Sociology Exams 1 & 2

Approximately how many Americans currently are experiencing poverty? A. 72 millions B. 38 million C. 19 million D. 4 million

B

A person arrived at a company party dressed in a bunny costume only to discover that the party was not a costume party and he had been tricked by a co-worker. Everyone from then on saw him as crazy and eccentric and eventually he came to think of himself in this way too. The initial mistake at the party is an example of A. primary deviance. B. a self-fulfilling prophecy. C. a stigma. D. tertiary deviation.

A

A researcher spends years conducting fieldwork with an indigenous tribe in Papua New Guinea and has a difficult time reacclimating to Western society when he returns to it. He uses the experience of returning home to view his own society from an outsider's perspective and learn something new about it. Which sociological concept best exemplifies the experience of this researcher? A. beginner's mind B. microsociology C. expert's mind D. culture shock

A

"Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the church." Many people still look to passages from the Christian Bible, like this one, to justify gender roles. Conflict theorists might argue that this is a ________ of religion because it ________. A. function; promotes equality B. dysfunction; promotes sexism C. function; teaches us a basic sociological tenet D. dysfunction; is homophobic

B

A producer for a cable news show is feeling insecure. She complains to her boss that she isn't very smart and that she only does well because she's scared of being yelled at. Her boss tells her to stop whining and not worry about it. He says, "I'm a results guy. I don't care why it works as long as it works!" What leadership style do you think her boss has? A. legal-rational B. charismatic C. expressive D. instrumental

D

A young person from Southern California has four German grandparents. She lived in Los Angeles all her life before accepting a job in Milwaukee. She has never really thought about her German heritage. In Milwaukee, she discovers many other people with similar ancestries and begins using her ethnicity as a way to develop social and professional relationships. Of what is this an example? A. the disparities in racial consequences B. situational ethnicity C. symbolic ethnicity D. passing

B

Color blindness contributes to racial inequalities because it A. serves to maintain high levels of acceptable discriminatory practices in the workplace. B. perpetuates racial inequalities by making subtle forms of racism difficult to recognize and therefore difficult to address. C. encourages moderate prejudice and discrimination in the system of education. D. leads to overt discriminatory lending in home mortgages resulting in unequal accumulation of wealth by racial minorities.

B

Critical race theory is associated with which of the major theoretical perspectives or schools of thought in sociology? A. functional theory B. conflict theory C. symbolic interactionism D. structural functionalism

B

How has the Information Revolution changed the nature of work? A. Productivity has declined. B. The importance of the physical space in which work is done has been greatly diminished. C. Employees are less easily distracted by outside influences since they can remain working on the Internet. D. Employee compensation has greatly increased.

B

In 2005, teaching assistants at the University of Oregon went on strike. Which aspect of their job made it easier for them to strike than most American workers? A. They have better contracts. B. Their jobs cannot be moved overseas. C. The public is much more sympathetic to academic workers. D. They have more cultural capital, and therefore can better strategize about how to make a strike succeed.

B

Karl Marx believed that workers in a capitalist economy experience alienation because A. they are surrounded by images and representations that do not relate to reality. B. they are paid for their labor but do not own the things they produce. C. they are often poor and deprived of their basic needs. D. shallow consumerism does not give them something to believe in and work for.

B

Manny believes that religion gives meaning to his life. He believes that religion helps him understand the most fundamental questions about life and existence. Manny understands religion through which sociological lens? A. feminism B. structural functionalism C. conflict perspective D. symbolic interactionism

B

Many workers at auto plants in Michigan lost their jobs when plants closed. What has this resulted in for the vast majority of these workers? A. welfare reform B. vertical social mobility C. horizontal social mobility D. intergenerational mobility

B

The vast majority of crimes come to the attention of the police in response to citizen complaints. Citizens do not usually bother to inform the authorities if they do not think a crime is serious enough or feel that nothing can be done. This means that there might be serious bias in the A. value of punishment for deterrence. B. Uniform Crime Report. C. way conflict theorists understand deviance. D. symbolic interactionist theory of deviance.

B

True/False: A majority of college students attend schools with acceptance rates less than 50%. A. True B. False

B

What do all religions have in common? A. certain days that are considered holy B. a system of beliefs and rituals that establish a relationship between the sacred and the profane C. God(s) or other supernatural beings D. moral laws about the proper way to offer prayer and sacrifice to a god

B

What does a sociological perspective tell us about education in the United States? A. Education is the pathway to material success and, as such, rewards the best and brightest individuals. B. Educational success often has as much to do with social stratification as it does with individual ability. C. Tracking helps students from disadvantaged backgrounds achieve material success. D. Anyone who works hard can get good grades.

