Sociology Exam 1: Chapter 1-3
Research indicates that children in the U.S. ages 8 to 18 spend an average of __________ a week using entertainment media. 26 hours 53 hours 10 hours 41 hours
53 hours
What is correlation? (It does not mean cause and effect!)
A relationship by which two or more variables change together. Example: -Ice Cream trucks and crime correlate. People kidnap kids with using ice cream trucks. - Skin color or a last name and sports. If you have a popular last name you are more likely to play in the game more than others.
What is cause and effect?
A relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another. Going from 'x' to 'y'
What is an experiment?
A research method for investigating causes and effects under highly controlled conditions. An experimental group is exposed to the independent variable.
Define: Egoistic (Suicide)
A state in which social ties attaching the individual to the group are weak.
Define: Anomic (Suicide)
A state in which the ties attaching the individual to the group are disrupted due to dramatic changes in circumstances.
Define: Fatalistic (Suicide)
A state in which the ties attaching the individual to the group are so oppressive there is no hope for release.
What is objectivity?
A state of personal neutrality in conducting research -- Not giving opinion, but actual facts.
Define: Theory
A theory is a statement of how and why specific facts are related.
Who were the four major founders of Sociology?
Aguste Comte Emile Durkheim Karl Marx Max Weber(pronounced (vaber)
What is spurious correlation?
An apparent, though false, relationship between two or more variables caused by some other variable. Going from 'x' to 'z' to 'y'
Concepts whose values change from case to case? a. variables b. operationalizing c. concepts d. measurements
a. variables
A local business is named with a phrase from a popular song. The owner is sued for violating copyright. This is an example of __________. a. Formal b. Informal c. Civil d. Criminal
c. Civil
__________ refers to the wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations. It may be the result of natural or social circumstances. a. Cultural relativism b. Cultural transformation c. Cultural diversity d. Cultural diffusion
c. Cultural diversity
In the United States, __________ might include using a napkin when eating and saying excuse me after bumping into someone. a. Laws b. Mores c. Folkways d. Formal norms
c. Folkways
__________ are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture. They provide rules for conduct but are not considered to be essential to society's survival. a. Taboos b. Sanctions c. Folkways d. Mores
c. Folkways
A(n) __________ is a printed research instrument containing a series of items to which subjects respond. a. telephone survey b. computer- assisted interview c. questionnaire d. interview
c. Questionnaire
The __________ suggests that language not only expresses our thoughts and perceptions but also influences our perception of reality. a. law of universals b. Thomas theorem c. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis d. Helmicki-Kendall theorem
c. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
__________ are collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture. a. Norms b. Beliefs c. Values d. Ideologies
c. Values
Durkheim observed that rapid social change and a more specialized division of labor produce strain in society; these strains lead to a breakdown in traditional organization values, and authority and to dramatic increase in__________________. a. social disorganization b. social solidarity c. anomie d. cultural conflict
c. anomie
Free response; broadens range of responses but harder to analyze a. questionnaire b. closed- ended questions c. open- ended questions
c. closed- ended questions
A __________ is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks an alternative lifestyle. a. subculture b. counterculture c. contraculture d. secondary culture
c. counterculture
The popularity of piñatas in China, Italy, Spain, Mexico, the United States, and other nations is an example of __________. a. culture transformation b. culture relativism c. culture diffusion d. culture initiative
c. culture diffusion
Sociologists conducting research may formulate a(n) __________, which is a statement of the relationship between two or more variables. a. operational definition b. theory c. hypothesis d. variable
c. hypothesis
The best way for a researcher to understand a group, a subculture, a setting, or way of life is to be apart of that world a. ethnomethodology b. focus group c. immersion
c. immersion Example would be like joining the KKK
__________ consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share. a. technology b. nomenclature c. material culture d. culture diversity
c. material culture
According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, in the __________ stage of self-development, interactions lack meaning and children largely imitate the people around them. a. assimilation b. game c. preparatory d. play
c. preparatory
Data that was collected by the researcher a. tertiary data b. secondary data c. primary data
c. primary
What is consistency in measurements? a. validity b. concepts c. reliability d. variables
c. reliability
According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, __________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view. a. role-exploration b. role-searching c. role-taking d. role-assumption
c. role-taking
A part of the population that represents the whole? a. population b. sampling fram c. sample d. random sample
c. sample
Use of data that was collected by someone else and limited only by the data set-- most commonly used. a. primary data b. tertiary data c. secondary data
c. secondary data Some people may be idiots-- wikipedia
In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to __________. a. contact with others b. cultural tradition c. social environment d. heredity
c. social environment
A __________ is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture. a. contraculture b. counterculture c. subculture d. primary culture
c. subculture
From the __________ perspectives, people create, maintain, and modify culture as they go about their everyday activities, thereby continually negotiating their social realities. a. functionalists b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist
c. symbolic interactionist
Attempted suicide may be a means of getting attention and sympathy. This view is consistent with the ______________ perspective. a. conflict theory b. functionalists c. symbolic interactionists d. postmodern
c. symbolic interactionists
Quantitative, Qualitative, and Critical Sociology require what?
