Sociology Exam (Multiply Choice)
A ________ is a subset of the________ from which you are actually collecting data. a. Survey/ larger group b. Sample/ population c. Population/ sample d. Case study/ population
b
1.______ Translated Comte's work into English and wrote the first sociological methods book 2.______ Contributed a great deal to our understanding of race in the book, "The Souls of Black Folk," and founded the NAACP 3.______ Sociologist is sometimes referred to as the "second founder" of sociology and viewed society as an evolving entity that would eventually change for the better on its own 4.______ Spent the first 20 years of life as a slave, but became educated and wrote extensively on slavery 5.______ Coined the phrase "sociological imagination" 6.______ Social activist and scholar who founded Hull House to help immigrants in the 1800s a. Herbert Spencer b. Harriet Martineau c. KarlMarx d. Jane Addams e. Auguste Comte f. Frederick Douglass g. C. Wright Mills h. W.E.B. DuBois i. Charles Horton Cooley j. Emile Durkheim
1. b 2.h 3.a 4.f 5.g 6.d
The buying and using of products because of the statement they make about social status is called: a. Status symbology b. Conspicuous consumption c. Resource banking d. Use value
b
The elements that you find in every culture, such as family, government, religion, etc. are called: a. Cultural scripts b. Cultural universals c. Institutional certainties d. Natural needs
b
When people were asked (in a survey) what the most important factors in getting ahead are, the top two answers they gave are: a. Hard work and ambition b. Hard work and luck c. The class you were born into and your talent d. Race and gender
a
When the expectations of you as a Target employee interfere with the expectations of you as a college student, it is referred to as: a. Role conflict b. Role exit c. Status set d. Status strain
a
________ is the dominant social perspective on gender inequality. It assumes that differences between female and male attributes and behaviour are due to biology. a. Functionalism b. Conflict c. Symbolic interactionism d. Essentialism
d
Exploitation is the situation where the dominant group: a. Benefits by depriving a subordinate group of social resources and protects its own resources by making sure the subordinate group cannot access them b. Uses force as a means of social control in order to achieve dominance c. People willing consent to give away the fruits of their labor in exchange for certain social privileges d. Allows a certain amount of deviant activity in order to assuage the hostilities of the subordinate group e. A and B
a
Food deserts are places where: a. People have limited access to good quality, nutritious, fresh, and affordable food b. People are starving because the climate is hostile to food production c. Farmers have abandoned large tracts of croplands because of declining yield d. People boycott an entire food producer because of their disagreement with the production methods employed
a
Functionalists focus their studies on the structure and function of social ________, which are the largest pieces of society (such as religion, education, and family). a. Institutions b. Needs c. Subcultures d. Categories
a
Generalizability refers to the extent to which research results are applicable to the population being studied. a. True b.False
a
A ________ would say that it is in society's best interest to direct sexual behaviour into something productive by encouraging people to get married and have kids, while a ________ would say that sexuality is socially defined according to the wishes of the powerful groups in society. a. Functional theorist / conflict theorist b. Conflict theorist / functional theorist c. Symbolic interactionist / conflict theorist d. Homophobe / bigot
a
A sociologist explains that Americans are getting heavier because American culture encourages them to eat less healthy foods (such as fast food) thatsymbolize "comfort" and good feelings. What kind of theoretical perspective was this sociologist most likely using? a. Symbolic interactionism b. Functionalism c. Conflict d. Biological
a
A/An________ is the systematic analysis of the content of communication, such films, writings, and speeches. a. Contentanalysis b. Case study c. Sampling method d. Experiment
a
A________ theoristwould say, "Humans must control the natural environment in order to maintain social balance." A ________ theorist would say, "Human control of the environment results in social inequality because some groups are harmed." a. Functional/conflict b. Conflict/functional c. Symbolic interactionist/conflict d. Sociobiology/ environmental
a
Although it can be harmful, ________ would say that deviance can benefit society by providing social unity and helping to reinforce norms. a. Functionalists b. Conflict theorists c. Symbolic interactionists d. Modernists
a
An internet survey is an example of a ________ method of data collection, while interviewing someone face to face is an example of a ________ method of data collection. a. Quantitative/ qualitative b. Qualitative/ quantitative c. Scientific/ non-scientific d. Experimental/ anecdotal
a
Based on the research topic above, choose the null hypothesis. a. Using Snapchat filters has no effect on the self esteem of teenagers b. Using Snapchat filters affects teenagers' self esteem c. Teenagers' self esteem affects their use of Snapchat filters d. Teens who are happy more often use Snapchat filters
a
Based on the research topic above, the best way operationalize"Snapchat filters use" would be: a. Ask teens how often they use Snapchat filters when they post a selfie on Snapchat b. Ask teenagers how they feel about themselves on a scale of 1-10 c. Look at how many friends are on teens' Snapchat accounts and use that as a measure of self esteem d. Count the number of "Likes" each teenager has received and given and divide by 2
a
Colonialism describes the process where: a. One nation dominates another for an extended period of time, controlling the indigenous population, and typically creating internal conflict b. People emigrate to a new land and adopt the culture of their new place, while giving up their own ways of doing things c. Governments worldwide become increasingly Americanized as capitalism spreads throughout the world d. Very rich Southern property owners forced Black slaves to work on their plantations
a
Despite public perception of poverty and the poor, what is true about poverty is that: a. The majority of poor are people who are working or who are unable to work due to illness, disability, or the need to care for children or other dependent family members b. Men are more likely to be poor than women because they typically provide the majority of economic support for their families c. Most people are poor because they lack worth ethic and make poor decisions d. A and B e. B and C
a
Disposing of solid waste in the oceans serves society's need for sanitation, but has resulted in the ________ of trash gyres that pollute beaches and waterways and can harm wildlife. a. Environmentalism b. Dysfunction c. Hot spot d. Greenwashing
a
If I am interested in studying the effects of sleep deprivation on the academic performance of college students, the independent variable would be________ and the dependent variable would be________. a. Sleep deprivation/academic performance b. Academic performance/sleep deprivation c. Academic performance/college students d. College students/ sleep
a
If we want to study Donald Trump's political campaign from a symbolic interactionist perspective, what kinds of things would be best to look at? a. The image of himself that Trump presents on TV appearances, the meanings people derive from that image, and how those meanings influence people's political opinions b. The relationship between Trump's political campaign and other social institutions, the characteristics of the supporters of the campaign, the intended and unintended consequences of the campaign c. How Trump's social status contributes to his campaign success, and the ways in which his platform are linked to social inequalities
