Sociology Exam 3 Preparation
Liberal feminism
A strand of feminism that emphasizes gender equality and views the "essential" differences in men's and women's abilities or perspectives as trivial or nonexistent.
Devah Pager's Marked
A study that showed that white men with a criminal record were more likely than black men without a criminal record to get a call back about a job interview
Myths about crack
A: Crack was everywhere and that mothers would give birth to a bunch of crack babies B: Smoking crack provides more significant developmental delays than other drugs C: Crack causes violent behavior D: Crack is the most addictive drug by far
1 in 3
According to recent research, what is the likelihood a black male born in 2001 will be incarcerated in his lifetime?
Formal
According to the Long Arm of the Law by Davies and Tanner, _________ sanctions against youth have significant negative impacts on life outcomes
Davies and Tanner: Long Arm of the Law
Formal sanctions in youth had significant negative impacts on life outcomes
85%
Generally, Truth-in-sentencing laws require an offender to serve _____________ of their sentence.
Hirschi's Social Bond Theory
Hirschi claimed that the stronger a person is bonded to conventional society, the less prone they are to engage in crime
War on drugs
In the late 70s and 80s, this campaign fought the new levels of poverty, crime, & drug addiction in the inner cities. Led to many more poor people and people of color being thrown into prison than in any time before
The Roughnecks
In the research of Chambliss, which group was considered the troublemakers or the deviant ones?
The Roughnecks
In the research of Chambliss, which group was considered troublemakers or deviant?
The sexual control of women
Radical feminism focuses on which of the following?
Denial of Injury
The idea that the offender considers their behavior to be harmless
Denial of Responsibility
The idea that the offender refuses to accept the blame for their behavior
Feminization of poverty
The increasing concentration of poverty among women, especially unmarried women and their children
1 in 17
The lifetime likelihood of imprisonment for white men born in 2001 is...
Gender
The norms, roles, and behavioral characteristics associated in a given society with being male
Condemnation of the condemers
The statement, "My parents drank before they were 21 years old, therefore they cannot judge me," is an example of which neutralization technique?
Traditionalists
The who believe that men should be responsible for earning income and women should be responsible for housework and child care
Liberal
_______ feminism focuses on the socialization of women. This perspective believes that women tend to engage in criminal activities less than men because their socialization provides them fewer opportunities to engage in deviance.
Mommy Track
a career path for women who opt to sacrifice promotions and pay raises in order to devote more time to raising their children.
Men's rights movement
a group that feels that feminism creates disadvantages for men
Asexuality
a lack of sexual attraction to people of either sex
Motherhood penalty
a loss in wages associated with becoming a mother
Toxic Masculinity
a masculine ideal that espouses extreme and harmful attitudes and behaviors and may lead to various negative effects for women and men Limits men's opportunity for careers, family, and many other things The effects have been shown to have negative effects on men's physical and mental health
Glass escalator
an invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations
pro-feminist men's movement
an offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women
Individual consequences
are the outcomes that mainly affect the individual. The organization also may suffer, either directly or indirectly, but it is the individual who pays the real price
Conflict Theorists
believe that men have historically had access to most of society's resources and priviliges, so it is in their interest to remain in the dominant position Men stand to lose a great deal if gender inequality disappears If gender equality existed, men would have to do more unpaid work, there would be more competition in the job market, and men would lose power and prestige
primary sex characteristics
biological factors, such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs, that distinguish males from females
Collateral consequences
civil and/or political rights that are lost temporarily in some cases, or permanently in others following a felony conviction
gendered job segregation
the practice of filling occupations with mostly male or mostly female workers
Second shift
the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor
Essentialists
those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed
Constructionists
those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many
Stereotype Threat
when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes
Sharing
doing more or less symmetrical amounts of paid and unpaid work
false consciousness
laborers' lack of awareness of the exploitation they are experiencing at the hands of the owners of the means of production and capitalism
Mandatory Minimum Sentences
legal requirements that persons found guilty of particular crimes must be sentenced to set minimum numbers of years in prison
neo-traditionalists
people who embrace a modified version of traditionalism: they think that a woman should be able to work if she desires, but only if it doesn't interfere with her "real" duty to take care of her husband and children
Egalitarians
people who prefer relationships in which both partners do their fair share of breadwinning, housekeeping, and child-rearing
secondary sex characteristics
physical differences between males and females, including facial and body hair, musculature, and bone structure, that are unrelated to reproduction
Fair sentencing act
reduced crack cocaine v. powder cocaine sentencing disparity from 100:1 to 18:1 and eliminated the 5 year mandatory minimum for simple possession of crack cocaine
Bisexuality
sexual attraction to people of both sexes
Heterosexuality
sexual attraction to someone of the other sex
Sexism
the belief that one sex is superior to the other
Socialist Feminism
the belief that women's inequality results from the combination of capitalistic economic relations and male domination; argues that both must be transformed fundamentally before women can achieve equality
Masculinization of wealth
the concentration of men in high-earning occupations, and their resulting ability to accumulate savings, investments, and assets
Hostile sexism
the condemnation of women with negative instead of positive stereotypes and the use of threats and violence to enforce women's subservience to men
Gender pay gap
the difference between the incomes of the average man and woman who work full-time
The ideal worker norm
the idea that an employee should have the ability to devote themselves to their job without the distraction of family responsibilities
Glass ceiling
the idea that there is an invisible barrier between women and top positions in masculine occupations
mommy tax
the loss of income women experience if they reenter the labor market after staying home to raise children
Expressive role
the person who provides the family's emotional support and nurturing Usually the woman
Instrumental role
the person who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure Usually the man
Purposes of criminal punishment
(1) restraint or incapacitation (2) individual or specific deterrence (3) general deterrence (4) reform or rehabilitation (5) moral affirmation or symbolism (6) retribution (7) restitution or compensation.
