sociology exam #2 (ch. 3, 6, 12, 14)

deprofessionalism

Deprofessionalization includes the public questioning of the power accorded to doctors, the rise in medical malpractice cases, and the increasing power of medical insurance companies within the larger medical system.

differential association theory

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers

stigma

Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction

labeling theory

Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual's self‐concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person

Jack Katz—the seduction of crime

Katz states that criminals don't seek the material rewards for the crime but yet they seek the sensual experience.

deviance

a behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm and generates a negative reaction in a particular group.

food insecurity

a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food

counterculture

a culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.

passing

presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to

deviance avowal

process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process

rehabilitation

process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization

rebels (strain theory)

renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and instead works toward their own goals using new means

retreatists

renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and lives outside the conventional norms altogether

cultural relativism

the process of understanding other cultures on their own terms rather than judging them according to one's own culture

norms

the rules regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable and appropriate within a culture.

recedivism

the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend

medicalization of deviance

the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition

ideal culture

the values, norms, and behaviors that people in a given society profess to embrace

multiculturalism

values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and thus encourages the retention of cultural differences within society, rather than assimilation.

structrual functionalism (family)

views family as a cultural universe and try to indentify its functions for society

subculture

a group of people with shared value systems based on common life experiences and situations

sanction

a means of enforcing norms - positive: express approval (smile, praise, prize) - negative: express disapproval (frown, harsh words, frown)

moral entrepreneur

a person who creates moral rules that reflect the values of those in power rather than any objective, universal standards of right and wrong

retribution

a repayment; a deserved punishment

moral panic

a widespread, but disproportionate, reaction to a form of deviance

conformists (strain theory)

accept the goals of the society and the means of achieving those goals

innovators

accepts society's approved goals but rejects the means to achieve those goals

real culture

actual behavior patterns of members of a group

in-group orientation

among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity

incapacitation

an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them

conflict theory (family)

argues that family structure perpetuates inequality and exploits women

mores

fixed customs or manners; moral attitudes

symbolic interactism (family)

focus on the family as the product of interactional processes

ritualists (strain theory)

gives up on achieving society's approved goals but accepts the means to achieve those goals

non-material culture

ideas and beliefs of a group of people i.e. signs, gestures, languages

W.I. Thomas Theorem

if people define situations as real, then they are real in their consequences

primary deviance

in labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant

secondary deviance

in labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant

structural functionalism - deviance

moral boundaries and promotes social cohesion

folkways

norms that are not strictly enforced

consequential strangers

people who are not in a person's closest friendship circle but nonetheless have an impact

three types of stigma

physical, moral, and tribal

Solmon Asch

pioneer in social psychology in the United States

Naomi Wolf

- argues that the media confront the vast majority of people with an unattainable standard of beauty, which can lead to health and self-image problems, especially for girls and women. - argues that because males dominate media production, this standard for beauty is patriarchal and Eurocentric.

Ulrich Beck

- argues that we live in a "risk society."• People take a wide range of risks that jeopardize their health. - risky behaviors include what people do (cigarette smoking) and what they don't do (not having regular checkups with their physician). - Taking some risks makes one happier and mentally/physically healthier. Thus the growing interest in extreme sports such as surfing and snowboarding.

Michel Foucault

- concerned with the punishment of criminals' bodies. - he analyzes how medicine shifted from focusing on using lists to diagnose diseases to focusing on human beings. - he urged people to focus on sexuality that pushed one's body to the limit in sexual experiences.

symbolic interactism - culture

- values and norms are social contructions that may vary overtime and in different contexts - meaning is created, maintained, and changed through time

structual functionalism - culture

- values and norms are widely shared & agreed upon. - contribute to social stability by term by reinforcing common bonds & constraining individual behavior.

conflict theory - culture

- values and norms that are part of the dominant culture - tend to represent & protect the interest of the most powerful groups in society

Line Experiment

Psychologist: Soloman Asch Conducted: Used confederates and deception in a lab experiment to determine if naive participants would conform with group WRONG decisions about length of lines Significant Findings: -people will conform to the wrong answer under real or imagined pressure -Statistics: 1/3 of the naïve subjects conformed to the wrong answer & 76% of the naïve subjects conformed at least once to the wrong answer

cultural imperialism

The dominance of one culture over another.

cultural diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another

hate crimes

attacks based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics

ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group

culture

beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

culture wars

clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld i.e. rages over trans rights

symbolic interactism - deviance

depends on time period, time period, and situation

deterrence

discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment

values

shared beliefs about what a group considers worthwhile or desirable; they guide the creation of norms.

laws

society's values and standards that are enforceable in the courts

conflict theory - deviance

strong social bonds increase conformity & decrease deviance

elements of culture

symbols, language, values, norms

social control

the formal and informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion

labeling theory

the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

the idea that different languages create different ways of thinking

material culture

the objects associated with a cultural group i.e. tools, machines, utensils, buildings, and artwork; any physical object to which we give social meaning

cultural leveling

the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western culture is being exported and diffused into other nations