a
In general, the functional approach to studying society would: a. View society as akin to a living organism, consisting of interrelated parts that each have their own different function but also work together to maintain society b. Examine how symbols are imbued with meaning that changes over time, place, and by group c. See society as composed of fixed structures that can be objectively measured d. A and B
a
In regard to gender inequality, ________ theorists would say that industrialization elicited changes in male and female gender roles, such that women's work (such as housekeeping and child care) came to be seen as inferior to men's (working for wages outside the home). ________ theorists would say that men do instrumental tasks and women do expressive tasks because this is what works best for society. a. Conflict/functional b. Functional/conflict c. Symbolic interaction/functional d. Functional/symbolic interaction
a
In the context of Environmental Sociology, hot spots are: a. Places where environmental hazards, such as trash dumps, power plants, and toxic waste are located; typically found in rural and inner city areas b. Places where global warming is starting to affect average yearly temperatures, making the environment unseasonably warm and often creating damage; i.e., melting permafrost in the artic c. Places where volcanic activity is especially high, such as Hawaii d. Skin irritations resulting from an allergen exposure or an epidermal parasite
a
Juan is an American boy whose parents immigrated to the U.S. from Gautemala. He is 14, plays soccer, and delivers newspapers on the weekends. Which of Juan's statuses are ascribed? a. 14 year old, male, Latin-American b. 14 year old, Latin-American, soccer player c. 14 year old, male, paper boy d. Paper boy, soccer player
a
Karen has been a nurse for 25 years, has a PhD in nursing, and has an excellent employment record. John has been a nurse for 10 years, also has a PhD in nursing, and has a history of incomplete and inaccurate paperwork. When both Karen and John applied for the job of Dean of Nursing at the hospital, John was selected and became Karen's boss. It was rumored that, although administration felt Karen was more qualified, they chose John because they felt he would appear more "academic" and garner more respect from the public. This would be best described as an example of: a. Glass escalator b. Feminization of employment c. Gender-wage gap d. Male advantage
a
Laws against exposing one's genitals in public and social norms that shame women for posting pictures of themselves breastfeeding babies online are both forms of ________ that prohibit public nudity. a. Social control b. Values c. Roles d. Laws
a
Scientists operationalize, or specifically define, their variables of interest in order to: a. Make the variables measurable so they can be studied b. Put the variables into operation c. "Operate" on the variables in order to change their meaning d. Identify which variables are responsible for causing the outcome we see
a
Some of the problems with the official definition of poverty (aka, the poverty threshold) are: a. It doesn't account for necessities such as healthcare, childcare, transportation, and cost of living differences b. It doesn't change to account for inflation over time, thus is the same since the 1960s c. It is set too low and includes too many people, thus giving the impression that poverty is a bigger issue than it really is in the United States d. It allows a large number of people who should be working to receive welfare e. A and B
a
Studying mass media from a symbolic interactionist perspective, we would look at: a. The meanings we derive from the media we consume and how those meanings guide our behaviours b. The various contributions that mass media make to society, such as stimulating the economy and teaching us about our culture c. How mass media play a major role in perpetuating inequality d. A and B
a
The "Golden Rules" of sociological research revolve around protecting subjects from harm, getting informed consent, and ensuring that participation is completely voluntary. a. True b. False
a
The U.S. has historically had an open immigration policy, and it is has been only recently that the American government has proposed restrictions on the type and number of immigrants allowed into the country. a. True b. False
a
The ________ was originally intended to help small farmers through government subsidies, but today the majority of the money is allocated to large corporate food companies and the production of crops commonly used in food additives. a. Farm Bill b. Trans-Pacific Partnership c. North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement d. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
a
The material components, such as sidewalks, buildings, roads, etc. that arise form the social environment are called: a. The built environment b. The urban environment c. Functional environment d. Material culture
a
The opportunities that people have to acquire the social resources they need and /or want in order to maintain or advance their social position are known as: a. Life chances b. Status symbols c. Occupational prestige indicators d. Conspicuous consumption opportunities
a
We could say that sexuality is a gender role because: a. Sexuality is part of the set of social expectations for our attitudes and behaviour as women and men b. Sexuality is biologically determined by gender c. Sigmund Freud identified sexuality as an outcome of spoiled gender identity d. Alfred Kinsey specifically defined sexuality in terms of gender roles
a
Which of the following describe(s) the basic tenets of symbolic interaction theory? a. Social actions are the result of how we interpret and give meaning to things in our environment b. Meanings are determined by those in power and enforced on the less powerful c. Society is composed of multiple groups, all vying for a share of the same finite resources d. A and B
a
Which of the following groups are most likely to live in poverty? a. Women, children, foreign born, rural residents b. Men, elderly, naturalized citizens c. Urban residents, unmarried people, Asians d. A and B
a
Which of the following is true about the Child Nutrition Program and National School Lunch Protection Act of 2009? a. It sought to use nutrition science, rather than business influence, as the basis for determining what foods are served in public schools b. It never passed the legislature and therefore never became law c. It sought to protect the school lunch program from elimination d. It allowed for government subsidies to provide cheap and free foods to public schools and provide free lunches to low income children e. A and B
a
Which of the following is true regarding life expectancy? a. People in more developed countries have a higher life expectancy than those in less developed countries b. Worldwide, men live longer than women c. Women are most likely to die from breast cancer and men from heart disease d. A and B e. All of the Above
a
Which theory would best explain John's deviant behaviour in the following scenario? "John is a smart, quiet kid who keeps to himself and is well-liked by teachers. He is normally well-behaved, but he has started hanging out with some older kids after school and smokes with them even though he doesn't like cigarettes and knows he could get into big trouble if his mom finds out." a. Differential Association Theory b. Labeling Theory c. Functional Theory d. Conflict Theory
a
Who is known for establishing sociology as an academic discipline and for linking individual and social factors in his famous study, Suicide? a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Robert Merton
a
________ is the independent variable and ________ is the dependent variable. a. Snapchat filters use/self esteem b. Self esteem/Snapchat filters use c. Snapchat use/teenagers d. Teenagers/ self esteem
a
