Sociology Exam 2

Your friend Narayan is visiting from India. You both have just finished checking out at a department store. As you walk to the exit, the burly white security guard stops Narayan and insists that he open his parcel for inspection. However, you, a white person, are allowed to continue. Why might this be? Following 9/11, people from South Asia are often likely to be considered suspicious. are randomly spot-checked for honesty in large department stores. who are white are usually ignored in situations like this. who are white are generally targeted as often, just not in this case.

who are white are usually ignored in situations like this.

In political speeches about the poor, those who are believed to deserve assistance are often termed the: handicapped. mentally challenged. working poor. nonworking poor.

working poor

Which of the following is an example of the ideology of equality of condition put into practice? segregation affirmative action health care slavery

affirmative action

This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are Hispanic. black. women. white.

black

There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood, maintained by a nearby resident. That man moved away, and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Then an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a handful of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an illustration of __________ theory. differential opportunity broken windows labeling strain

broken windows

Robert Park's model of how immigrants adapted to a new setting was called straight-line assimilation. Milton Gordon refined this theory and suggested that an immigrant population can pass through seven stages of assimilation. Harold Isaacs then observed that, despite what seemed to be full assimilation, ethnic identity persisted. His findings led Clifford Geertz to conclude that because it was not biological, ethnicity must be the result of conflict and competition. culture. accommodation and tolerance. the "melting pot."

culture

The text discusses the plight of the Irish immigrants in the United States in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward them. In 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in Waterford, a town in Ireland, directed against the Roma (formerly referred to as gypsies). The irony of the attacks on the Roma in Waterford is that, like the anti-Irish attacks in the United States, they are an example of prejudice. racism. discrimination. racialization.

racism

Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of? strain theory primary deviance general deterrence recidivism

recidivism

In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system discriminates against minorities. unfairly incarcerates drug addicts. represents a transformation in social control. gives special treatment to white-collar criminals.

represents a transformation in social control.

Nathan is an upper-class man who enjoys a mansion, a pool, and a wealthy lifestyle. Most likely, the distinguishing characteristic of Nathan's class position is his source of income, which is: working in finance. returns on investments, not wages. real estate ownership and management. inheritance.

returns on investments, not wages.

Since the 1970s, both violent and overall crime rates have gone down, while at the same time, incarceration rates in the United States have steadily decreased. cycled through various highs and lows. remained steady. risen dramatically.

risen dramatically

The chapter includes a hypothetical example of a very poor, frugal man who wins the lottery, leaving him with a deep feeling of anomie. His formerly successful pattern for living on a strict budget is no longer necessary, and he lacks a behavioral template by which to live. According to Merton, this is an example of internalization. nonconformity. selfishness. strain theory.

strain theory

When sociologists study how race and ethnicity affect income, they are studying the topic of: stratification. wealth and assets racism. the free rider problem.

stratification

A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. This is an example of inherited ethnicity. symbolic ethnicity. racialization. assimilation.

symbolic ethnicity.

Indira is a corporate CEO. Max is a janitor at a strip mall. New research on inequality trends from 1990 to 2002 suggests that for every dollar someone like Max earns, someone like Indira earns about: $1. $28. $100. $18,000.

$18,000

Each society has a type of social stratification. How does the United States ideologically justify its type of stratification system? The class a person is in has nothing to do with ability; one is born into it. A person is in complete control over the class he or she is in. Hard work (or lack of it) determines class. One's relatives are responsible for one's social class. Luck determines class.

A person is in complete control over the class he or she is in. Hard work (or lack of it) determines class.

Building on Émile Durkheim's classic theory of suicide, sociologist Matt Wray describes a contemporary "American Suicide Belt." Wray finds elevated suicide rates in the American West, particularly among white men isolated from social contact by unemployment or being unmarried. What type of suicide are residents of this area prone to, according to Durkheim's typology? fatalistic egoistic altruistic anomic

Anomic

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Victor Rios shares his own experience as a gang member in Oakland, California. His description of watching his best friend die in his arms, how police randomly upended his own and his friends' daily lives, and the sense of despair, chaos, and disconnection from society that resulted are a powerful reflection on what Durkheim called anomie. high social integration. excessive social regulation. social cohesion.

