Sociology exam 4

1. Infant mortality

# of deaths per 1000 live births

6. Reformist

- small changes without change to underlying system

1. Inequality is making us sick

1. "Unnatural causes" 2. Opioid crisis as an epidemic of economic restructuring 3. Gendered violence as a public health crisis 4. Black women's pregnancies damaged by racism 5. Health partially determined by zip code

3. Huge corporations acquire media companies through the process of conglomeration.

1. A typical media conglomerate might include book and magazine publishing, radio and television broadcasting, a cable television network, a movie studio, a record company, websites, and a theme park. 2. Most successful media companies are quickly bought by larger conglomerates. Two or more companies can also merge to create a bigger media giant. 3. Apple and the iPod are given as an example of a fundamental shift in the way the media industries work in that the physical goods that are sold facilitate the services that are sold.

8. Sustainable development is a controversial new area of environmental sociology.

1. An individual's ecological footprint is an estimation of how much land and water area is required to produce all the goods that individual consumes and to assimilate his or her generated wastes. 2. Average Americans have a current ecological footprint of approximately thirty acres, three times the individual fair share of the earth's resources. 3. Working toward sustainable development involves trying to reconcile global economic development with environmental protection.

7. Economic engines

1. Attracts people with higher analytic and social intelligence skills 2. Healthcare challenges in rural U.S

7. Theoretical perspectives on natural world: Conflict theory

1. Benefits of natural resources distributed unevenly, disenfranchised left out of benefits of urban growth

1. Population changes result from three dynamics

1. Births 2. Deaths 3. Migrations (out and in)

2. Many problems that affect people of lower SES are further exacerbated in minority groups.

1. Blacks have high rates of death and disease, and shorter life expectancy than whites. 2. Blacks and Hispanics are less likely to be able to afford health insurance and are more often exposed to unhealthful surroundings at work and in residential neighborhoods.

2. Leisure and identity

1. Communities form around leisure activities and media consumption 1. Interpretive community 2. Lifestyle enclaves

2. During the 1960s, McLuhan argued that technology could turn the world into a "global village."

1. Cultural diffusion has allowed technologies to become globalized. 2. Most global television events are produced in the United States. 3. This predominance has led some to warn against cultural imperialism and cultural leveling.

3. Population pyramids

1. Distribution of population amongst the ages

1. Second wave feminist movement

1. Early beginnings in mid-1960's 2. Built on infrastructure of CRM 3. Greater demand for women in workforce + underemployment of women 4. Expanded to multiple issues 5. Included reformist, progressive, and revolutionary strands

1. In a capitalist society, time spent in the paid labor force is viewed as productive time, whereas time not spent in the paid labor force is viewed as free time.

1. However, free time is not the same as leisure time, because much labor is unpaid. 2. Rojek argues that the time used in fulfilling obligations and doing unpaid labor is not leisure time, because leisure by its very definition, involves a choice

4. The social meaning of mental illness has changed over time.

1. In the fourteenth century, mental illness was thought to be caused to by demon possession. 2. In colonial American, mental illness was treated by bleeding and long-term induced vomiting. 3. In the 1930s, lobotomies were used to cure mental illness. Now, we treat mental illness as a problem of brain chemistry which is managed through medicine. Social construction of health and illness

11. What environmental sociology can study

1. Interactions between society and nature 2. The effects that these interactions have on the economy, politics, culture, policy, and so on within a community, state, or nation. And how these in turn affect the environment, other organisms, natural cycles, etc. 3. How environmental problems are socially constructed and created in part by human activity 4. How race, gender, class, ethnicity, status and more all affect what environmental harms you may be exposed to.