"Playing house" is a form of ________ socialization in which children prepare for future roles as parents and spouses. a. Rite of passage b. Anticipatory c. Reverse d. Future
b
A ________ theorist would probably say that the reason society pays such little attention to white collar crime, but spends a lot of time and money prosecuting those who commit "street" crimes is because white collar crimes are typically committed by people who have more money and power. a. Functional b. Conflict c. Symbolic interaction d. Control
b
According to C.Wright Mills, the sociological imaginationis a term to describe: a. The way sociologists make up things and then present them as facts b. The ability to see the connections between our personal experience and the larger forces of history c. How people tend to imagine society very differently than it really is
b
According to Erving Goffman, a total institution is one in which: a. People are forced into dangerous situations and must fight for their survival b. People live in a group under a central authority, secluded from mainstream culture, and must learn drastically different sets of norms c. People are forcibly removed society in order to maintain the social order d. People are psychologically isolated and their brains fail to develop normal neural pathways
b
According to the ________ perspective, social stratification is the result of conflict between social groups over scarceresources, and the powerful maintain the system by controlling access to social resources. According to the _________ perspective, stratification works for society because it is based on the importance of the contribution that people make to society, withthose contributing the most to society receiving the greatest social rewards. a. Functional/conflict b. Conflict/functional c. Conflict/symbolic interaction d. Symbolic interaction/conflict
b
Based on the research topic above, choose the best alternative hypothesis. a. Using Snapchat filters has no effect on the self esteem of teenagers b. Using Snapchat filters affects teenagers' self esteem c. Teenagers' self esteem affects their use of Snapchat filters d. Teens who are happy more often use Snapchat filters
b
From a sociological perspective, ________ refers to the socially agreed upon biological differences between females and males, while ________ refers to the social meaning attached to being male or female. a. Gender/sex b. Sex/gender c. Sex/institutions d. Reproduction/gender
b
Greenwashingis best described as the practice of: a. Companies using green colored signage and labeling in order to make products more appealing, as studies show that green encourages people to spend more money b. Companies misleading consumers about the environmental and health qualities of their products/practices through marketing campaigns c. Companies changing their business practices and product quality to be environmentally friendly and healthy in order to meet the demand for better products d. Companies engaging in money laundering schemes in order to hide their shady dealings
b
Gretchen's ________ is White, while her________ is American. a. Race/nationalism b. Race/ethnicity c. Ethnicity/race d. Majority status/minority status
b
How does theory relate to research? a. Theory is independent of research because it is abstract, while research is dependent upon empiricism b. Theory is important in guiding research; and it is both the beginning and the result of scientific research c. Theory is a set of ideas that are provable and concrete; derives from research conclusions that are unchangeable
b
If I wanted to study Americans as a group, I'd have to send a survey to every individual American or my data would be no good. a. True b. False
b
If our hypotheses are not supported by the results we get from our research, we change the hypotheses and then report the findings. a. True b. False
b
If something is ________ it is observable and measurable. a. Real b. Empirical c. Generalizable d. Data
b
Sema grew up in a working class household, with a mother who waited tables and a father who worked in a tool and die manufacturing plant. After high school, Sema went to college and is now a hospital administrator. This is an example of: a. Cultured class positioning b. Intergenerational social mobility c. Cross cultural social mobility d. Lifetime class variance
b
Substitutionism is best described as: a. Substituting "fake" products for real ones, but not disclosing that on the ingredient label b. Replacing costly and/or unreliable ingredients with standardized, cheap ones, as in the case of using high fructose corn syrup instead of cane or beet sugar in processed foods c. Replacing traditional farming methods, such as irrigation systems, with computer operated versions that require no human labor d. A market shift favoring less sustainable produce at a higher cost to the consumer
b
The "Browning of America" refers to what? a. The percentage of Whites in the population will decrease from 72% today to about 50% by 2050 b. Immigration will increase such that the number of immigrants entering the US will outweigh the number of Americans born in the US c. Food supplies will run out, due to the growth of "brownfields" (expanses of dead soil left by abandoned industrial production facilities) d. Sunlight will appear to dim as visible light is reflected off the earth's atmosphere due to the build up of pollution
b
The "Great Migration" refers to the: a. Current flow of undocumented Mexican immigrants into the United States b. Heavy migration of Blacks from the Southern to the Northern U.S. states that lasted almost 100 years after slavery was abolished c. Influx of European immigrants into the U.S. during the Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s and early 1900s and the welcoming attitude of the American population d. Forced removal of Native Americans from their tribal lands by American colonists
b
The "true cost" of food refers to: a. The price of production the producer pays that is not recovered through profit b. The consequences of food production that are not accounted for in the corporate profit margin c. The hidden taxes that actually raise the price consumers pay for food d. The costs incurred when producers invest in marketing campaigns to conceal the true nature of the quality of their products
b
The Amish would be considered a ________ because they are a small group who shares the America's fundamental values and norms, but have some values and norms that differ in important ways. Satanists, on the other hand, would be considered a ________ because their norms and values are considered to be in opposition to those of the larger culture. a. In-group/ out-group b. Subculture/counterculture c. Subculture/ cult d. Sect/ cult
b
The poverty threshold is calculated according to the: a. Cost of housing, times three b. Cost of a minimally acceptable diet, times three c. Relative cost of living, depending on where you lived d. Total expenditures on food, housing, gas, education, and healthcare according to the consumer price index
b
The type of person who is open to new experiences, believes in science, is forward-thinking, active in civil society, and ambitious is known as: a. Modernized b. Modern Man c. Most developed d. Bourgeoisie
b
The use of race neutral language and ideas to defend the racially unequal status quo is called: a. Racial equality b. Color blind racism c. Discrimination d. White privilege
b
There really is no such thing as "reverse" racism because: a. Whites are never victims of discrimination b. Racism is systemic oppression of a group of people and we have no social system in place that disadvantages Whites as a group c. Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics are justified in discriminating against Whites, whereas Whites cannot justify mistreating other groups d. Talking about race and racial discrimination just makes people hate each other