B

Which of the following is the best example of secularization? A. Christian students are encouraged to wear religious ‎items.‎ B. Crosses are used for decoration and worn as fashion‎ accessories.‎ C. Mark and Tessa seek premarital counseling from a‎member of the clergy instead of a therapist.‎ D. The government announces a number of faith-based‎ initiatives for the provision of social services.‎

B

A goal of socialization is A. to ensure that society self-evaluates. B. to teach people how to avoid incarceration. C. to teach norms, values, and beliefs. D. to teach the skills necessary to satisfy our love of technology.

C

The Solomon Asch experiment, in which groups of participants were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that A. peer pressure emerges when a group's task is relatively difficult or demanding. B. the larger the group is, the less each member has a sense of individual responsibility. C. groups have great power to induce conformity. D. an authoritarian leader can strongly influence group members.

C

The sociologist Mitch Duneier wrote his ethnography Sidewalk about street vendors in New York City's Greenwich Village. While writing the book, Duneier was particularly concerned that the people he was studying would alter their behavior when he was present, especially since his background was different from their own. This caused him to think critically about his activities and role as a researcher. What do sociologists call this? A. thick description B. response rate C. reflexivity D. validity

C

There are usually serious consequences when a politician is caught cheating on his spouse. In some cases, the politician is forced to resign from office when his constituents express their unhappiness with such behavior. According to Émile Durkheim, what function does this reaction serve? A. It helps to deter politicians from cheating in the future. B. It helps protect the family members of the politician from scrutiny and media coverage. C. It helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong. D. The public outcry helps rehabilitate the offender so he won't cheat in the future.

C

What do sociologists call the norms and values that people actually follow as opposed to the norms and values that people believe should be followed? A. ideal culture B. subculture C. real culture D. symbolic culture

C

Which of the following theories focuses on how our behaviors are dependent on the ways we interpret, make sense of, and define ourselves, others, and social situations? A. structural functionalism B. conflict theory C. symbolic interactionism D. pragmatism

C

Which of the following was not depicted in the film Crip Camp as an agent of socialization? A. Peers B. Families C. Churches D. Camp Jened

C

According to the 2020 Census, what percent of the population identifies as non-Hispanic White? A. 30% B. 40% C. 51% D. 60%

D

An example of in-group orientation is when a A. man renounces society and moves to a cabin in the woods. B. light-skinned African American woman claims to be white in order to avoid discrimination and violence. C. man wears a T-shirt identifying him as a member of a popular fraternity. D. woman writes on her social media, "I am black, trans, and proud!"

D

An individual might be trying to gain ________ if they take adult education classes, attend lectures and concerts, or travel to Europe. A. wealth B. souvenirs C. intersectionality D. cultural capital

D

Approximately how many Americans receive cash assistance from the US government through TANF (welfare)? A. 40 million B. 11% C. 23% D. 1 million

D

Gender role socialization begins A. before birth. B. around puberty. C. when children begin attending school. D. at birth.

D

Homer Simpson, a character on the TV show The Simpsons, has a wife who stays home to take care of the children while he works, but he is often responsible for disciplining the children when they are particularly bad. What do you know about Homer even if this is all that you know about the show? A. Homer represents the average American man. B. Homer contributes to the feminization of poverty. C. Homer is a misogynist. D. Homer has taken the instrumental role.

D

How could the Information Revolution affect urbanization? A. It could not affect urbanization at all. B. Cities might grow because technology makes them even more attractive places to live. C. Cities might shrink because people will spend even more time in direct contact with one another. D. Cities might shrink because people can live anywhere and still work at the same job.

D

How did the Industrial Revolution create "work" in the modern sense? A. It was the first time class struggle existed in society. B. Work only became possible when a variety of consumer goods were made available in the market. C. It made the worker more autonomous. D. It used machines to produce more goods, more efficiently.