3. Commodification of leisure

1. Leisure time increasingly costs money 2. Shopping as recreation 3. Consumption patterns reflect cultural values

6. How social change occurs

1. Major physical event 2. Demographic factors 3. Discoveries and innovations 4. Human action

7. Theoretical perspectives on natural world :Structural functionalism

1. Natural world helps social world function, urban sprawl is a function of societal growth

7. Open internet

1. Net neutrality- the principle that all internet traffic be treated equally 2. Is the internet a public utility 3. Some claim that media content, especially when it is violent or sexual in nature, has a negative effect on society and should therefore be restricted; others believe that the right to free speech should in no way be infringed upon and support a media free market 4. Various media industries have turned to self-regulation of the materials they produce, often in the face of threats of censorship and in an effort to avoid outside regulation by government agencies 5. No one owns the internet, but your ISP (internet service provider) owns the lines through which internet content is delivered to your device 6. Net neutrality ensured that the internet functioned the same way no matter who was using it and no matter what they were using it for 7. ISP could impose caps on your data use at any given time in order to limit your streaming of certain online products 8. Dismantling net neutrality gives wealthy and powerful interests fuller access to online content while effectively censoring access for those with fewer resources

6. Michigan's new voters not politicians proposal

1. Passed with 61% in favor 2. Creates independent commission responsible for drawing district boundaries (not legislature) 3. Commission will hold public meetings 4. Boundaries should not disproportionately benefit or disadvantage any party

1. SES affects health and illness.

1. People with higher SES not only can afford more and better health care, but they also have greater access to other resources that positively impact their health. 2. People with lower SES have substantially higher rates of disease with higher death rates and shorter life expectancy.

7. Theoretical perspectives on natural world: Symbolic interactionalism

1. Redefining space as valuable (natural space as scarce, urban s

2. Environmental problems

1. Renewable resources 2. Nonrenewable resources- use too much, world needs too much energy 3. Biodiversity at a decline 4. Pollution 5. Green house affect 1. Global warming 2. Climate change

1. Recreational choices can lead to unique bonds with others.

1. Role-model relationships occur when prominent members of a recreational subculture are examples for the rest of the community.

2. Three related developments have changed the ways we engage in leisure activities.

1. Sennett argues that there has been a decline in public life as technology, such as television, the internet, video games, DVD players, and iPods, have made the private home a more attractive site for leisure. 2. Recreational activities have been commodified, so that people purchase leisure in the form of goods and services. Shopping has become a recreational activity in that many people engage in purchasing as an end in itself. 3. Recreation has become more formal and orga¬nized. Even activities such as walks in the woods have become organized into hiking clubs

4. Resource mobilization theory

1. Sociological theory of social movements 2. Practical resources and strategies that can be mobilized for a social movement 3. Includes material resources but also opportunity to use them 2. Resource mobilization theorists focus on how social movements develop from ideology to practice. 1. Considerable resources are needed to create a functioning social movement

3. Black lives matter

1. Sparked in august 2014 with killing of Michael Brown 2. Uses social media and combo tactics 3. Critiques of police surveillance and violence 4. Different tactics, resource mobilization than CRM

2. Arab spring

1. Started in Tunisia Dec. 2011 with suicide of Mohamed Bouazizi 2. Used social media and mass protest 3. Protesting government corruption and inequalities within countries 4. Revolutionary, cooptation by counter revolutionary movements

4. Environmental sociology

1. Tackles environmental issues 2. The study of societal-environmental interactions 3. The sociological investigation of environmental issues 4. Feedbacks between human activity and environmental change

1. Spectatorship has become a vital part of leisure time

1. The media are major social institutions that hold increasing power and importance in the Information Age.

2. Diffusion of responsibility/ pluralistic ignorance

1. The murder of Kitty Genovese in New York City is frequently held up as an example of how city dwellers are apathetic and impersonal. 4. Studies of altruism and helping behaviors found that the higher the number of bystanders, the lower the changes that any of them would attempt to help.

1. What does environmental sociology contribute? 1. It critiques four assumptions:

1. The nature of human beings 2. Social causation 3. The context of human society 4. Constraints on human society

3. Sociology and the environment

1. The study of societal-environmental interactions 2. The sociological investigation of environmental issues 3. Feedbacks between human activity and environmental change

5. Beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, many upper- and middle-class whites left city centers for the suburbs.

1. This phenomenon, called white flight, left some urban areas abandoned by economically crucial businesses and financial institutions, creating ghettos where poverty and deteriorating infrastructure further exacerbated the problems associated with inner cities. 2. To address the problems in decaying urban centers, urban renewal efforts have included renovation, selective demolition, commercial development, and tax incentives to lure businesses and individuals to invest in the area.