b
Three possible reasons why minority populations tend to live in areas with high environmental risks are: a. The accidental leakage of chemicals into local water supplies, the concentration of lower class people into ghettos, and the destruction of foliage in certain areas b. The settlement of racial and economic minorities into industrial areas, zoning decisions by local governments, and the intentional location of industrial plants in minority neighborhoods c. The intentional destruction of forests, chemical spills, and large-scale farms d. None of the above
b
Valuing wealth is part of America's ________ culture, while the actual houses, cars, and other possessions that are indicative of wealth are all part of our ________ culture. a. Symbolic/functional b. Non-material/material c. Material/non-material d. Latent/manifest
b
Which is true of sex trafficking? a. Sex trafficking is a social problem for Third World countries but is not something that affects industrialized nations b. Sex trafficking primarily affects women and children c. Sex trafficking is more common in highly industrialized nations like the United States because of the overt sexuality displayed in the cultures of these nations d. A and B e. B and C
b
Which of the following is NOT a reason that men's labor force participation is declining, while women's is increasing? a. Growth of the service sector and greater availability of "women's" jobs b. Men are becoming increasingly less motivated to work as there is a cultural shift away from the American ethic of hard work c. The baby boomer generation is reaching retirement age d. Women's liberation has helped to make it more acceptable for women to work for pay and changed people's attitudes about the types of work women are capable of e. It is no longer for feasible to have only one income in the household
b
Which of the following is true aboutimmigrationin the 1800s? a. 3rd wave immigrants were not as readily accepted by Americans partly because they tended to be Catholic or non-Christian b. Not all immigrants with light colored skin were considered "white" and welcomed into American society c. The primary reason people immigrated to the US was to find jobs d. All of the above
b
Who is considered to be the founder of conflict theory because of his critical observations of the effects of industrial capitalism on the working class(ie, the working class became slaves to industrial technology in order to make a living)? a. Herbert Spencer b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Robert Merton
b
Whois known as the founder of the American Sociological Association (ASA) as well as his "looking glass self" concept? a .Emile Durkheim b. Charles Horton Cooley c. Herbert Spencer d. Robert Merton
b
________ are norms that are strictly enforced by society because they represent the core values of a group of people. Many of these are even written into law so they can be formally enforced by the state. a. Manners b. Mores c. Folkways d. Taboos
b
________ is the most common single measurement of social class, but ________ is the best. a. Education / class b. Income / wealth c. Wealth / income d. Reputation / income
b
________ is the term used to describe the socio-historical processes by which societycomes to define a certain group of people as a "race." a. Racism b. Racialization c. Categoricalism d. Stratification
b
________ theory attributes economic disparity between countries to the economic exploitation of underdeveloped countries by the most developed countries that results in increasing wealth for rich countries. a. Modernization b. Dependency c. Globalization d. Malthusian
b
_________ is a social system where males have a lot more social power than females and is common worldwide. a. Masculinity b. Patriarchy c. Feminism d. Sexism
b
________are the rules and expectations that tell us how to behave. They are based on ________, which are socially shared ideas about what is good, desirable, and important in society. a. Values/norms b. Norms/values c. Materialelements/non-material elements d. Laws/rituals
b
________is the values, ideas, norms, language, behaviours,etc. that are passed down from one generation to the next. ________ is people who share these things as well as a common territory. a. Culture/an institution b. Culture/society c. Society/a country d. A value set/an organization
b
________refers to the ranking of groups of people into a hierarchy, where some groups are valued more than others. ________is the uneven distribution of social resources among groups of people in society. a. Inequality/poverty b. Stratification/inequality c. Inequality/stratification d. Stratification/status inconsistency
b
A subordinate group whose members have limited control over their lives compared to the dominant group is called: a. Out-group b. In-group c. Minority group d. Majority group
c
According to Durkheim, ________ is that primary force of social cohesion and is what holds people together through tradition, especially in rural societies. ________ is the force that holds people together by necessity and interdependence, especially in urban areas. a. Tradition/ social structure b. Integration/ anomie c. Mechanical solidarity/organic solidarity d. Organic solidarity/ mechanical solidarity
c
According to Max Weber, ________ is defined as the ability to get your way, even when others are opposing you. a. Authority b. Coercion c. Power d. Fascism
c
According to ________, people are more likely to break into an abandon house with boarded up windows than they are a house that is in good repair and looks lived in. This is because people see the abandoned house as a social cuethat no one cares about it and therefore it is more acceptable to destroy it. a. Labeling Theory b. Opportunity Theory c. Broken Windows Theory d. Symbolic Interactionist Theory
c
According to scientists, which of the following is true of skin color? a. Skin color is part of the genetic code of distinct races b. Skin color represents the genetic phenomenon of acquired trait heritability, such as suntanned skin, being passed down from one's parents c. People in the Northern hemisphere tend to be light-skinned because this makes it easier for them to absorb the necessary sunlight with which to make vitamin D d. A and B
c
According to the ________ perspective, class stratification is the result of interactions that lead people to identify with similar others and manifests in lifestyle behaviours specific to a certain group. a. Functional b. Conflict c. Symbolic interaction d. Sociobiology
c
Although people make individual observations about society all the time, sociologists use The Scientific Method in order to: a. Study the biological and chemical components of society b. Make sure that we study society in an absolutely objective way so that there is no question as to whether something is right or wrong c. Look at social phenomena in a systematic way in order to ensure consistency and maximize objectivity d. Quantify social phenomena into experimental categories
c
Any group to which we compare ourselves in order to assess our place in society is called a/an ________ group. a. In-group b. Out-group c. Reference d. Comparison
c
Being a parent can introduce ________, as there are conflicting expectations to show love to your children, but also to discipline them. a.Role conflict b.Role exit c.Role strain
c
From a ________ perspective, the U.S. divorce rate is high because many of the traditional functions of the family are now performed by others (schools, nursing homes, etc.) and therefore family ties have weakened. A ________ perspective attributes the high divorce rate to women gaining more social power compared to the past, making them less reliant on marriage for survival. a. Conflict/functional b. Conflict/symbolic interaction c. Functional/conflict d. Social/anthropological
c