D

Josie wore a pair of short shorts to school. This was against the rules and violated school norms. Because this was the third time that she had broken the same rule, the principal gave her a detention. The principal's action was a means of enforcing norms through _____. A. positive sanction B. academic admonishment C. authoritative action D. negative sanction

D

Many people in the United States express disgust at the idea of people snacking on grasshoppers and crickets despite the fact that people do so in places such as Thailand. This suggests that, in the United States, eating insects is a A. crime. B. folkway. C. sanction. D. taboo.

D

Why might LGBTQ rights groups emphasize that homosexuality has a genetic origin? A. Gays and lesbians are predisposed to believe in science. B. They want to emphasize the importance of difference. C. They believe that sexuality is closely related to a person's relationship with their mother. D. They believe that if sexual orientation is something we are born with, then discrimination against gays and lesbians is much less acceptable.

D

________ is taboo in American society. A. Bankruptcy B. Drunkenness C. Divorce D. Drinking blood

D

A person's self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as A. sexual orientation. B. gender identity. C. transgender. D. sexual attitude.

B

A sociologist observes that kindergartners are not just being taught about arts and crafts. They are also being taught how to be students, including skills such as following rules, remaining in their seats, and other things that will be necessary for the rest of their education. What are these skills called? A. the ego B. the hidden curriculum C. expressions of behavior D. theories of the self

B

A woman attributes her teenage son's deviant behavior to him "falling in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation MOST closely resemble? A. self-fulfilling prophecy B. structural strain theory C. labeling theory D. differential association

D

According to the U.S. General Accounting Office, an employer that violates more than one federal or state labor law concerning wages, overtime, child labor, safety and health, or industrial regulation is classified as a(n) A. runaway shop. B. postmodern corporation. C. independent contractor. D. sweatshop.

D

As a presidential candidate, Barack Obama argued that racial prejudice is one of America's defining social problems. He was implicitly acknowledging that A. race is constructed almost entirely through interaction. B. racism is driven by economic factors, and any solution to racism must involve affirmative action. C. low-income women of all ethnicities see marriage as having few benefits. D. membership in socially constructed categories of race and ethnicity can affect people's life chances.

D

The most significant criticism of structural functionalism is that it A. tends to argue that any social feature that exists must serve a function. B. overemphasizes the importance of the economy. C. tends to argue that intellectuals should act on what they believe. D. fails to provide a universal social theory.

A

What economic change has made it more difficult for workers to strike effectively? A. the ease with which manufacturing firms can move operations to another country B. a strong, organized working class in the United States C. the increasing role played by nonprofits and Third Sector organizations D. the increasing availability of communications technology

A

Which of the following groups is engaged in contingent work? A. independent contractors B. knowledge workers C. service workers D. teachers

A

The fact that immigrants from Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America tended to be shorter than native-born Americans was taken as evidence that there were inherent racial differences between these populations. However, the immigrants had children who grew up to be as tall as anyone else. Geneticists now understand that, although there can be considerable variation in height within a group due to genetics, height differences between groups are largely caused by diet. What does this demonstrate? A. Race will always be an important way to understand physical traits. B. Racial differences are socially constructed and not genetic. C. Some physical features, like blood type, are correlated with race. D. There are essential differences between racial populations.

B

The rate of poverty among African Americans is roughly how many times higher than that of white Americans? A. 1 times , or equal B. 2 times, or double C. 3 times, or tripple

B

What kind of power is exhibited by a police officer who pulls over a suspect after a high-speed pursuit? A. influential B. coercive C. traditional D. charismatic

B

What kind of sociologist believes that racial and ethnic identities bind people together and help society run much more efficiently? A. a conflict theorist B. a structural functionalist C. a symbolic interactionist D. a Weberian

B

Which of the following groups is MOST likely to be classified as a counterculture? A. New York City taxi drivers B. a militia group living in Montana C. students who belong to a Middle Eastern Studies Club D. members of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

B

A study found a strong correlation between parental bonding and adolescent drug use. Children with stronger bonds to their parents were far less likely to try drugs or alcohol. After examining their data more closely, the researchers discovered that parental bonding was really a predictor for teen religiosity. Consequently, high levels of religiosity, rather than parental bonding, actually prevent drug use. This means that religiosity was a(n) A. issue of reflexivity. B. paradigm shift. C. intervening variable. D. spurious variable.