5. Treadmill of production

1. Use of more resources= wealth 2. However, environmental degradation and social problems

6. Media and representation

1. Varied representation in media matters 1. Media= cultural messages about roles, who belongs, who matters 2. Concentration of control over representations could lead to less diverse images, voices 1. Local news and issues neglected as news conglomerates form 3. While media conglomerates have grown, internet has opened access to explosion of information

1. Tipping point

1. When a large group of people quickly adopt a new behavior or practice, or quickly stop an old behavior or practice 2. Social conditions need to exist for social movements to be successful

2. Leisure, like most things, is affected by class status

1. Working-class people do different things with their leisure time than wealthy elites. 2. Rojek makes the point that the wealthy do not necessarily have more leisure time; instead, their work sometimes closely resembles play. 3. After all, networking at a country club over golf or cocktails is considered work, but a different type of work from landscaping the country club or mowing its grass.

4. Agenda-setting theory

1. a theory that the mass media can set the public agenda by selecting certain news stories and excluding others, thus influencing what audiences think about

1. The magic-bullet theory

1. assumes that audience members of all sorts are passive recipients of media content. 2. Any meaning they consumed was transmitted, unaltered, from the media themselves straight into their minds.

7. The encoding/decoding model

1. assumes that specific ideological messages are loaded into cultural products, and also acknowledges that individuals respond to those messages in a variety of ways. 2. This theory argues that responding to cultural texts is a way of redistributing power. The more active an audience is, the less control the producers have over the messages that are communicated.

8. Textual poaching

1. describes the way that audience members manipulate an original cultural product to create a new one. 2. A common way for fans to exert some control over the media they consume. 3. Audience takes the original product and manipulates it 4. Like sampling but across varied genres

5. Two-step flow model theory

1. suggests that audiences get information through opinion leaders who influence their attitudes and beliefs, rather than through direct firsthand sources.

6. Interpretive strategies

1. the ideas and frameworks that audience members bring to beat on a particular media text to understand its meaning. We bring our experiences and social location to our consumption and interpretation of media

3. Reinforcement theory

1. theory that suggests that audiences seeks messages in the media that reinforce the their existing attitudes and beliefs and are thus not influenced by challenging or contradictory information.

1. Leisure

1. time that can be spent doing whatever you want, or just relaxing. 2. Recreation any activity that is satisfying or amusing, or that is experienced as refreshing for body, mind, and spirit. 3. What makes something a recreational activity is whether it is enjoyable, liberating, or transformative. 4. Represent important developmental goals and meet other personal needs of both children and adults 5. The increase in leisure time was largely fueled by industrialization 6. The sociology of recreation and leisure is a fairly contemporary field of study, because technological advances have created more time for hobbies and pastimes. 7. Some activities that are recreational now—such as gardening, knitting, or fishing—used to be obligatory. 8. Also, technology has given rise to many common pastimes such as going to the movies, playing video games, and surfing the internet.

theories of health and illness: conflict

Health and the health-care system are valuable resources that are unequally shared in society.

theories of the leisure and media: structural functionalism

Leisure activities and the media help maintain social cohesion through taste publics.

1. The Malthusian theorem

Malthus published in 1789, argues that the population will expand at a much faster rate than agriculture, and that people will eventually overwhelm available food and land sources. 1. The Malthusian trap predicts major catastrophe if societies do not limit population and take drastic steps to reduce consumption. 2. Neo-Malthusians

5. The Federal Communications Committee is responsible for regulating what the media produces

Obscene material is illegal; however, the line between what is considered indecent versus what is considered obscene is fairly blurry. 2. Television, movies, and video games are all subject to a rating system that suggests appropriate ages for consumption.

theories of social change: structural functionalism

Sometimes social change is necessary to maintain equilibrium and order in society.

World Systems Theory

Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.

6. The political economy of the environment

a branch of environmental sociology that focuses on how economic factors influence the way organizations, typically corporations, use the environment, and how this practice is supported by political systems and policies.