If you were to visit the Cuba, you'd experience ________ because you would be confused and uncomfortable about the fact that motorists have the right of way over pedestrians and that you must pay to use a public toilet. a. Ethnocentrism b. De-socialization c. Culture shock d. Cultural relativism
c
In the United States, there has been a resurgence of prejudice and discrimination that revolves around the desire to protect the "indigenous" culture from "dangerous" outsiders. This referred to as: a. Racism b.Ethnic elitism c. Nativism d. Ethnocentrism
c
In the context of scientific research, ________ describes the degree to which our measures are really telling us what we need to know, while ________ refers to whether or not our measures give us consistent results each time they are used. a. Generalizability/reliability b. Validity/generalizability c. Validity/reliability d. Sampling/population
c
It is natural for us to be somewhat________, using our own culture as a basis of judging others, but to really understand why people do the things they do and to help reduce bias in social research, we need to practice ________, or understand other cultures on their own terms. a. Shortsighted/ political correctness b. Relativistic/ ethnocentrism c. Ethnocentric/ cultural relativism d. Prejudiced/ equality
c
Select the TRUE statement regarding gender inequality: a. Women are burdened by strict beauty standards, whereas men are free of appearance constraints b. Females get more attention in education, but males are more likely to get good grades and graduate at a higher rate c. Men are less likely to go to the doctor than women, but are more likely to get better treatment than women when they do go d. Worldwide, men have longer life expectancies than women
c
Some of the social factors that contribute to poverty are: a. People are lazy and don't want to work; people waste money on things they do not need b. Taxes are so high that people cannot save money; food costs are increasing faster than other costs and account for a huge portion of the household budget c. There are a lot of jobs with low pay and few benefits; the value of the dollar continuously decreases due toinflation d. All of the above
c
The United Nations Human Development Index classifies the countries of the world on the basis of what characteristics? a. Geographical proximity to one another and trade routes b. The history of colonialism in each nation c. Quality of life measures such as per capita income, literacy, and mortality d. All of the above
c
The article "What Can Testicles Tell Us About Dads?" argues what? a. Testicle size is a good, scientifically proven, way to determine whether men will be good fathers b. Females do not like males with small testicles because they represent failed evolutionary adaptation c. Science is filtered through culture, so we are more likely to embrace scientific findings that support our pre-existing cultural assumptions
c
The basic ideas of conflict theory are: a. Society is set up to provide equal opportunities and benefits to all its members b. Wars and interpersonal fighting become more common as groups gain more power c. Competition over resources is the driving force of society and inequality is the result of the struggles between various groups of people d. A and B
c
The first steps of conducting any scientific research are to: a. Develop a set of hypotheses and then change them if they are not supported by the data b. Choose an outcome you'd like to see and then design a research method that will ensure that you reach that out come c. Pick a problem to study and then conduct preliminary research about that topic d. Choose a topic to study and create hypotheses based on your personal experience
c
The idea that white people of northwestern European descent represent the evolutionary height of humanity is known as ________ and it has been used to justify racial/ethnic inequality for over a century: a. Social Darwinism b. Survival of the fittest c. The Anglo-Saxon Myth d. Racial ideology
c
The modern food system is characterized by: a. A highly knowledgeable consumer base that has led to the empowerment of people when it comes to accessing food and making healthy choices b. The highly efficient and sustainable production of large quantities of food that is healthier than that of the past c. The separation between production and consumption, such that people really don't know where their food comes from d. A and B
c
The rights and obligations associated with being ill (such as being excused from work and to try to get well) are called: a. Mental health holidays b. The illness status c. The sick role d. The wellness role
c
The social sciences combine the empiricism of ________ and the critical nature of ________ in order to examine human behaviour and the social world. a. Biology/ psychology b. Science/ commonsense c. The natural sciences/ the humanities d. The philosophers/ religion
c
The story of Genie (1970) illustrates for us that: a. People who are born with cognitive disabilities are at greater risk of social isolation b. Children who are neglected develop at the same rate and in the same ways as those who are properly socialized c. People must have social interaction in order to develop cognitively, emotionally, physically, and socially d. Scientists have no idea why some people do not develop proper language and basic cognitive skills
c
The________ views humans as separate from nature and natural activities/events as things that occur independent of human culture. In contrast, the ________ views humans as part of nature and natural events. a. Functionalist perspective/ Conflict perspective b. Functionalist perspective/ Symbolic Interactionism perspective c. Human Exemptionalism Paradigm/ New Ecological Paradigm d. New Ecological Paradigm/ Human Exemptionalism Paradigm
c
What is medicalization? a. The identification and tracking of disease prevalence within a population b. The diagnosis and treatment of mental illness c. The process by which problems or issues come to seen as "medical" d. The increase in prescription drug usage
c
What kind of theorists would be most likely to make this statement about gun control in the U.S.? "Despite the efforts of gun control groups to strengthen gun laws, they remain lax in comparison to those of other countries. This is due in part to the greater political power of the pro-gun lobby, who have a vested economic interest in gun industries and the ability to influence lawmakers to support looser gun laws." a. A symbolic interactionist would say this b. A functional theorist would say this c. A conflict theorist would say this
c
When we are small children, our family and those closest to us are the most important socializing influences. This is referred to as ________ socialization. a. Natural b. Institutional c. Primary d. Secondary
c
Which of the following characteristics best define members of a social class? a. Shared gender roles, dual incomes, and the same educational level b. Same incomes and occupations c. Similar socioeconomic positions, attitudes, values, lifestyles, and life chances d. All of the above
c
Which of the following is an example of the "poverty gap"? a. Bill makes $10,000 a year and is able to pay all his living expenses with the food stamps and rent assistance he receives b. Betty has to work two jobs, take care of her kids, and do all the housework because her husband abandoned her c. Bob and Mary have 2 kids and make $30,000 year. They are ineligible for government assistance, yet they cannot pay their bills every month
c
Which of the following is true concerning racial inequality in America? a. Racial inequality has almost completely disappeared, as evidenced by the fact that we rarely see violence between members of different racial groups b. Minority groups are now more likely than Whites to attend college and complete a 4-year degree c. Racial minorities are significantly more likely to drop out of school and are less likely than Whites to have wealth d. A and B