C

According to a conflict perspective, why do members of lucrative professions like law and medicine support the current educational system? A. They tend to invest in private schools, so they make a profit from education. B. They know that the world is changing quickly, and they want to make sure that new doctors and lawyers are fully versed in the intricacies of twenty-first-century life. C. They want to keep the number of potential job applicants down, thereby minimizing competition and ensuring that there are a large number of people for less lucrative, less pleasant professions. D. They understand how complicated their professions are and want to make sure that everyone who enters them is well trained.

C

Among a group of military veterans who meet up regularly, the characteristic of others that they most often speak about is loyalty, which they see as the most desirable quality one can have. For this group, loyalty is a _____. A. taboo B. folkway C. value D. sanction

C

Pablo comes from a low-income family, but he worked hard in school and earned a full scholarship to Stanford University. Pablo is worried that his peers and professors will recognize his background and treat him differently, so he wears new clothes and attempts to hide his accent on the first day of classes. When Pablo goes home for the weekend, he leaves his new clothes behind in his dorm and does not mask his accent. Which sociological concept best explains Pablo's behavior and interactions with others? A. psychoanalysis B. the looking-glass self C. the dual nature of the self D. impression management

D

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process? A. personality B. status conflict C. social isolation D. socialization

D

Sociologists have noted that the informal teaching practices and power relationships by which schools operate produce a disconnect between democratic values and what actually goes on in schools. To what concept are such arguments referring? A. simulacra B. educational inequality C. teacher expectations D. the hidden curriculum

D

Some immigrants have a hard time assimilating to a new culture. What are the children of immigrants experiencing if they assimilate and have a higher standard of living than their parents? A. intragenerational mobility B. structural mobility C. immigrant mobility D. intergenerational mobility

D

Someone who is newly divorced after a long marriage and now wants to start dating again may find that many of the norms of dating have changed. Behaviors like splitting the check or talking about safe sex may be new for this person. This process of having to learn and adjust to the new rules of dating is an example of A. copresence. B. impression management. C. adaptation. D. resocialization.

D

The mother of a university student encourages her son to join a fraternity. She hopes that peer pressure and groupthink may lead her son to do things he hasn't tried before, such as volunteering and attending formal events. What perspective best describes her views? A. coercive power B. conflict theory C. structural functionalism D. symbolic interactionism

D

Which decade in US history saw the peak in US union membership? A. 1970s B. 1930s C. 2010s D. 1950s

D

According to 2020 Census, approximately what percent of Americans identify as Asian? A. 3% B. 6% C. 9% D. 12%

B

A high school decides that its band should wear uniforms. The school only buys uniforms in three sizes to be more efficient and forces each student to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. What does this exemplify? A. rationalization B. group dynamics C. network theory D. virtual communities

A

In 1993, six African American Secret Service agents filed a complaint with the Department of Justice against Denny's for refusal of service. They argued that the restaurant took much longer to serve them than other customers. Thousands of other African Americans came forward with similar allegations after the complaint was filed. What are these allegations evidence of? A. institutional discrimination B. situational ethnicity C. assimilation D. individual discrimination

A

How has union membership changed in recent years? A. Membership has steeply declined. B. Membership has slightly increased. C. It has not changed. D. Membership has greatly increased.

A, B, C

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, replacing a housewife with paid laborers would cost at least $100,000 per year. How could this be interpreted according to conflict theory? A. Men have a great deal to lose if gender segregation disappears. B. Domestic work is a highly functional adaptation that produces gender equality within a family. C. Gender inequality is mostly produced and reproduced through interaction. D. The instrumental role is more valuable than the expressive role.

A, D

A famous social scientist tells you that the most important task in her research was entering the social world of the people she was studying. What can you say about this researcher? A. She exclusively uses quantitative methods. B. She is a qualitative researcher. C. She worries about ethical issues in her research. D. She cannot use interviews as a methodology.

B

A key challenge for one nation's campaign to improve public health in rural areas was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. What does this example demonstrate? A. Attempts at modernization largely fail without modern technology. B. Social ties don't just connect us to others but also influence our behavior. C. There is a need for more virtual communities around the world. D. Globalization leads to the McDonaldization of society.

B

Marco is a fourth-generation Mexican American. Both his grandparents and parents were born in the United States. Neither he nor his parents have learned Spanish and he does not often think of his heritage. Most of his friends do not think of him as Hispanic or Latino. However, on Cinco de Mayo, Marco likes to go out and celebrate by eating Mexican food and wearing a sombrero. Marco's relationship with his ethnicity can be described as A. institutional. B. symbolic. C. conscious. D. situational.