Empirical Evidence-- doing 1 of the 5 sense.
How is common criticism different between the three paradigms?
Functionalism-- A conservative view of society that underplays power differences among and between groups. Conflict theory-- Understates the degree of cohesion and stability in society. Symbolic interactions-- there is little analysis of equality and it overstates the subjective basis of society.
How is the basis of social order different between the three paradigms?
Functionalism-- Consensus on common values. Conflict theory-- power; coercion Symbolic interactions-- Collective meaning systems; society created through social interactions.
How is the source of social change between the three paradigms?
Functionalism-- Disorganization and adjustment to achieve equilibrium. Conflict theory-- Struggle; competition. Symbolic interaction-- Ever-changing web of relationships and meaning of things.
How are individuals and society different between the three paradigms?
Functionalism-- Individuals occupy fixed social roles. Conflict theory-- Individuals subordinated to society. Symbolic Interactions-- Individuals and society are interdependent.
How is the views of inequality different between the three paradigms?
Functionalism-- Inevitable; functional for society. Conflict theory-- Results of struggle over scarce resources. Symbolic interactions-- Inequality demonstrated through meaning of status symbols.
What is Qualitative Society?
Gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior-- investigating what, where, why, how, and when.
What did C. Wright Mills' believe about Sociological Imagination?
He believes that its more than changing individuals lives it changes the lives of the society. He believes that society is the cause of social problems and not people's failings. Personal problems become a public issue.
Who was Emile Durkheim and what did his research show?
He founded sociology as an academic discipline, studies suicides, use statistic, mechanical and organic solidarity. His research showed that society affects even our most personal choices. Males, protestants, wealthy and unmarried are more likely to commit suicide than males, jews, catholics, poor, and married people.
Who was Max Weber(pronounced vaber) and what did he believe?
He was a founder of Sociology and he believed that sociologists could never capture the reality of society, but should focus on ideal types that best capture the essential features and aspects of social reality. Key concepts: bureaucracy, vesrstehen, rationalization of the modern world, people are becoming prisoners of new technology, loss of individuality.
Who was Karl Marx?
He was a founder of political/ economic theory of Socialism (communism), he wrote Communist Manifesto and co wrote Das Kapital(with Friedrich Engels), Proletariat(individuals that must sell their labor to the bourgeoisie), bourgeoisie(the owners of the means of production), capitalists, social class, and dialectics.
What was Emile Durkheim famous for?
He was famous for his studies on suicides. (1897)
What is Social Structure?
It is an organized pattern of social relationships and institutions that together constitute society.
Define: Social forces
It is anything human-created the influence, pressure, or push people to behave and think in specific ways
What is Sympathetic Knowledge?
It is firsthand knowledge gained by living and working among those being studied.
Why is understanding diversity important?
It is important because the patterns of social change and social structure are influenced by diverse groups.
What is Critical Society?
It is the study of society that focuses on the need for change-- they make an assumption of how the world should work.
What is a solidarity?
It is the system of social ties that acts as a cement connecting people to one another and to the wider society.
What is a Quantitative Society?
It refers to statistical, mathematical, and numerical data-- large samples are often used.
What did Emile Durkheim's research show?
