotion, beliefs:
Attraction, Which is partially physical partially social we have emotion right which which again is partially partially physical partially social and we have our beliefs about all of these kinds of things which is which is mainly cultural
Romance
Connection between sexual relationships, emotional intimacy, and romantic love is a historical development -Grew out of medieval court culture -Evolved during the period of modern capitalism -Romance not connected to ideas of self-realization -a culture of romance is something that takes Sex and intimate relationships links it to emotional intimacy and then defines all of that is romantic love -the culture of the elite classes right in the 60s. In the 1500s and 1600s and into the early 1700s in in Europe, The idea of romance that cultural romance continues to evolve and to change during the period of modern capitalism, where it becomes more individualistic -emotional intimacy between between two people
Our beliefs about gender and gender differences are created and recreated through socialization:
Family School and Peer Groups Media Workplace
Challenging Patriarchy and the History of the Women's Movement
First wave second wave third wave fourth wave
Second shift
The second shift is a term coined and popularized by sociologist Arlie Hochschild. It refers to the household and childcare duties that follow the day's work for pay outside the home. While both men and women experience the second shift, women tend to shoulder most of this responsibility.
sexual harassment in the workplace
Very common (about ⅓ of all women 18-34 report experiencing sexual harassment) Fear of retaliation, fear of missed opportunities in workplace World magazine based on a survey which found that 70% of all women who have run had been cat called by men. Whereas like zero percent to 3% of men who run were cat called when when they're running
Patriarchy
a system in which men and qualities associated with men are considered to be superior -powerful positions disproportionally held by men How does it work? Hegemonic masculinity Ideology of separate spheres Occupational segregation Sexual Harassment
Cultural conditions
ex: Norms, taboos, laws about sexuality These cultural conditions are always changing.
Heteronormativity as an exercise of power
not only exercise at the level of is not on the exercise at the level of cultural power. But it's also exercised at the level of legal power at the level of medical power at the level of psychiatric power not only exercise at the level of is not on the exercise at the level of cultural power but it's also exercised at the level of legal power at the level of medical power right at the level of psychiatric power
Ideology of separate spheres
organized around number of sort of binary opposition's Which create mean if we if we if we remember back to the chapter on culture right culture is created through distinctions brand and cultural power is created through distinctions that privilege One of the two parts of the pair. Right. And so the ideology of separate spheres is organized around these five different pair.Binary pairs. Right. Each one which privileges the male side of that and they combine together to create a worldview that tries to make male privilege in public life, sort of, Existed the level of common sense. Male breadwinner vs female caretaker Public sphere vs domestic sphere Independence vs dependence Assumes a middle class, married, heterosexual couple Challenged by changes in the work force since the 1970s
Hierarchy of masculinities
reinforces particular types of gender performance, linking them with power and status
Patterns of sexual behavior :
sexuality is part of structure, a pattern set of expectations. -Patterns that that that that are organized in terms of boundaries of let's say normal or not normal
Horizontal occupational segregation
talking about an economic system right in an employment system where for a long time, women were grouped into concentrated into female typed jobs which because they were female typed were lower earning jobs.
Occupational segregation:
uneven distribution of jobs and money due to gender
Hegemonic masculinity
which refers to an ideal standard of masculinity, but it's used to justify all the ways that our society is organized to reinforce the leading role of men.