5. A food desert

a community in which the residents have little to no access to fresh, affordable, healthy foods. 1. Most food deserts are located in densely populated, urban areas that may have convenience stores and fast-food restaurants, but no grocery stores or other outlets for fresh fruits, vegetables, meats, and other healthy foods. 2. Food desserts are often in neighborhoods that are predominantly low-income or nonwhite in population.

2. Riot

a group of people engaged in disorderly behavior directed toward other people and/or property that results in disturbing the peace

2. A metropolis

a larger city, usually with 500,000 to 1 million (or more) inhabitants.

1. A Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

a metropolitan area with at least 50,000 people surrounded by an area that is socially and economically integrated with the city and has a population totaling 100,000 or more.

Dependency Theory

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

2. Human exemptionalism

a viewpoint that assumes humans are exempt from natural ecological limits and therefore are able to conquer nature.

3. A history of racism through food ways

a. African Americans, specifically women, are simultaneously belittled yet praised for food i. Popular images such as Aunt Jemima, Popeyes chicken, uncle ben ii. Foods that mocked: watermelon, cool-aid, collard greens, fried chicken, McDonalds

2. A history of food scarcity in urban areas

a. Food deserts are those areas that do not have access to fresh food sources within walking distance (usually about a mile) b. Communities of color are disproportionately affected by lack of fresh food i. Segregated neighborhoods are further segregated because large food chains not willing to move into black spaces c. This is a form of environmental racism through food access d. This view often demonizes poor urban communities without giving credit to the incredible histories of food cultures amidst oppression

4. Appropriation of food culture

a. Foods that were once eaten out of necessity became synonymous with black culture i. Food scarcity led to innovation. This is often maintained today through different processes of socialization b. Utilized within the black community as symbols, but also used as radicalized tools by outsiders c. Cultural appropriation has normalized much of black food culture i. The popularization of soul food in upscale dining ii. African American communities are still responsible for poor health outcomes

9. Globalizing culture= Homogenization

a. If most people speak only a few languages, how might that affect the way we think? b. How are global demands for certain foods leading to the disappearance of culturally specific foods? c. How is global capitalism driving homogenization? d. What values are being spread by globalizing culture? Democracy and freedom? Unsustainable consumption?

2. Differences across the globe

a. Of the 25 wealthiest countries: i. All have life expectancies above 72 years ii. Gross national income (GNI) per capita above USD 42,000 b. Of the 25 poorest countries: i. All but one has life expectancies ii. GNI per capita below USD 2300 c. Women are over 50% of world population but account for less than 40% of per capita GNI because of their lower incomes

5. Line 5, Standing Rock, environmental inequality (Whitefish)

a. Other threats to the great lakes, invasive species, climate change

3. Know the tribes of the Council of Three Fires

a. Ottawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi

4. Middle income countries

a. Per capita GNI $996-12054 b. Number has remained consistent as new countries enter from previously being low-income while other leave to become high-income

5. Low income countries

a. Per capita GNI at 995 or less b. Currently 34 countries in this country c. Little industrialization, rely mostly on natural resources rather than human capital for wealth d. In a few low-income countries, while income overall increased, per capita income decreased because population outpaced income production

3. High income countries

a. Per capita GNI of USD 12055 and above b. Currently 81 countries in this category i. Has grown over time with greater globalization c. More than half the world's total income

outcomes of food appropriation

a. Research shows that culturally appropriate foods are more nutritious than foreign food (unknown to certain groups previously) b. Food sovereignty seeks to find a balance between culturally desired foods and need for affordable/healthy access c. Instead of looking from a top down approach at food desserts and failures by certain communities, we can transition to more holistic approach that asks communities what would be useful to them

2. Know how nature is thought of in indigenous groups

a. Sacred, relatives and original teachers

6. Thinking about global inequality

a. Systems of inequality (gender, race/ethnicity, class, sexual orientation, religion, etc.) have global reach b. These systems vary by country c. Each country exists within a global system of inequality that shapes how other systems of inequality work

1. Indigenous

a. Umbrella term b. Having a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing on those territories, or parts of them c. Includes: American Indians/Alaskan natives, Native Americans, First Nations, Metis, Aboriginal, Inuit etc.