Anomie

A Muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize a march protesting discrimination against Muslim Americans on campus. Hundreds of students from area colleges participate. What type of action is this? withdrawal code switching straight-line assimilation collective resistance

Collective Resistance

Why are Asian Americans sometimes labeled a "model minority"? Asian Americans have experienced very little discrimination because they have adapted so well to white norms. In general, Asian Americans have not tried to hold on to their ethnic identities and have instead adopted white culture. Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States. Asian immigration has mostly brought highly educated and highly skilled people to the United States.

Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States.

The changing attitudes toward marijuana can be difficult to fit into our understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug is classified as a controlled substance and possession and distribution may carry severe penalties. In most states, possession is a criminal offense with penalties including jail. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor and in a handful of states, beginning with Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. What does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring changes in crime rates over time? Definitions of crimes change over time. Law enforcement agencies keep unreliable records. Increasing numbers of people are committing crimes but may not be caught. Federal and state laws often contradict each other.

Definitions of crimes change over time

Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals deemed "unfit." This included people with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of eugenics. nativism. social Darwinism. environmentalism.

Eugenics

The Sociological Conversations interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that racial and ethnic minorities, particularly those in the inner cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rios's experience? Foucault's panopticon Goffman's total institution Merton's strain theory Durkheim's anomie

Foucault's panopticon

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. government decreed that all people of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. At the time, enclaves of Japanese Americans thrived in several American cities. The fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry following the attacks reflected a decline in pluralism. ethnocentrism. racism. segregation.

Pluralism

Avi is disappointed that his daughter is marrying a Latino immigrant because he thinks Latinos oppose women having successful careers. This is an example of prejudice. discrimination. ethnocentrism. racialization.

Prejudice

In the United States, the one-drop rule broadly separated people into "black" and "white." Under apartheid in South Africa, on the other hand, there were four racial categories; and in Brazil there are up to a dozen racial categories, depending on whom you ask. What general insight can we draw from these differences in racial categories? Racial categories are social constructs, not biological absolutes that transcend time and place. Brazil is a more diverse society than either South Africa or the United States. The United States has had stricter laws against miscegenation than either South Africa or Brazil. There are more blacks in the United States than in South Africa or Brazil, which influenced how racism was manifested.

Racial categories are social constructs, not biological absolutes that transcend time and place.

In some urban neighborhoods, buying food staples requires a lengthy journey to another (more white) part of the city. "Food deserts" are a significant problem for people whose resources are limited. Based on the text, a food desert is a possible marker of pluralism. racialization. segregation. apartheid.

Segregation

Devah Pager's research on how criminal records affect hiring illustrates the consequences of secondary deviance. strain. anomie. stigma.

Stigma

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her fieldwork in Milwaukee and New York, in which she sent out job applicants, both black and white, with half of them pretending to have prison records. Pager found that having a criminal record negatively affected an applicant's ability to be offered a job. In addition, she found that black applicants were far less likely to be called back for an interview than white applicants. This racial disparity in hiring indicates unconscious stereotypes in the minds of the hirers, in addition to the challenge of a criminal record's stigma. secondary deviance. class solidarity. organic solidarity.

Stigma

How do street crime and white-collar crime compare in terms of cost to society and prevalence? - Street crime costs society more, while white-collar crime is more prevalent. - Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, while white-collar crime has greater financial impact. - Street crime and white-collar crime cost society roughly the same, though street crime is more prevalent. - Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime and is also more costly to society than white-collar crime.

Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, while white-collar crime has greater financial impact.

How was racism expressed in Ancient Greece? Non-Greeks were generally enslaved and formed the bulk of the agricultural labor force. People were categorized according to their abilities as warriors rather than by physical traits. The Ancient Greeks tended to view people from the Far East with great suspicion because they had minimal contact with them. There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.

There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.

While racial justice advocates might seem to be cheered by the use of DNA databases in identifying perpetrators of crimes, what potential grounds for injustice do these databases create? They can only identify people with African ancestry generally, rather than down to an individual, thus casting the net of criminality more widely. They are only available to richer police forces. They are more likely to include black individuals, making their relatives easier to identify in run-ins with police than uncatalogued whites. They cannot be used to overturn past convictions.