It showed that suicide rates was strongly influenced by the extent to which people were socially integrated with others.
How is Symbolic Interactionism Perspective viewed?
It studies society through interactions within individual and small groups. Interactions between individuals is negotiated through shared symbols, gestures, and nonverbal communications. Humans are social animals and require information. It is socially constructed by everyday encounters between people. It is viewed as Micro-sociology.
How is Conflict Theory Perspective viewed?
It views society as a struggle for resources and power and change is inevitable, often beneficial, and can be violent. Conflict between the classes determines social change and some groups prosper at the expense of others. Conflict is universal; social consensus(beliefs) are limited and inequality is widespread. Society is a collection of parts held together by social power. It is viewed as Macro-sociology.
Which sociologist says that sociologists should strive to be dispassionate and detached (valued- free research)?
Max Weber
What is the difference between mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity?
Mechanical solidarity is based on uniform thinking and behavior. Organic solidarity is founded on interdependence and cooperation.
What is drawing (don't have control on who gets picked) a sample from a population so that every element of the population has a equal change of being studied called?
Random Sampling Example: Go to New York and view people of the streets, you can't say all of the U.S. is like New York because its only 1 state out of 50.
Deductive logical-- thought/reasoning:
Reasoning that transforms general theory into specific hypotheses suitable for testing. Focused on proving a theory that you miss what else is occurring.
Inductive logical- thought/reasoning:
Reasoning that transforms specific observations into general theory. Example: Fishing for fish, but instead you catch a boot.
What are ideologies?
Seemingly commonsense views justifying the existing state of affairs, which, upon close analysis, reflect the viewpoints of the dominant groups and disguise their advantages.
What is social integration?
Social integration means that individuals or actors are related to each other in a society. Those with social ties had less of a chance of committing suicide.
How is Structural- Functional Perspective viewed?
Society is viewed as a complex system of parts (structures) that interact to perform various necessary functions, shared values, norms, attitudes, and beliefs, and change is generally viewed as disruptive and gradual. Society works together to maintain the cohesion of the whole system. Its viewed as Macro-sociology.
What is prediction and probability?
Sociology analyzes, explains, and predicts human social behavior in terms of trends and probabilities. Example: If you are a Black male, 16 to 29, you are 6 times more likely to be arrested for a given offense than a white male of the same age, background, records, etc
Define: Altruistic (Suicide)
State in which the ties attaching the individual to the group are so strong that a person's sense of self cannot be separated from the group suicide in high solidarity settings like soldiers
What are the steps of an experiment?
Steps: 1. Specify the dependent and independent variables. 2. Measure the dependent variable. 3. Expose dependent variable to independent variable. 4. Re-measure dependent variable to see if predicted change took place. If no change, modify hypothesis & re-test
What was Emile Durkheim a considered founder of?
Structural/ Functionalist Perspective
Content analysis
Studying and analyzing cultural artifacts such as newspapers, magazines, television programs, music, etc Availability, strengths, limitations might cause problems.
Survey Research
Survey research involves interviewing or administering questionnaires, or written surveys, to large numbers of people. Costs are expensive with paper, stamps, and envelops. It is quantitative.
What was Max Weber a considered founder of?
Symbolic Interaction Perspective
What is the goal of sociological theory?
The goal of sociological theory is to explain the social behavior in the real world.
What is a control group/variable?
Their is a change in the dependent variable was due to the exposure to the independent variable, the researcher must keep constant other factors that might intrude. Control group is exposed to a placebo.
What are theories based on?
They are based off of theoretical paradigms.