7. Globalization and culture

a. Western (often American) culture is increasingly dominant i. English is becoming the global language; many local languages are dying out ii. Western music, clothing are popular everywhere

4. How the environment is treated in indigenous thought versus western thought

a. Western perspective view that the world was created for man's benefit b. Humans need the land, water, air, plants, and animals to survive, but they do not need us

2. Activism

activity to bring social change

1. Smart growth

advocates emphasize the redevelopment of inner cities or older suburbs to create better communities. 1. Economic and urban planning policies that managed growth in sustainable ways 2. Mixed use- shopping, living, working

7. Conurbation

agglomeration of cities into one continuous urban environment

5. The environmental justice movement

another group of grassroots environmentalists organized around the concept of environmental inequality and environmental racism.

1. Environmental racism

applied when an environmental policy or practice negatively affects individuals or groups based on class, race, or ethnicity

3. Urban legends

are a specific modern variety of folklore defined by their believability and their contemporary settings; they are often legitimated or "authenticated" either through personal acquaintances or through media coverage. 1. Urban legends that succeed typically have two main qualities. 1. First, they reflect our concerns, fears, and anxieties about our social world. 2. Second, they inspire an emotional reaction such as anger, fear, disgust, or amusement.

2. Fashions

are a widespread style of both behavior and appearance.

4. Taste cultures

are areas of culture that share similar aesthetics and standards of taste.

5. Collectors and hobbyists

are drawn together through conventions, internet communities, and organized meetings.

4. Ecoterrorists

are extremist environmentalists who use violent and often criminal methods to achieve their goals.

1. Urbanites

are people who live in urban area. separates urbanites into cosmopolites, singles, ethnic villagers, and the deprived.

6. Third places

are public places outside home and work where people gather to talk and hang out.

4. Edge cities

are suburbs that develop their own centers of employment and commerce

5. Suburb

area of housing, development adjacent to central city

2. The uses and gratifications theory

argues that audiences are active interpreters who bring their own interpretations of media content.

5. Emergent norm theory

argues that groups are guided by norms; and as a result, the behavior of those in the crowd fits within these norms.

3. Mass society theory

argues that individuals join social movements because being part of a group provides a sense of meaning, security, and belonging.

1. Communitarianism

attempts to rebuild a sense of group values that benefit all rather than only the individual.

3. Life expectancy

average age a person is expected to live 1. Varies by social location

1. Fertility rates

average number of children a woman would be expected to have during her childbearing years

2. preventative medicine

avoid the onset of disease

6. Mainstream environmentalism

began in the 1980s, when national and international environmental groups became increasingly institutionalized.

7. Revolutionary

broad, sweeping, or radical underlying structural change

1. Complementary medicine

can be used in conjunction with conventional western medicine

2. Rescission

canceling coverage only after a person gets sick

Vector organisms

carry and spread pathogens

1. Immigration-

coming into a place

g. Temporary protected status

country not safe now, might be later, can stay temporary time

2. The at-risk role

demonstrates that the experience of health and illness is not as straightforward as Parsons originally hypothesize

2. Emigration-

departing

2. Chronic

develop over a longer period of time, can be manageable, sometimes fatal

6. Exurb

development adjacent to suburb; away from city

3. Net migration

difference between # of people entering and leaving a place

theories of health and illness: structural functionalism

disease is a threat to social order; therefore, the health-care system should return patients to health and normal functioning as members of society

a public goods dilemma

exacts a cost on the individual, but the benefit is shared by all. is how to get people to contribute to a public good if it is not mandatory.

e. Refugee

fears persecution, left their country- go to another country before going to another one

f. Asylum seeker/asylee

fleeing a dangerous situation, seeks asylum

3. palliative medicine

focuses on symptom and pain relief and on providing a nurturing and supportive environment to those suffering from a serious illness or at the end of life.

6. A crowd

formed when a large number of people come together in a geographic location. 1. Crowds can be created randomly or purposively, and can be either organized or chaotic.