They are more likely to include black individuals, making their relatives easier to identify in run-ins with police than uncatalogued whites.

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jennifer Lee observes that the black-white divide is now the black-nonblack divide. Her argument is based on the experiences of first- and second-generation Asians and Latinos, a group in which each successive generation's outcomes improve. Among black Americans this is not the case, however. Disparities are apparent between blacks and all other groups in wealth and educational attainment. wealth and income. marriage patterns and net worth. ability to solve their own problems involving poverty.

Wealth and income

Ugo's promotion to regional manager at Sears with a higher salary and more prestige is an example of what type of vertical social mobility? ascending escalating descending advancement

ascending

The brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on white privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that McIntosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race and being able to match bandage colors to your skin tone. Which of the following could also be considered white privilege? being able to choose any seat you wish on public transportation offers of scholarships based on affirmative action having to worry about how to pay for college socializing sons how to interact with police to avoid fatal confrontations

being able to choose any seat you wish on public transportation

Definitions of deviant behavior tend to change over time and vary from one context to another. be impervious to changes in notions of acceptable behavior. be defined by a few elite members of society. be copied from one society to another.

change over time and vary from one context to another.

Under what system is your societal position related to your position in the economic market? hierarchy class caste estate

class

The U.S. surgeon general published a report in 1964 that clearly outlined the health dangers of smoking. In 1994, the government began what would become a decades-long effort to prosecute the tobacco companies for fraud: criminal misrepresentation of the health issues and deliberate intent to deceive and cover up evidence about tobacco's effects. Despite the government's efforts, however, the tobacco industry continues to market tobacco products. In 2014, the industry finally agreed to publicly state that their advertising campaigns had lied about the harms of smoking. Taken together, the tobacco industry's actions can be understood as a protracted case of __________ crime. environmental street corporate white-collar

corporate

To combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on Foucault's theory of discipline. deterrence theory. differential opportunity theory. labeling theory.

deterrence theory

You are dependent on your professor for your grade. Your professor, in turn, is dependent on you for his or her job. Hegel would call this a(n): dialectic relationship. equality of condition. example of private property. example of affirmative action

dialectic relationship

Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance? crime rates and penal codes formal and informal social sanctions economic opportunities and crime rates recidivism and rehabilitative justice

economic opportunities and crime rates

A stratification system with a governing elite—that is, few leaders who broadly hold the power in society—is called a(n) ________ system. status hierarchy elite-mass dichotomy class caste

elite-mass dichotomy

Lisa Geesh is a U.S. senator who supports policies that give preferential treatment to disadvantaged groups in employment and education. She is concerned with: equality of opportunity. equality of personhood. equality of outcome. equality of condition.

equality of condition

Carrie, Max, and Lisa are friends in high school. Over the years, Carrie becomes a carpenter. Max becomes a computer programmer. Lisa becomes a physician. The government regulates salaries such that Carrie, Max, and Lisa are paid similar salaries, live in similar neighborhoods, and enjoy relatively equal standards of living. What standard of equality would this be an example of? equality of opportunity equality of personhood equality of condition equality of outcome

equality of outcome

You're traveling with a group in a foreign country. After a homestay with a local family, a member of your group remarks that the meal he had last night was horrifying: roasted dog! "No one eats dog!" he exclaims. "It's barbaric!" This person is speaking from a perspective of nationalism. equality. ethnocentrism. ethnicity.

ethnocentrism

Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since Europeans arrived. In Indian Bureau boarding schools and schools provided on reservations, English was mandatory and children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of culture. This policy was an attempt at forced assimilation. ethnic cleansing. linguistic purity. educational parity.

forced assimilation

Trade of goods and services across national boundaries, as well as the mobility of businesses and labor through immigration, is called: international business. globalization. civilization equality of condition

globalization

Suppose you are a participant in an online forum where people review online games, and one participant recently posted an angry rant in all caps, which elicited a harsh rebuke from several other users. Such a reprimand is a kind of formal social sanction. informal social sanction. expression of mechanical solidarity. violation of the collective conscience.