B

Robert Merton's typology of deviance outlines the strain that people experience as they attempt to access cultural goals through legitimate, institutionalized means. In which of the following categories would gangsters and con artists be found? A. retreatism B. innovation C. conformity D. ritualism

B

Stealing avocados or almost any other agricultural product is a felony in California if the product is worth more than $100. A ________ would say that such laws target homeless people who have little power in society and are simply trying to eat. A. functionalist B. symbolic interactionist C. conflict theorist D. follower of Robert Merton

C

What is Mother Teresa an example of, given that she was a person with tremendous power and prestige yet she was very poor? A. status inequality B. status reversal C. status inconsistency D. status contradiction

C

What percent of the US population age 25 and older had a college degree in 2019? A. 10% B. 54% C. 36% D. 19%

C

Which answer best describes how people who went to Camp Jened maintained their networks after camp? A. Jim LeBrecht personally kept the network together. B. They did not maintain ties, but campers brought their new awareness to their home communities. C. Many former campers moved to the same cities and kept in touch. D. They used social networking platforms and regularly shared updates.

C

Which of the following sociological perspectives is concerned with the ways the educational practice known as "tracking" leads to inequality and different outcomes for different categories of students? A. labeling B. symbolic interactionism C. conflict D. functionalism

C

How is a counterculture different from a subculture? A. Members of a counterculture drop out of society, whereas members of a subculture actively protest and fight to change society. B. Subcultures are not culturally distinct from the mainstream; they just occupy a particular geographic area. C. Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but only members of a subculture actively oppose important aspects of mainstream culture. D. Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream.

D

The film Ascension showed instruction in emotional labor when depicting: A. Seminars on anger management. B. A worker watching their phone while making goods. C. Artists creating provocative paintings of the working class. D. Classes that included smiling and hugging instructions.

D

A sociologist wants to study racial discrimination in hiring, and decides to either distribute a survey asking employers about their hiring methods, or conduct an experiment that involves sending fake resumes to employers to see who gets an interview. Which method would best examine racial discrimination in hiring and why? A. The experimental method because the researcher can isolate the effect of race by creating otherwise identical resumes. B. The survey method because employers will detect the experiment and invalidate the results. C. The survey method because experiments outside of a laboratory must deal with the unpredictable intrusions of the real world. D. The experimental method because survey methods are generally unreliable.

A

A woman feels that she always needs to act cheerful and look her best when her husband gets home from work because he has a stressful job and he needs her help to unwind. We would say this woman is A. taking on the expressive role. B. living outside the gender dichotomy. C. taking on the instrumental role. D. a second-wave feminist.

A

According to conflict theory, women's contributions to family life are devalued because A. as a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status. B. family life remains the same when no one plays the expressive role. C. the resources provided by men are more valuable than those provided by women. D. women are entering the workforce in greater numbers.

A

Although the term often references race, which of the following is also an example of "passing"? A. A man with wrist scars from an attempted suicide covers them by wearing long sleeves, even in the summer. B. A man who doesn't drink goes to a bar for a social event. C. An overweight person embraces his body type. D. A Jewish man attends church with his Christian wife.

A

Approximately how many Americans receive SNAP (food stamps) benefits? A. 40 million B. 4 million C. 10 million D. 80 million

A

Churches usually teach their members rules and often codify these rules into formal commandments to be followed. Given this, churches can be considered A. agents of socialization. B. dramaturgists. C. total institutions. D. part of the media.

A

How does US levels of religiosity compare to countries of similar economic development? A. American levels of religiosity are similar to Australia, Canada and the UK, but different from most of Europe. B. The US is an outlier with high levels of religiosity. C. The US is an outlier with low levels of religiosity.

A

If changing one variable seems to lead to a change in another variable, this shows ________ but does not necessarily prove ________. A. correlation; causation B. a paradigm shift; causation C. causation; correlation D. applied research; a paradigm shift

A

In Coded Bias, Joy Buolamwini's research on the limits of facial recognition algorithms is most consistent with which of the following sociological concepts? A. intersectionality B. feminist theory C. cultural capital D. symbolic interactionism

A

In the Sermon on the Mount of the Christian New Testament, believers are told, "Whatever you want men to do to you, do also to them." Of which of the functions or dysfunctions of religion does this remind you? A. Religion provides morals, values, rules, and norms for participants. B. Religion helps us understand our lives as meaningful. C. Religion reinforces sexism and provides separate roles for men and women. D. Religion gives people a set of social connections.