c
Which of the following was happening during the time period in which Sociology emerged as a discipline? a. The Great Depression and the environmental destruction of the Dust Bowl, events which highlighted the connection between social problems and human action economic institutions b. World War II, Japanese internment, and social problems associated with Nazi oppression of Jews and other minorities c. The Enlightenment, which marked a period of scientific discovery of the physical and social worlds, and the Industrial Revolution which was a period of rapid economic development and social change d. The Inquisition and the fall of the Roman Empire—events that highlighted the social problems of the concentration of power e. None of the Above
c
Which situation best describes the "Second Shift?" a. Brittany works from 3-11 pm at Walmart b. Alice works from all day at a call center and then works another 4 hours waiting tables at a restaurant c. Maryworks from 8 am-4 pm and when she gets home she cleans the house, makes dinner, and helps the kids with their baths and homework d. Jane works from 9-5, goes home, heats up some leftovers, makes a martini, and watches TV
c
Who is the conflict theorist who advocated Verstehen as a way to help overcome scientific limitations on studying society? a. Herbert Spencer b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim
c
________ are social norms that are not strictly enforced, such as table manners or holding the door open for the person behind you. a. Manners b. Mores c. Folkways d. Taboos
c
________ are the material and non-material goods we need and want in society and they range from basic (food, water) to more complex (power and respect). a. Basic needs b. Life chances c. Social resources d. Status symbols
c
________ are the rewards we receive for obeying or the punishments we receive disobeying the rules of society. a. Taboos b. Rituals c. Sanctions d. Laws
c
________ functions are those social actions that are intended to benefit society. ________functionsare those social actions which are not intentional, but still end up benefitting society. a. Intentional/ Accidental b. Planned/ Random c. Manifest/ Latent d. Latent/ Manifest
c
________ is the term used to describe the uneven distribution of negative environmental impacts across racial, ethnic, and class groups. a. Exurban inequality b. Environmental negativity c. Environmental racism d. Unequal impact dispersion
c
________ people exhibit natural characteristics that are neither distinctly male nor distinctly female, while ________ people are those whose gender identity differs from that assigned to them at birth. a. Heterosexual / homosexual b. Transvestite / transgendered c. Intersexed / transgendered d. Transgendered / intersexed
c
________ poverty describes the point at which a household's income is below the necessary level needed for survival. ________ poverty describes poverty based on a percentage of the median income in an area. a. Concrete/ dynamic b. Income/ asset c. Absolute/ relative d. Du jure/ de facto
c
A functionalist might say that introduction of Facebook to American society has resulted in the ________ of allowing us to expand our social circles and communicate easily with many people at the same time, however, it has also resulted in the ________ of encouraging people to be mean to each other online and to engage in fewer face-to-face interactions. a. Role harmony /role conflict b. Positive/negative c. Dysfunction/function d. Function/dysfunction
d
A salad costs more than a Big Mac because: a. Government taxes lettuce and carrots so companies have no incentive to use them b. Big Macs are more accessible since there are McDonald's stores all over the country c. Big Macs are healthier than salads so the price is controlled in order to make them affordable to a wide range of people d. Agricultural subsidies for meat, corn syrup, oil, and other ingredients make Big Macs cheaper than vegetables, which receive few subsidies
d
A situation in which it appears that "X" is affecting "Y," but in reality there is a third variable, "Z," that is affecting both: a. A correlation b. A causal relationship c. A null hypothesis d. A spurious relationship
d
A/an _________ is a culturally shared set of beliefs about how things should be or how the world works. a. Cultural script b. Social role c. Religion d. Ideology
d
According to the material, which is true of Alfred Kinsey's research on sex? a. It demonstrated that sexuality is very concretely defined and consistent throughout one's lifetime b. It proved that sexuality is biologically determined c. It confirmed Freud's earlier finding that homosexuality is an abnormality in psychic development d. It showed that sexual behaviour is much more variable in American culture than previously recognized
d
According to the reading (text and Karen Sternheimer's blog entry), "Thinking Like A Sociologist," learning to think like a sociologist means to identify social patterns and to ask what questions? a. What factors may be relevant to shaping those patterns? b. What specific types of social policies helped to create the patterns? c. How do I feel, as individual, about the pattern? d. A and B
d
Although over 60% of women are in thelabor force and bring in at least 50% of the income for their households they are more likely than men to: a. Make significantly less money, even with comparable credentials b. Be responsible for child care and household chores c. Have a better insurance coverage and utilize vacation time d. A and B e. None of these things-there is no difference between women and men in this regard
d
Characteristics of stratification include the following: a. Stratification is diminished as societies become more developed b. Stratification does not affect people who work hard or those people born into the upper strata of the hierarchy c. Stratification is a new social phenomenon that emerged during industrialization d. Stratification is universal and systemic; and it is passed down over generations e. A and B
d
Globalization describes the trend of: a. Making poor nations pay back loans at a very high interest rate b. Blocking trade with nations that refuse to adopt American values c. Increasing foreign aid to needy countries d. The worldwide integration of cultures, governments, and economic systems
d
Harboring negative attitudes toward Mexicans is an example of ________, but refusing to rent an apartment to a qualified Mexican family is an example of ________. a. Racism/prejudice b. Ethnocentrism/prejudice c. Racism/discrimination d. Prejudice/discrimination
d
In regard to poverty, ________ theorists would say that poverty contributes to the well-being of society by providing an incentive for people to work and by generating wealth. ________ theorists would say that poverty is the result of the control of social resources by those with power and is detrimental to society because it excludes some groups of people from the benefits and privileges of citizenship. a. Class/poverty b. Symbolic interaction/conflict c. Functional/symbolic interaction d. Functional/conflict
d
In the context of American society, ________ would be considered an in-group and ________ would be considered an out-group. a. Celebrities/ regular people b. Wealthy/poor c. Politicians/lawyers d. A and B e. All of the above
d
Information that is systematically gathered and organized is called: a. Variables b. Hypotheses c. Causal d. Data
d
Laws that were implemented in many southern states and were designed to control the behaviours of southern Blacks after slavery was ended are called: a. Segregation b. Disenfranchisement Laws c. Slave Codes d. Jim Crow Laws
d
Mass media are a social institution important to culture because: a. They give us cultural information and enforce social norms b. They reflect and reinforce social inequalities c. They act as social control mechanisms to get us to behave in certain ways d. All of the above.