__________ theorists emphasize that socialization reaffirms and reproduces the class structure in the next generation rather than challenging the conditions that presently exist. a.Postmodern b. Conflict c. Symbolic interactionist d. Functionalist
b. Conflict
A broken thermometer than measures the same temperature every day lacks both reliability and validity. a. True b. False
b. False
According to sociologists, there is no such thing as "peer pressure." a. True b. False
b. False
All conflict theorists regard class conflict as the central and most important source of social change? a. True b. False
b. False
All sociological theories and theorists may be categorized as functionalists, conflict, or symbolic interactionists a. True b. False
b. False
Because cultures tend to be integrated, all parts of any given culture will tend to change at the same pace. a. True b. False
b. False
Cultural relativism is always considered of positive value. a. True b. False
b. False
Language, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, family patterns, and political systems are examples of material culture. a. True b. False
b. False
Quantitative research and qualitative research both follow the same research model. a. True b. False
b. False
Resocialization is always involuntary. a. True b. False
b. False
Scientist are in an agreement that sociological research can and should be value free. a. True b. False
b. False
The early sociologists were in agreement that human behavior could be studied using the same technique from the natural sciences. a. True b. False
b. False
Values are standards that provide criteria by which we evaluate people, objects, and events. They also dictate which behaviors are appropriate and which ones are not. a. True b. False
b. False
Any research question may be answered using any of the various research methods. a. True b. False
b. False The method of research used depends on the kind of question you ask-- we are question driven.
Unlike others who believe that values could not be separated from the research process, German social scientist ____________ emphasized that sociology should be value free-- conducted in a scientific manner to exclude the researcher's personal values and economic interests. a. Emile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Karl Marx d. Herbert Spencer
b. Max Weber
Today, over 75 percent of the more than 100,000 Old Order Amish live in __________ where they practice their religious beliefs and remain a relatively closed social network. a. Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa b. Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana c. California, Utah, and Idaho d. New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania
b. Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana
Which of these statements about racial socialization is false? a. The most important aspects of racial identity are learned within one's family. b. Racial attitudes must be taught intentionally, using direct messages. c. Ethnic values and attitudes began to solidify within children as early as age 4. d. Racial socialization involves direct statements and indirect activities.
b. Racial attitudes must be taught intentionally, using direct messages.
__________ are the most likely to emphasize that during infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept a. Conflict theorists b. Symbolic interactionists c. Postmodern theorists d. Functionalists
b. Symbolic interactionists
A young woman decides that she wants to become a professional basketball player. She joins her school basketball team, reads articles about the best basketball players, and attends basketball camps. This is an example of __________. a. occupational socialization b. anticipatory socialization c. a rite of passage d. resocialization socialization
b. anticipatory socialization
A series of fixed responses; easy to analyze but narrows range of responses a. questionnaire b. close- ended questions c. open- ended questions
b. closed- ended questions
__________ perspectives are based on the assumption that social life is a continuous struggle in which members of powerful groups seek to control scarce resources and to protect their position while excluding others. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionists
b. conflict
All parts of culture do not change at the same pace. Sociologist William Ogburn referred to this disparity as __________, which is the gap between the technical development of a society and the development of its moral and legal institutions. a. culture diffusion b. culture lag c. culture tension d. acculturation
b. culture lag
When anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon first confronted the Yanomam?5? tribe of South America, he became nauseated at the sight of their customs and social environment. This is an example of ___________. a. personal anomie b. culture shock c. social disorganization d. subcultural ennui
b. culture shock
__________ is the process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized. __________ is the process of reshaping existing cultural items into a new form. a. invention/discovery b. discovery/ invention
b. discovery/ invention
Form of qualitative research that is used most often in product marketing and marketing research a. ethnomethodology b. focus group c. immersion
b. focus group
A strength of the __________ on culture is its focus on the needs of society and the fact that stability is essential for society's continued survival. A shortcoming is its overemphasis on harmony and cooperation. a. conflict perspective b. functionalist perspective c. postmodern perspective d. symbolic interactionist perspective
b. functionalist perspective
In the "nature versus nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to __________. a. cultural tradition b. heredity c. contact with others d. social environment
b. heredity
Some nations, such as Sweden, are referred to as __________, which means that they include people who share a common culture and who are typically from similar social, religious, political, and economic backgrounds. a. counterculture societies b. homogeneous societies c. heterogeneous societies d. subculture societies
b. homogeneous societies
When formal, standardized norms are enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions, they are termed __________. a. taboos b. laws c. folkways d. mores
b. laws
A procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case? a. operational b. measurements c. concepts d. variables
b. measurements
Sociologists use the word __________ to refer to what is biologically determined, and _____ for what results from the social environment. a. nurture/ nature b. nature/ nurture c. natural/ artificial d. nurturance/ natural
b. nature/ nurture
What is a treatment that seems to be the same, but has no effect on the experiment? a. hypothesis b. placebo
b. placebo Punchbowl Example: People at a party are told there is alcohol in the punch, but there is zero added. In your mind, it will convince you that there is and you will start to act drunk.