A

John gets a job with a large firm that audits small businesses. While working at the firm, he becomes friends with Dave, who invites him to attend a weekly poker game. The game soon becomes a meaningful part of John's social life. This is an example of the A. way secondary group ties can lead to membership in primary groups. B. way primary groups can lead to membership in secondary groups. C. distinction between primary groups and secondary groups. D. way secondary groups produce anonymous relationships.

A

Many sociologists have worried that the modern economy demands both geographic and occupational mobility, which, in turn, means that bureaucratic organizations have become the norm. What sort of groups might become weaker or strained if people have to move frequently throughout their lives for work? A. primary groups B. crowds C. secondary groups D. categories

A

Norms are enforced in everyday settings by A. sanctions. B. signs. C. multiculturalism. D. culture wars.

A

Over the last fifty years, the US poverty rate has largely remained in what range? A. 10%-15% of the population B. 5%-25% of the population C. 5%-10% of the population D. 10%-20% of the population

A

People are optimistic that the jobs lost in the U.S. recession of the late 2000s will be replaced with others. However, even if the optimists are right, the shift in the economy may permanently alter the social class status of many people. This is due to the jobs lost being largely in manufacturing and new jobs being mostly in information technology. This suggests that the newly unemployed will have trouble competing for newly created jobs. If this is the case, what is it called?

A

Robert Merton developed structural strain theory to explain why deviance occurs. What is the cause of the strain suggested by the name of the theory? A. strain between socially approved goals and the means of achieving them B. strain between different value systems within a society C. strain between deviant and nondeviant citizens D. strain between social norms that are codified in laws and those that are not

A

Samira does not have a computer in her house, so she uses computers in the library to complete school assignments. However, she often has less time than her peers to do research and type her assignments because the computers are sometimes occupied and the library closes early. What term describes Samira's situation? A. the digital divide B. disenfranchisement C. the federal poverty line D. the simplicity movement

A

Socialization is the A. lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture. B. process by which individuals come to know one another. C. fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned. D. interaction among the cultures of different societies.

A

Sociologists define the self as A. the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people. B. the part of an individual that is displayed to other members of a society. C. only the private, innermost parts of the mind that are not usually shown to others. D. the parts of the human mind that are created through interactions with others.

A

Which group had the highest rate of poverty in the 1950s? A. Elderly B. Children

A

________ is/are the consistency of a measurement tool or the degree to which the same questions will produce similar answers. A. Reliability B. Grounded theory C. Unobtrusive measures D. Value-free sociology

A

Émile Durkheim's study on suicide found that not only did suicide rates increase when the economy slumped; they also increased when the economy boomed. Which of Durkheim's concepts explains why both positive and negative economic conditions could increase suicide rates? A. anomie B. mechanical solidarity C. organic solidarity D. alienation

A

An elementary school student notices that exhibiting good behavior and following the instructions of the teacher can go a long way to earning him decent grades in school. This example highlights what sociological term about the education system? A. flipped classroom B. hidden curriculum C. unschooling D. tracking

B

An example of outsourcing shown in the film Ascension was: A. American hip hop in the pool party. B. The production of Keep America Great merchandise. C. Workers using iPhones in the cafeteria. D. Employees sewing American flags on jeans.

B

In 2019, the U.S. Census Bureau identified the poverty threshold for a family of four as A. $42,000. B. $25,570. C. $35,500. D. $52,700.

B

In Hillbilly, the director seeks to challenge the dominant cultural representations of hillbillies by depicting: A. Immigrant Appalachians B. African American Appalachians C. Jewish Appalachians D. Wealthy Appalachians

B

Role conflict occurs when an individual has A. a role with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within themselves. B. multiple roles that are in conflict with each other. C. a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within their social circle. D. a role that requires them to constantly challenge other people, resulting in a great deal of conflict.