d
Not allowing women to play college sports with men and prohibiting transgender people from using public restrooms are both examples of: a. Prejudice b. Ethnocentrism c. Domination d. Discrimination
d
Some of the ways that food companies exert economic control and gain market shares are: a. Aggressive marketing, especially to children b. Manufacturing preference for certain food products c. Vertical integration d. All of the above
d
Standard measures for assessing the health of a population include: a. Life expectancy, birth rate, and infant mortality b. Morbidity and body weight c. Waist circumference, BMI, heart rate d. A and B
d
The Green Revolution is best described as: a. An unexplained explosion in the natural growth of trees and other vegetation in areas that had been previously blighted b. The movement of profit from Third World to First World countries through favorable trade policy c. Record crop losses, environmental damage, and unemployment during the Great Depression d. The period of development of agricultural innovation and marketing aimed at increasing crop yields
d
The ________Model treats sickness and health as objective truths and defines people who are ill or disabled as deviant. The ________ Model views sickness and health as conditions largely defined by society and connected to social interactions. a. Convalescent/independent b. Conflict/functional c. Conflict/symbolic interaction d. Medical/social
d
The erroneous generalizations we make about people based on their group membership (such as the idea that wealthy people are hard workers and poor people are lazy) are called ________ and are powerful influences on our thinking about the world: a. Generalizations b. Inequalities c. Prejudices d. Stereotypes
d
The progressive use of manufactured inputs in agriculture, such as the use of commercial fertilizers instead of manure or the use of GMO seeds instead of saved seeds is called: a. Substitutionism b. Consolidation c. Integration d. Appropriationism
d
The set of ideas and practices regarding sexuality that are taught to us by our culture is known as our a. Gender role b. Gender c. Sexual role d. Sexual script
d
The totality of direct and indirect social relationships that each of us has are referred to as: a. Organizations b. Reference groups c. Institutions d. Networks
d
We cannot really say that smoking causes cancer because: a. Not all people who smoke get cancer b. There are many other possible reasons why people get cancer c. There is no correlation between smoking and getting cancer d. A and Be.All of the above-A, B, C
d
When it comes to social mobility, which of the below apply? a. Intragenerational mobility is most common in America b. Most social mobility in the United States is vertical c. Social mobility increases alongside industrialization d. The majority of Americans will not experience significant upward mobility within their own lifetimes e. A and B f. B and C
d
Which of the following applies to stereotypes?: a. They are erroneous generalizations about who someone is based on their group membership b. They affect the way we think and help to make inequality seem natural and to persist even when we have abundant evidence that contradicts them c. They are conclusions we draw about a group of people based upon centuries of scientific evidence as to their natural characteristics, abilities and shortcomings d. A and B
d
Which of the following are recent trends in the United Sates with regard to race? a. The number of interracial marriages has increased greatly since 1980 b. The number of hate groups in the US has increased greatly since 2008 c. The number of Whites is growing as a percentage of population d. A and B e. B and C
d
Which of the following is generally true of race? a. It is a category that is externally imposed and involuntary b. It is a way to place people into a hierarchy c. People of the same race have readily identifiable facial features d. A and B
d
Which of the following sociologically define(s) a group? a. Members have something in common and share a sense of identity with one another b. Members interact with one another c. Members are of similar race, gender, or ethnicity and share the same physical space d. A and B
d
Which of the following would be considered deviant in American culture? a. Physically assaulting someone / stealing someone's iPhone b. Being vegetarian / not believing in God c. Eating fast food / belief in individualism d. A and B e. All of the above
d
________ are extremely strong norms that prohibit behaviours that would be considered particularly reprehensible, abhorrent, or disgusting. a. Manners b. Mores c. Folkways d. Taboos
d
________ describes the situation where the rewards associated with a social status do not seem to adequately reflect the social importance of that status. For example, preschool teachers play a very important role in nurturing children, but preschool teachers are paid very little. a. Caste system b. Meritocracy c. Social roles d. Status inconsistency
d
________ is an ideology that privileges heterosexuality and assumes that any other sexual identity is "abnormal." a. Sexual scripting b. Patriarchy c. Homophobia d. Heterosexism
d
________ is considered to be the "Father of Sociology" because he was one of the first toemploy scientific methods to the study of society. a. Karl Marx b. Herbert Spencer c. Max Weber d. August Comte
d
________ is one's position in society and is based on the gender, race, class, and other groups to which one belongs. ________ are the expectations, obligations, privileges, and behaviors associated with it. a. Acategory/status requirements b. Group membership/norms c. Social status/status requirements d. Social status/ social roles
d
Possible social reasons for why Americans have overall high Body Mass Index include: a. Americans are very lazy and do not make the effort to exercise; most people lack self-control and are prone to overeating b. Americans work a lot, have hectic schedules, and are too busy to invest proper time into a healthy lifestyle c. The nature of work has changed such that jobs commonly require people to sit at desks most of the time, rather than to engage in physical labor d. A and B e. B and C
e
Some of the unintended consequences of American immigration control are: a. The U.S. spends more money on immigration enforcement, and undocumented immigrants are staying longer and bringing their families with them b. Increased anti-immigrant sentiment among Americans and more potential for violence c. The U.S. spends less money on immigration and benefits from the cheap labor that undocumented immigrants provide d. Immigrants come and go freely across the borders, taking their money with them and often receiving welfare benefits e. A and B
e
What is wrong with relying on the Body Mass Index as a measure of "health?" a. It does not account for muscle weight or body shape b. It does not really tell us anything about the health of an individual c. The cut off points for "thin," "normal," and "obese" are arbitrary d. A and B e. All of the Above
e
Which condition/s must be met in order to establish causation between X and Y? a. There must be a correlation between X and Y b. Time order must be established, such that one occurs before the other c. All competing explanations for the relationship must be ruled out d. A and B e. A, B, and C
e
Which of the following did we learn from the Milgram Experiment? a. Most people were willing to administer lethal shocks to the "learner" under the influence of an authority figure b. Scientists sometimes have legitimate reasons to mislead their subjects and to inflict a certain level of harm c. The Milgram Experiment resulted in massive harm to subjects by electrical shock, which led to the implementation of protective measures d. Stanley Milgram committed a serious human rights crime e. A and B f. C and D
e