2. Progressive

forward thinking

sick role

from a functional perspective, a form of deviance. 1. As part of the sick role, the patient is exempted from regular responsibilities and is not held responsible for the illness. 2. However, the patient has a new set of duties, which include seeking medical help as part of an earnest effort to recuperate and get back to normal. 3. Those who do not attempt to recuperate are labeled deviant

3. Taste publics

groups of people who share similar artistic, literary, media, recreational, and intellectual interests,

4. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

has the power and means to investigate ecological crises, organize cleanups, punish offenders, establish further regulations, and research environmentally friendly technologies.

3. Epidemic

high number of cases of a particular disease occur during a particular time period

i. Non-immigrant visa

i. "legal temporary migrants"

a. International communication

i. 1930= a 3-minute New York to London phone call cost more than $250 today ii. 2009= the same call cost as little as 15 cents

b. International travel

i. 1982 and 2006, worlds population increased by 41%, number of international tourists increased by 205%

h. Undocumented/ unauthorized

i. Enter without inspection ii. Visa overstayer

a. What is food sovereignty?

i. Food sovereignty is the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods

c. International trade and investment

i. From 1982 to 2006, increased by 2114%

2. Global migration; economic

i. Insufficient opportunities in home ii. Better opportunities else where iii. Means to migrate 1. Poorest of the poor- don't usually migrate

2. Global migration: socio-political

i. Ties between sending/receiving ii. Network migration

2. Global migration: displacement

i. Violence ii. Political repression iii. Environmental and other disasters

3. The stages of a social movement

incipiency, coalescence, bureaucratization, and decline.

the tragedy of the commons

individuals using limited, collective resources in their own interest ignore the interests of the whole group, resulting in problems for all. benefits the individual at a cost shared by all

2. Anti-Malthusians

insist that Malthus's calculations were faulty, and that he could not have predicted how the development of technology would affect population dynamics. 1. Anti-Malthusians are more concerned about population shrinkage and demographic free fall resulting from industrialization.

1. Fads

interests that are followed with great enthusiasm by many people for a period of time.

2. High culture

involves forms of cultural expression usually associated with the elite or dominant classes.

1. Social atomism

is Wirth's theory that cities are filled with free-floating individuals rather than members of a community.

3. The Green Party

is a political party founded on the issues of environmentalism, social justice, decentralization, community-based economics, feminism, and diversity.

1. Grassroots environmentalism

is based on community leadership and participation and is generally free of formal organi¬zation and bureaucracy found in mainstream environmental groups.

2. Suburbanization

is the shift of large segments of the population away from the urban core and toward the edges of cities.

theories of the leisure and media: conflict theory

leisure activities and the media reflect existing power inequalities, particularly in the commodification of leisure; the types of leisure and media we consume differ based on our social class

4. Life span

longevity, the uppermost age a person can live

4. Deprivation amplification

meaning that our individual disease risks may be amplified by social factors

4. Urban density

measure by the total number of people per square mile. 1. Surprisingly, the most densely populated city in the United States is Union City, New Jersey, with more residents per square mile than New York City, San Francisco, or Chicago.

4. Internal migration

moving within a country

1. Environment

natural and human made environment, includes all parts of the earth

2. Mortality rate

number of deaths per 1000 people

Social dilemmas

occur when behavior that is rational for an individual can lead to collective disaster.

2. Collective behavior

occurs when individuals embark together on some sort of group action. 1. Takes three forms: crowd behavior, mass behavior, social movements

2. Mass behavior

occurs when large groups of people, not necessarily in the same geographical location, engage in similar behavior.

3. A megalopolis

or megacity, is a group of densely populated metropolises that combine to form a huge urban complex. 1. Sometimes called megaregions or global cities

theories of the leisure and media: symbolic interactionalism

people's everyday lives are greatly affected by shared leisure activities or the consumption of the same media

1. Regressive

reactionary, returning to a past ideal

5. Gerrymandering

redistricting

2. NIMBY (Not in My Back Yard)

refers to environmental action on a local level, usually by residents who are protecting their families

1. Popular culture

refers to forms of cultural expression associated with the masses, consumer goods, and commercial products.