French philosopher Auguste Comte's philosophy, the belief that the world can best be understood though scientific inquiry, became known as______________. a. absolutism b. positivism c. functionalism d. specific methodology
b. positivism
Sociologists obtain their knowledge of human behavior through __________, which is the process of systematically collecting information for the purpose of testing an existing theory or generating a new one. a. common sense thinking b. research c. scientific laws d. systematic speculation
b. research
__________ consists of activities, products, and services such as rock concerts, spectator sports, movies, and television soap operas and situation comedies that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes. a. Material culture b. Nonmaterial culture c. High culture d. Popular culture
d. Popular culture
Which of these statements about subcultures is false? a.Sociological study of subcultures is often limited to visible and distinctive subcultures. b. Social media users could be considered a subculture. c. Subcultures may be based on religion, age, interests, or ethnicity. d. Within the U.S. only a small percentage of people belong to a subculture.
d. Within the U.S. only a small percentage of people belong to a subculture.
A mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form? a. measurements b. operationalizing c. variables d. concepts
d. concepts
According to the _________________ perspective, groups in society are engaged in a continuous power of control of scarce resources. a. interactionists b. functionalists c. developmental d. conflict
d. conflict
In a study of homelessness in American society,_____________ would emphasize the struggle between social classes, especially how the policies of the wealthy protect their interests while pushing certain groups into unemployment and homelessness. a. postmodern theorists b. functionalists c. symbolic interactionists d. conflict theorists
d. conflict theorists
According to the text, the __________ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies. a. school b. mass media c. peer group d. family
d. family
In a study if education in the U.S., __________________ would look at the role the schools play in maintaining the social system as a whole; how education provides the young with skills they need later in life; and how it transmits cultural values from one generation to the next. a. symbolic interactionists b. postmodern theorists c. conflict theories d. functionalists
d. functionalists
Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls typically are assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This is an example of __________. a. developmental psychology b. sexual development c. cultural acquisition d. gender socialization
d. gender socialization
Some nations, such as the United States, are referred to as __________, which means that they include people who are dissimilar in regard to social characteristics such as religion, income, or race/ethnicity. a. homogeneous b. subculture c. counterculture d. heterogeneous
d. heterogeneous
Breanna believes Jarrod is upset with her because she interprets his tone of voice as angry. Although Jarrod states he is not angry, from a symbolic interactionists perspective it is Breanna's _____________ of the situation that is most real or believable to her. a. prior knowledge b. imagination c. trust d. interpretation
d. interpretation
Specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable? a. measurements b. concepts c. variable d. operationalizing
d. operationalizing
Sociologist William Corsaro states that __________ is a stable set of activities or routines, artifacts, values, and concerns that children produce and share, and that emerges through interaction as children "borrow" from the adult culture. a. universal society b. transitional society c. social culture d. peer culture
d. peer culture
In __________, researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others. a. tertiary analysis b. manifest analysis c. primary analysis d. secondary analysis
d. secondary analysis
Gayle wants to do a study of domestic abuse but lacks the time and money to gather her own data. Consequently, she analyzes data on this topic that was gathered by the National Opinion Research Center. In this case, Gayle is conducting __________. a. survey b. participant observation c. content analysis d. secondary analysis
d. secondary anaylsis
In a study of education in the U.S., _______________ would emphasize that daily activities and the various forms of communication between teachers and students. They would also examine the influence of peer groups and look at the reaction when school rules are broken or followed. a. postmodern b. functionalists c. conflict theorists d. symbolic interactionists
d. symbolic interactionists
Sociologists define __________ as the knowledge, techniques, and tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms, and the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed. a. cybernetics b. material culture c. industrialization d. technology
d. technology
What is precision in measuring exactly what one intends to measure? a. reliability b. variables c. concepts d. validity
d. validity
Theorists using a __________ perspective emphasize that families are important for society because they are the primary source for the procreation and socialization of children. a. functionalist b. symbolic interactionist c. postmodern d. conflict
functionalist
One person's inability to find a job may be an example of a ___________, whereas widespread unemployment as a result of changes in the economy, such as the oustsourcing of jobs, is an example of a ___________________.
personal trouble; public issue
Define: Sociology
the systematic study of human society .