Which of the following is likely to facilitate cultural change? a. The development of cloning technology that allows humans to reproduce b. The spread of cholera in Puerto Rico after the recent hurricanes c. A mass migration of Indians to the United States d. People work together to achieve labeling of genetically modified foods e. All of the above
e
Which of the following statements is true regarding macro-and micro-sociology? a. Macrosociology studies large parts of society, such as institutions and large categories of people b. Functionalism and conflict theory are both macrosociological perspectives c. Symbolic interactionism is a microsociological perspective because it focuses on small groups of people or individuals d. A and Be.All of the above are true
e
Which statement/s best describe/s sociology? a. Sociologist base their conclusions on individual, commonsense observations of society and human behaviour b. Sociologists want to understand society but generally have little interest in trying to solve the problems of society c. Sociology is the scientific study of society d. A and B e. B and C
e
Explanations for the inability of the American healthcare system to properly serve the population include: a. The health industry is geared toward making profit and treating disease rather than preventing it b. There are fewer doctors per person in the United States, compared to other wealthy countries c. Many people are uninformed and/or unconcerned about health and refuse to go to the doctor for checkups d. There is too much government intervention in the health industry, thus making it extremely inefficient e. A and B f. A, B, and C g. C and D
f
Poverty is expensive if one adds up the "costs" of things like: a. The extra time that it takes to use laundromats and take public transportation; the hassle of having to navigate modern society without bank accounts and credit cards b. The long term negative effects on children's well-being, associated with educational, physical, and cognitive deficiencies c. The advantages that poor people get that are denied to the middle class and wealthy d. The time that people waste doing nothing while they are not working; the costs to taxpayers to fund massive welfare programs for these individuals e. The profit losses that businesses experience when they reduce the prices of their goods in order to make them more affordable in poor neighborhoods f. A and B g. B and C h. C, D, and E
f
Which of the following is true in regard to crime and the justice system? a. Wealthy people are likely to be victimized by poor people b. Most crime victims tend to be over the age of 25, with the elderly being especially vulnerable c. Blacks are more likely to be victims of crime than are Whites d. Males are more likely to be victims of violent crime than females e. A and B f. C and D g. All of the Above
f
Which of the following is/aretrue of gender stratification, according to lecture? a. Every known society categorizes its members on the basis of gender, however not all societies limit these categories to just male and female b. Even though women make up more than 50% of the US populations, they are considered a minority group c. Third genders are recognized only in cultures where homosexuality is accepted d. Gender stratification is a new concept, having only emerged since industrialization e. Modern societies are moving away from gender stratification, while more traditional societies are maintaining strict gender divisions and inequality f. A and B g. B and C h. C and D i. D and E
f
Which of the following things is/are true of socialization?: a. Socialization is the process of learning and internalizing our culture b. Socialization is a life-long process c. Socialization is completed by the time we are 16-18 years old d. Socialization describes the way our instincts are integrated into social institutions e. Once people are socialized into a particular culture, it is nearly impossible to teach them new norms and values, especially as they get older f. A and B g .A, C, and E h. C and D i. A and E
f
Which of the following best describes the ideas behind the Davis-Moore thesis? a. Stratification is bad for society because it discourages the people at the bottom of the hierarchy from working and to become dependent b. Those who work the hardest are the ones who have the least chance of getting ahead c. The more important a position is to society, the more generously it is rewarded d. Unequal rewards encourage people to work hard and ensures that all of society's needs will be met e. The people who cannot thrive in society will eventually die out f. A and B g. C and D h. D and E
g
Which of the following is true in regard to public assistance (welfare) in the United States? a. The majority of people classified as officially poor (according to the poverty threshold) are receiving some type of welfare assistance b. Only a small percentage of households are receiving welfare benefits and 20% of recipients only get assistance for 7 months or less c. Most people who qualify as "poor" according to the federal definition are not receiving welfare benefits d. Everyone is eligible for welfare if their income is below the poverty line and automatically receive government payments e. 90% of people are receiving welfare assistance and 47% of people do not work f. A and B g. B and C h. D and E
g
Which of the following is/aremost likely to be considered a master status in American society because it is usually viewed as more important than all other statuses a person may have? a. Race b. Gender c. Wealth d. Eye color e. Musical ability f. Type of car you drive g. A, B, and C h. D, E, and F i. All of the Above
g
Which things are true about Cuba, according to Josh's presentation? a. Cubans can get free college education b. Healthcare is universal and high quality c. Cuba has a lower infant mortality rate than the United States d. The drinking age is 16 e. There is no racism in Cuba f. Healthcare is universal but of very poor quality g. A, B, C, D h. B and C i. A, D, E j. D, E, F
g
Select the statement/s below that is/are TRUE regarding hypotheses: a. An hypothesis is a random guess about the nature of the relationship between two or more variables b. Hypotheses are informal predictions and should be changed, according to the results of the data c. An hypothesis is an educated and informed statement or expectation about the relationship between two or more variables d. The null hypothesis tells us that there is no relationship between X and Y e. The alternative hypothesis is the one you are actually proposing/testing f. A and B g. B and C h. C, D, and E
h
Which of the following is true about U.S. immigration? a. Most immigrants today are from Mexico or Asian countries b. The US accepts more immigrants than any other country in the world c. The US accepts fewer immigrants than most other wealthy countries in the world d. Net immigration has been low for the past couple of decades, as more people are leaving the country than entering e. Net immigration has been increasing over the last couple of decades, as more people are entering the country and few are leaving f. The US has been overwhelmed with an ever-growing population of undocumented immigrants g. A, B, and E h. A, C, and D i. B, E, and F
h
Which of the following definitions describes theory, according to classlecture? a. Theory is unnecessary if Scientific Method is being followed, for the use of theory violates scientific protocols of empiricism and objectivity b. Theory is irrelevant if research can conclusively demonstrate the cause of something c. A theory is an idea that is tested in the natural sciences, but not the social sciences d. Theory is important in guiding research; it is both the beginning and the result of the research process e. A theory seeks to explain how parts of the world fit and work together f. A theory is an idea that is provable and becomes concrete fact g. B and C h. C and E i. D and E j. All of these things are true about theory
i