B

Structural functionalist theory is concerned with the ways in which structures contribute to the stability of society. What is a structure? A. a class hierarchy B. a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society C. an informal agreement between people over a wide geographical area D. any aspect of society that generates conflict or change

B

What has an office worker engaged in, although it may not seem like much, when they bring in a plant to brighten up their cubicle? A. an act of collective resistance B. an act of individual resistance C. a postmodern gesture D. a sign of nonalienation in labor

B

What have scholars called Erving Goffman's ideas, given that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance? A. the dual self B. dramaturgy C. psychoanalysis D. self-centered society

B

What is it an example of when the children of working-class parents manage to attend college and get a job in a professional field? A. intragenerational mobility B. intergenerational mobility C. a lack of mobility D. horizontal social mobility

B

What is religiosity? A. the degree to which religion can provide solutions to everyday problems B. the extent of a person's consistent and regular practice of their religious beliefs C. a measure of the variety of religious experiences a person may have over the course of their lifetime D. a measure of the diversity of religion within a society

B

Which of the following is an example of how the hidden curriculum can reinforce inequality? A. History books are rewritten to emphasize the role of women and minorities. B. Curriculum may recognize and celebrate diversity, but most professors and administrators are white and heterosexual. C. Schools attempt to address the gaps and exclusions that exist in their curriculum. D. Schools attempt to change how they teach.

B

Why is the term "queer" used to describe queer theory? A. It emphasizes that some people are born with a fixed orientation and cannot change it. B. It emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects a single gay or lesbian identity. C. It has a long history of use within the gay and lesbian community. D. It is an easily definable category.

B

504 protesters depicted in the film Crip Camp best demonstrated the strength of weak ties when: A. They forged close bonds with other former campers. B. They sustained the occupation over many days. C. They secured assistance from the Black Panthers. D. The government signed the regulations they wanted.

C

A conflict theorists might argue that the true function of schools is that they A. teach traditional American values like respect, hard work, and punctuality. B. train a workforce in computer and technology skills so students can work in a twenty-first-century information economy. C. reproduce the class structure, making sure that most people grow up to have a socioeconomic status similar to that of their parents. D. teach students to have a profound intellectual engagement that allows them to establish a meaningful relationship with the society in which they live.

C

A social scientist argues that inner-city families cannot escape a cycle of poverty because they see the lack of opportunities around them, decide that the world of the middle class is permanently closed to them, and do not try to maintain steady employment or send their children to college. What concept does this example highlight? A. disenfranchisement B. closed system C. culture of poverty theory D. just-world hypothesis

C

A sociologist uses a survey to study the attitudes of adults in the United States concerning premarital sex among teenagers. In this study, the target population consists of all ________, and the group that is asked the survey questions is called the ________. A. teenagers in the United States who have engaged in premarital sex; experimental group B. teenagers in the United States; reference group C. adults in the United States; sample D. adults in the United States who have teenage children; units of analysis

C

Alice came to the realization that she is attracted to other girls her age. Now that she's started her sophomore year in high school, she wants to ask out girls without being afraid of the consequences. She tests her friends' acceptance of these feelings first by mentioning a hypothetical friend at another high school who just came out as a lesbian. Alice's friends say they overwhelmingly believe that homosexuality is wrong and that anyone who is not heterosexual is a deviant. What concept do the opinions of Alice's friends exemplify? A. social learning B. gender role socialization C. heteronormativity D. instrumental role

C

Approximately what percent of American workers are members of a labor union? A. 5% B. 33% C. 10% D. 16%

C

As shown in the film Coded Bias, existing biases embedded in computer algorithms that reproduce existing inequalities is best thought of as an example of: A. prejudice B. explicit bias C. institutionalized racism D. hidden curriculum

C

Attending religious services would be an example of A. unchurched spirituality. B. intrinsic religiosity. C. extrinsic religiosity. D. spirituality.

C

Consider the major theoretical perspectives explored throughout the text. Which type of theorist might explore the idea that occupations traditionally held by men earn more money than those held by women, with the result being that men tend to be more financially successful and powerful? A. symbolic interactionist B. postmodernist C. conflict theorist D. structural functionalist

C

Ethnography's main goal is A. to develop quantitative data sets that allow researchers to discover correlations. B. to conduct interviews with people who have very different ways of life. C. to understand the meanings people attach to their activities. D. to develop ethics and standards for sociological research.

C

How do sociologists observe society? A. by studying the relationship between individuals and society, specializing in internal states of mind B. by studying society as if it were a concrete object, in the same way a geologist studies rocks C. by studying the various parts of a society and the ways they interact and influence one another D. by comparing the past and present, with a focus on the past

C

How do sociologists study the way in which people, as part of groups, organize their lives and social interactions to produce a real and meaningful world? A. Sociology understands the importance of human psychology. B. They are interested in all aspects of human psychology. C. People organize their lives in patterned ways. D. We often assign characteristics to an entire group based on experience with a single group member.