Participant Observation or Field Study Design
1. Be a part of the group they are studying. 2. Limitations-- it is time consuming 3. Lots of notes Example: Tailgating at football games
What are several factors to be considered for Selection of a Research Methodology?
1. Current knowledge 2. Costs 3. Ethics 4. The Skills of the Researcher
Lying with statistics:
1. Data selection might not be the whole truth 2. Data interpretations as if numbers can only mean one thing 3. Use of graphs to "spin" the truth
Interviewing
1. Done face to face or via telephone 2. Lasts around 3-4 hours minimum 3. It is qualitative
What does the sociological perspective/imagination help us see?
1. It helps us to see the general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals. 2. It encourages us to realize that society guides our thoughts and deeds -- to see the strange in the familiar. 3 .It encourages us to see the personal choice in the social context.
Ethical Guidelines:
1. Must strive to be fair minded 2. Willing to share data 3. Must protect safety, rights, and privacy of subjects 4. Must obtain informed consent(subject awareness) 5. Must demonstrate cultural sensitivity
Ten Steps In Sociological Investigation
1. Select and define topic 2. Review the literature 3. Develop key questions to ask 4. Assess requirements for study 5. Consider ethical issues 6. Select a research methodology 7. Collect the data 8. Interpret the findings 9. State conclusions 10. Publish the findings
What are the three perspectives (paradigms)?
1. Structural- Functional 2. Social- Conflict 3. Symbolic- Interaction
Limitations of Sociology Investigation:
1. We don't predict peoples behaviors. 2. People behaviors change when they are being studied. 3. Its like predicting the weather, best best is when it is current.
What is the Hawthorne Effect?
A change in a subjects behavior caused by the awareness of being studied. Example: There is a camera placed in the back of the classroom. It would change your behavior because you are being studied.
Misuse of Statistics
Citing a correlation as a cause. They do not necessarily indicate that one thing causes the other. Overgeneralizing. Example: Studying only men, and then generalizing conclusions to both men and women. Building in bias. Bias can be built into a questionnaire by little more than careless wording. Interpreting probability as certainty. Example: Finding that women are more likely than men to favor strict gun control. It does not mean that all women favor strict gun control and all men do not favor it. Faking data. A famous instance of this occurred in a study of separated identical twins. The researcher wished to show that despite separation, twins remained similar in certain traits. Using data selectively. Sometimes a survey includes many questions, but the researcher reports on only a few of the answers.
What is the major forces that drive social change?
Conflict
What was Karl Marx a considered founder of?
Conflict Perspective
What are the types of variables in causation?
Independent variable-- the variable that causes the change. Dependent variable-- the variable that changes (it's value depends upon the independent variable.)
What was The Enlightenment?
Industrialization, urbanization, political revolution, and a awareness of society. The French Revolution symbolized this dramatic break with the political and social traditions.
What is the purpose of replication?
It helps limit distortion caused by personal values. It looks at all of the research and find what everybody else got. Example: Having everyone in the classroom count how many students are in the room, and seeing the majority of what people got.
Define: Human activity
It involves all of the things people do with, to, and for one another and the way they think and do as a result of others' influences
Define: Sociological Perspective
It is a conceptual framework for thinking about and explaining how human activities are organized and/or how people relate to one another and respond to their surroundings.
What is sampling frame?
It is a list of all those within a population who can be sampled, and may include individuals, households, or institutions. Example: Homeless people limited by sampling frame only in Waterloo. I can't add Chicago because were only looking at the population who are homeless in Waterloo.
What is social imagination?
It is a perspective that allows us to consider how outside forces, especially our time in history and the place we live, shape our life stories or biographies.
Define: Theoretical Paradigm
It is a set of fundamental assumptions that guides thinking.
Define: Positivism
It is a way of understanding based on science.
What is Social Institutions?
It is an established and organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose.
What was Aguste Comte a considered founder of?