5. Polysemy

refers to how any culture product is subject to multiple interpretations and hence has many possible meanings

3. Urban, or suburban, sprawl

refers to the peripheral expansion of urban boundaries and is associ¬ated with irresponsible or poorly planned development

1. Postmodernity

refers to the social conditions and attitudes characteristic of postindustrialized societies, which focus on ideas and cultural debates rather than material things, and on questioning the achievements of science and technology. 2. Traditional institutions will need to change to accommodate this new attitude and way of living; however, it is uncertain what these changes will look like.

5. Migration

relocation from place to place

1. Social movements

require leadership, organization, and ideological commitment to promote or resist change. 1. Also, they may challenge mainstream culture and change the lives of the participants.

8. Counter revolutionary

response to revolutionary change, undoing or reversing those changes

theories of social change: symbolic interactionalism

social change involves changes in the meanings of things as well as changes in laws, culture, and social behavior

theories of social change: conflict

social change is in the inevitable result of social inequality and conflict between groups over power and resources

4. Relative deprivation theory

social movements begin when groups seek rights that they see others in society already have.

1. Acute

sudden onset, either curable or fatal

3. Contagion theory

suggests that when people come together, a unified crowd or mob mentality results. 1. Psychological theory of social movements 2. People join crowd, become "infected" and lose ability to reason 3. Pathologizes collective action

3. Demographic transition theory

takes more recent historical patterns into account and looks at countries and their populations based on the stages of economic development they experience 2. Stable (but struggling) population -> high population growth -> stable population 3. Stage 3 and 4- population is stabilized 4. Relationship between population and resources change in each stage of development

theories of health and illness: symbolic interactionism

the meaning of health and illness are dependent on historical, cultural, and situational contexts

6. Rural rebound

the population increases in rural areas due both to in-migration of former urban and suburban dwellers and to longtime residents of rural areas who choose to stay.

1. Medicalization

the process of transforming problems that were once not considered medical conditions into illnesses over time.

1. Urbanization

the shift of people from rural to urban areas.

bioethics

the study of controversial moral or ethical issues related to scientific and medical advancements—has become more involved.

1. Demography

the study of the size, composition, distribution, and changes in human population. 1. A macro-level, quantitative approach to society 2. Demographic variables crucial to understanding population dynamics are fertility rates, mortality rates, life expectancy, and migration rates.

1. Epidemiology

the study of the social aspect of disease patterns. 1. Epidemiologists collect and analyze data in order to understand the causes of a particular illness, how it is communicated, the factors affecting its development and distribution in a population, where it is likely to spread, and what the most effective interventions might be.

1. Cultural lag

the term sociologists use to describe a disconnect between the pace of a changing social condition and that of the cultural adjustment to the change.

1. Technological determinism

the theory that technology plays a defining role in shaping society.

1. Social change

transformation of a culture over time. can consist of major cultural and social upheaval, but can also consist of subtle, gradual changes over time. 2. Social change can also be intended or unplanned, controversial or mundane, lasting or temporary. 3. People born even one generation apart can have different overall life experiences as a result of ongoing processes of social change 4. Social change is occurring at all times, rate at which it happens varies over time 5. Can be deliberate or unplanned

1. Curative or crisis medicine

treats the disease once it becomes apparent

2. Alternative medicine

used instead of western medicine

9. Active audiences

used to characterize audience members as active participants in "reading" or constructing the meaning of the media they consume.

a. Modernization theory

wealthy nations became wealthy because early on they were able to develop the necessary beliefs, values, and practices for trade, industrialization, and rapid economic growth to occur

4. Pandemic

when cases of the disease also cover an especially large geographical region

2. Health is influenced by

where and when we live as well as what statuses we hold in our society. 3. Social, cultural, and subcultural factors affect just about everything having to do with health and illness.

3. Gentrification

which working-class or poor neighborhoods are transformed into more affluent middle-class communities. 1. Unfortunately, gentrification does not eradicate poverty. 2. Instead, the poor are often forced to move elsewhere because their communities have become too expensive for them.