C

How does social class relate to race, ethnicity, gender, and age in the United States today? A. Race and ethnicity are more important than any other factor in determining social class. B. These other variables matter for members of the upper class but not for members of the middle or lower classes. C. These multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live. D. These variables matter for members of the lower class but not for members of the upper or middle class.

C

Intrinsic religiosity can be defined as A. any approach to religion that meets the fundamental needs of a person. B. the process by which worldly concerns come to dominate a person's life. C. a person's inner religious life. D. a cosmology that justifies a set of behaviors in terms of absolute good or evil.

C

Oftentimes, a larger number of people claim that they voted in their recent local elections than the number that actually did vote. This is perhaps because more people believed that they should have voted. This belief is an example of A. folkways. B. popular culture. C. ideal culture. D. cultural diffusion.

C

Religion fulfills what role in society from a structural functionalist perspective? A. Its shows religious organizations how to become agents of change. B. It makes women subservient to men. C. It provides its supporters with a set of values, norms, and rules by which to live. D. It is an instrument against oppression and exploitation.

C

Some Americans are angry about how many immigrants enter the country every year. A supporter of structural functionalism would argue that this anger A. hurts the economy by preventing immigration. B. is a form of cyberbullying, since the anger is generally expressed online. C. promotes social cohesion among nonimmigrants as they come together and label immigrants as outsiders. D. is unequally distributed, since it is mainly aimed at poor and working-class immigrants.

C

Which of the following statements best describes the current rate of labor strikes in the US? A. We at a historic low in the volume of labor strikes. B. We at a historic high in the volume of labor strikes. C. Strike rates are higher recently than a decade ago but still much lower than their peak.

C

A married man in the United States with several mistresses is violating a ________, but he is violating a ________ if he is married to more than one woman at the same time. A. law; taboo B. folkway; more C. norm; folkway D. set of mores; law

D

As shown in the documentary Hillbilly, what component of Appalachian culture did Silas House discuss in his radio show discussion of code switching? A. Literature and poetry by local authors B. Gestures and signs unique to Appalachia C. Films by local artists compared to mainstream media portrayals of the region D. Language and dialect used at home and at work

D

Every four years, when it is time to elect a new president, we pay much attention to surveys, which we usually call "polls." Political pollsters typically ask approximately one thousand people, of the 300 million people in the United States, who they plan to vote for. They use that information to predict how the election will turn out. Who is the sample for a presidential poll? A. every person who is planning on voting B. every American C. people who have strong political opinions D. the 1,000 people asked whom they will vote for

D

In Los Angeles, you may see cars sporting a bumper sticker that reads, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever's playing USC." What is this an example of? A. bureaucratic rationalization B. group dynamics C. the use of a reference group D. hostility toward an out-group

D

In which states does the combination of TANF (welfare) and SNAP (food stamps) provide enough assistance to lift a family out of poverty? A. California and New York B. Hawai C. California D. None

D

What is the process called when students are tested and the results are used to place them in a certain category of classes (remedial, advanced, college prep, etc.)? A. socialization B. charter schooling C. the hidden curriculum D. tracking

D

What is the sociological imagination? A. a characteristic of society that ensures people remain ignorant of the connections between their lives and social change B. a particular way of understanding the criminal mind, such as that of a serial killer C. the sociological approach that assumes individual decisions and interactions are independent of larger social institutions D. the ability to understand the interplay between the self and larger social forces

D

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is true? A. Their rules are written carefully so as to never impede the purpose of the organization. B. Unlike Weber's prediction, few organizations today are structured as bureaucracies. C. They are organized in a way that breaks down hierarchies of management so that all members feel a sense of equality with one another. D. People who work in bureaucracies may feel alienation as a result of being treated in terms of roles, rules, and functions rather than as individuals.

D

White privilege is the idea that one group in society enjoys certain unearned privileges and that group members are A. discriminating blatantly against minority group members. B. seeking to change the racial inequalities. C. actively seeking to maintain such privileges. D. largely unaware of the unequal benefits they possess.

D

________ is the research method that might involve shifting between participating in a social situation and being an observer. A. Comparative-historical research B. Surveys C. Interviews D. Ethnography

D