System of Positive Polity and Instituting the Religion of Humanity.
What is Social Change also called?
The Enlightenment
When did sociology originate or when were their major changes?
The development of sociology was important during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Which of these is the best example of the concept of cultural lag? a. A lack of clear law governing the rights of all parties involved in artificial insemination and other forms of reproductive technology. b. The use of radar to determine and document the speed of drivers on a major highway. c. An increase in the use of Facebook among people over age 50 to find former high school and college classmates. d. A lack of electronic versions of older novels, biographies, and other published works.
a. A lack of clear law governing the rights of all parties involved in artificial insemination and other forms of reproductive technology.
__________ is the term for the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society. a. Agent of socialization b. Significant other c. Interaction forum d. Social reference
a. Agent of socialization
In a research design, the __________ is presumed to be caused by another variable. a. Dependent variable b. Independent variable c. Control variable d. Universal variable
a. Dependent variable
Sociologist __________ divided the self into the "I" and the "me." a. George Herbert Mead b. Erik Erikson c. Neil Smelser d. Charles Horton Cooley
a. George Herbert Mead
When designing a study, the researcher considers the __________ to be the cause of the relationship or outcome. a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Control variable d. Universal variable
a. Independent variable
__________ is the extent to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results when applied to different individuals at one time or to the same individuals over time. a. Reliability b. Validity c. Variability d. Predictability
a. Reliability
According to Durkheim, social facts can only be explained by other social facts. a. True b. False
a. True
According to the functionalists perspective, societies develop social structures (institutions) that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy. a. True b. False
a. True
Although Weber emphasized that sociologists should be value free, he did not believe that human behavior could be analyzed though application of the object criteria used to study other natural phenomena. a. True b. False
a. True
Applying the broadest sense of the concept, most people in the U.S. could be classified as members of one subculture or another. a. True b. False
a. True
From a sociological perspective, we cannot form a sense of self or personal identity without intense social contact with others. a. True b. False
a. True
In some respects, ethnocentrism may be considered of positive value. a. True b. False
a. True
Neither society nor culture could exist without the other. a. True b. False
a. True
Sociological studies on suicide that have compared rates of suicide with other variables such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education are examples of quantitative research. a. True b. False
a. True
The first department of sociology in the U.S was established at the University of Chicago, where the facility was instrumental in starting the American Sociological Society (now known as the American Sociological Association). a. True b. False
a. True
The most important aspects of racial identity and attitudes toward other racial-ethnic groups are passed down from generation to generation within the family. a. True b. False
a. True
The sociological imagination helps us to place personal trouble, such as losing one's job or attempting suicide, into larger social context, where we can distinguish whether and how personal troubles may relate to public issues. a. True b. False
a. True
The basis if Marx's theory of society is the belief that a. conflict between different economic classes is necessary to produce social change b. the evolution of society is based on the concept of "survival of the fittest". c. society is comprised of the dual processes of social statics and social dynamics. d. people are the products of their social environments
a. conflict between different economic classes is necessary to produce social change
__________ is the systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life. a. content analysis b. content standardization c. content reliability d. content validity
a. content analysis
__________ is the process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized. a. discovery b. diffusion c. culture lag d. invention
a. discovery
Deliberately disrupt social norms to see how people respond and how they try to restore social order. a. ethnomethodology b. focus group c. immersion
a. ethnomethodology
Sociologist George Herbert Mead's concept of the __________ other refers to the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture. a. generalized b. secondary c. perceived d. significant
a. generalized
What is an unverified statement of a relationship between variables? a. hypothesis b. placebo
a. hypothesis
C. Wright Mills used the term "______________" in referring to a small clique composed of the top corporate, political, and military officials who hold the most power in society. a. power elite b. oligarchy c. bureaucracy d. autocrats
a. power elite
With __________ research, the goal is scientific objectivity, and the focus is on data that can be measured numerically. a. quantitative b. qualitative c. explanatory d. observational
a. quantitative
A series of written questions that a researcher presents to subjects: a. questionnaire b. close- ended questions c. open- ended questions
a. questionnaire
A(n) __________ can be anything that meaningfully represents something else. a. symbol b. character c. indictor d. device
a. symbol