Condemnation of the Condemers
"Who are you to judge?" He who is without sin casts the first stone
Problem with social bond theory
1. The effects of attachment depend on whom you are attached to 2. Involvement in certain activities is beneficial while others may increase the likelihood of committing a crime
Hegemonic Masculinity
A cultural masculine ideal that promotes one form of masculinity as superior to other kinds, as well as femininity, values characteristics such as independence, aggression, and toughness
Glass cliff
A heightened risk of failing when compared to men
Gender Identity
A person's self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as
Patriarchy
A political system where men have all the power and predominant roles in political leadership, moral authority, and control of property
reproductive organs
An example of a primary sex characteristic is _________
Bonds are compromised of
Attachment- affectionate bonds between an individual and their significant other commitment- stake in conformity Involvement- time spent in conventional activities
Three strike laws
Began in Washington state in 1993 Laws that require a sentence of life-in-prison after someone receives their third felony conviction These are not shown to be effective
Chambliss's Saints and Roughnecks
Class differences influenced how the delinquency of each group was perceived and labeled; formal sanctions applied to lower class Roughnecks has significant negative influences in later life
group differences in power
Conflict theorists explain inequalities as a result of
Crack-cocaine disparities
Crack was punished much more severely than cocaine due to the association of who was using each drug (100 times the amount of cocaine was needed to trigger the same mandatary minimum sentence)
Labeling Theory
Criminal/ Deviant is a status imposed on an individual or group that may or may not be related to actual rule breaking Extralegal influence who is labeled Power is instrumental in determining who/what is labeled (Think of Billy Madison and peeing your pants)
differential association
Edwin Sutherland Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in intimate personal groups through a process of communication When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes : techniques of committing the crimes, the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes
normalizes
Feminist theorists believe that a patriarchal society ______________ the abuse of women.
Third-wave feminism
Focuses on diversity among women's experiences and identities
Sex is biological; gender is social.
For most sociologists, what is the difference between sex and gender?
Marxist perspective on law
Law is used to maintain the status quo It's an instrument to support the ideology of capitalism Means of providing equality on paper Laws are implemented to control the proletariat Law is also used to settle disputes among the bourgeoise
Truth-in-sentencing laws
Laws that require people sentenced to prison to serve a certain amount of their sentence (usually 85%) before they have the opportunity for parole
Supporting the idea of communism
Marx believed that the law was not used for which of the following purposes?
Mass incarceration
Michelle Alexander argues in The New Jim Crow that _____________ has/have made discrimination against black people legal again.
Intensive Mothering
Mothers should be primary caretaker of their children Child-rearing should include copious amounts of time, energy, and resources
Stereotype Promise
Positive stereotypes about a group lead to positive outcomes
Conflict Perspective on Power
Power can be found and defined in more ways. Argue for reform less radical than revolution.
Marxist Perspective on Power
Power is rooted in the economy and in a capitalist system Advocates for overthrowing the system
Gender identity
Refers to an individual's self-definition or sense of gender while gender expressions refers to an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender
Homosexuality
Sexual attraction to the same sex
Sexuality
Sexual behaviors, desires, and fashions that include sexual orientation or the inclination to feel sexual desire toward and engage in sexual behavior with others
an essentialist perspective
Some people believe that women are better suited to be homemakers because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is expressed in this statement?
Transsexual
Someone who has undergone a sex change
Specialization
Splitting paid and unpaid work so that each partner does more of one than the other
techniques of neutralization
Symbolic Interactionist Offenders drift between offending and law-abiding; when returning to law-abiding, must rationalize offending to neutralize guilt
mass incaraceration
Term coined by David Garland which refers to the fact that the United States has much higher incarceration rates than anywhere else in the developed world
Sex
The anatomical and other biological characteristics that differ between males and females and that originate in genetic differences
None of the above
The assertion that perpetrators of the Holocaust were "just following orders" is an example of which of the following?
Gender Roles
The attitudes and behaviors that are considered appropriately "masculine" or "feminine" in a particular culture.
Radical Feminism
The belief that a radical reordering of society in which the patriarchy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts
Feminism
The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men
First-wave feminism
The feminist movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth century focused on de jure (officially mandated) inequalities, primarily on gaining women's suffrage.
Queer theorists
Those who believe in unlimited genders
Dominican Republic
What was the only country that offered to take in Jewish refugees from Germany in the 1930's?
"If my mother cared more about me, I would want her to be proud of me. Therefore, I would not smoke marijuana"
Which of the following is an example of the attachment component of Hirshci's social bonding theory?
Second-wave feminism
Women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda than earlier women's suffrage movements; second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.
Radical
______ feminism focuses on how women's oppression contributes to the acts of domestic violence, rape, and sexual harassment against women.
Men's Liberation
a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity Sought to free men from oppressive gender roles Eventually split into two movements
Appeal to higher loyalties
a neutralization technique in which a youth who has committed a delinquent act justifies it on the basis of a higher calling or purpose
Androcentric pay scale
a strong correlation between wages and the gender composition of the job
Fatherhood Premium
a wage increase that accrues to married men who become fathers
School to prison pipeline
exclusionary discipline makes students angry and damages their bonds Also, school performance suffers Both weaken future prospects which increases criminal activity in turn
Mass incarceration began in
the 1970's
Benevolent sexism
the attribution of positive traits to women that, nonetheless, justify women's subordination to men