informal social sanction

A child struggles to learn how to read and is frequently teased about it by his siblings and referred to as "slow" by his parents and teachers. He underperforms in school and never thinks about going to college. Ultimately, he drops out before graduating from high school, telling the school counselor that he's just not "book smart." This is an example of which theory of deviance? labeling theory strain theory reflection theory role theory

labeling theory

Under Adolf Hitler, the Nazis developed a carefully planned network of concentration camps. These were designed to hold all those deemed "undesirable" by the Nazi leadership. An individual consigned to a camp was forced to work, wore a specific uniform, had a limited ration of food, and faced a near certain death. This tragic episode in human history is an extreme example of an attempt at applying rehabilitative justice. an attempt to control and suppress deviant behavior. life in a total institution. an attempt to mandate normative compliance on individuals.

life in a total institution

Sometimes individuals seek to assert or increase their status, not just through their occupation but also through: experiencing illness. living in gated communities. denouncing their American citizenship. taking public transportation.

living in a gated community

Denise, who comes from a lower-middle-class family, obtained a college degree, interned at a company, worked at that company for many years, and is now its CEO. Denise's experiences support the idea of: the free rider. globalization. conflict class. meritocracy.

meritocracy

Jim gets a job in a group home for disabled adults. The executive director tells Jim that if he works hard and earns favorable reviews, he could work his way up to a position of greater responsibility and income. Such a system is referred to as: meritocratic. opportunistic. individualistic. entrepreneurial.

meritocratic

Elliot Essman asserts that America is a(n) ________ because the very wealthy do not have much impact on the country in general. elite-class nation middle-class nation working-class nation upper-class nation

middle-class nation

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jen'nan Read discusses the meaning of the terms "Arab" and "Muslim." Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Arab Americans were mostly unnoticed in the United States. Since then, however, Arab Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination, and they have now been effectively racialized because the census has determined that all Arab Americans are Muslim. of the interest in identifying members of the same ethnic group. of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim." right-wing nativists have enacted laws that identify Arab Americans as Muslim.

of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim."

The game of Monopoly exemplifies equality of: personhood. opportunity. business. condition.

opportunity

Before Melissa's trip to India, she read a book that said India has four main castes. When she arrived, she asked Veda, an Indian woman, "Which of the four castes does your family belong to?" Veda smiled and corrected Melissa, pointing out that: it is impolite to say the word "caste." over time, the caste system has evolved into thousands of subcastes. the caste system no longer exists. Melissa should have known Veda's caste based on Veda's dress and language.

over time, the caste system has evolved into thousands of subcastes.

Tyrone is frustrated by having submitted dozens of resumes to tech companies around the Pacific Northwest, resulting in zero job interviews. He decides to try submitting three resumes as "Tyler," and receives two calls from prospective employers. What is this an example of? passing withdrawal assimilation acceptance

passing

Suppose a teenage girl caught smoking marijuana in her car in the high school parking lot is suspended. As a result, she gains a reputation around school as a "druggie." After that, she begins using cocaine and eventually tries heroin. The girl's actions following the initial suspension are an example of primary deviance. public indecency. secondary deviance. lewd and lascivious behavior.

secondary deviance

An example of horizontal social mobility is a(n): secretary changing firms but retaining his or her occupational status. barista's promotion to store manager. family that migrates from low-income housing to an upper-middle-class gated community. office manager who moves into a similar position in a much larger firm, where he or she earns greater status and income.

secretary changing firms but retaining his or her occupational status.

One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been a more equal percentage of races in prison. the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons. a more efficient prison system. the development of successful work-training programs for inmates.

the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons.

The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from the concept of racialization. the notion of social Darwinism. the science of phrenology. concerns about racial passing.

the notion of social Darwinism

Numerous methods have been devised to ensure that people's racial categorization was clear. The "one-drop" rule was a particular U.S. method, which arose from miscegenation laws forbidding interracial marriage. The fundamental flaw with the "one-drop" rule is that the one-drop rule depended on a nonexistent ability or test to detect, biologically, the presence of African heritage. the one-drop rule was not as accurate a determination as other tests. enforcement of the one-drop rule meant that, if found out, the individuals would need to get a divorce. the one-drop rule required blood testing verification of race on birth certificates, which were later used to reinforce antimiscegenation laws.

the one-drop rule depended on a nonexistent ability or test to detect, biologically, the presence of African heritage.