Sociology FINAL
______ is NOT one of the traditional purposes of imprisonment?
Recidivism
____________ is NOT one of the recurrent functions that families typically perform.
Recreational
Parents reported approximately _______ of homeschooling students in 2003.
1,100,000
In 2004, the poverty rate was __________ percent.
12.7
Primate researchers have concluded that great ape cultures probably have existed for at least __________ years.
14 million
Health care expenditures accounted for ___ percent of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) in 2004.
16
A recent study by the Gallup organization found __________ percent of employed adults in the United States are NOT engaged in their work.
55
In 2000, __________ percent of the electorate voted in the presidential election.
60
________________ percent of African-American families do not live in poverty.
77
By the end of 2001, HMOs had _____ subscribers.
79.5 million
The Vietnam War might be viewed as an example of what source of social change?
Clashes over resources and values
__________ refers to procedures - rules and activities - that people employ in making social life and society intelligible.
Ethnomethodology
The state's ultimate basis rests on
FORCE
According to Sassen, changes in the world economy are transforming major urban centers into what she calls the
GLOBAL CITY
________ was one of the first people to suggest that we acquire deviant behavior much as we acquire other behaviors.
Gabriel Tarde
A decision-making process in which group members become so preoccupied with maintaining consensus that their ability to think critically is impaired is called
Groupthink
________ may be the most dramatic and widespread of the new high-tech crimes?
Identity theft
______________ involves the combination of existing elements in a culture plus new elements.
Innovation
According to the Department of Education, American students seem to do more poorly than Japanese students because
Japanese teachers are more likely to develop math concepts in the classroom, whereas American teachers simply state the concepts without developing them
__________ are rules that are seen as vital to a society's well-being and survival, people who break them are viewed as sinful, evil, and wicked.
Mores
______________ are rules that are seen as vital to a society's well-being and survival, people who break them are viewed as sinful, evil, and wicked.
Mores
________ is the large-scale provision of illegal goods and services.
Organized crime
"Work expands to fill the time available for its completion." This statement is known as
Parkinson's Law
The social respect, admiration, and recognition associated with a particular social status is known as
Prestige
In 2002, the National Opinion Research Center asked U.S. adult survey respondents to rate the importance of various life transitions and events as indicators or adulthood. _________ was NOT mentioned.
Reaching sexual maturity
Which of the following is TRUE?
Social stratification depends upon but is not the same as social differentiation
In __________________ authority, power is legitimated by the sanctity of age-old customs.
TRADITIONAL
A 2006 study comparison of health care in the U.S. and England shows
The U.S. spends twice as much on health care each year than England and U.S. residents are less healthy than citizens of England are correct.
________ has the highest incarceration rate in the world?
The United States
research design best meets the scientific need to control all relevant variables in a study.
The experiment
According to most theorists, the United States is an example of
a relatively open social stratification system
Which of the following are not characteristics of the church?
a sect in an advanced stage of development
The looking-glass self involves
a subjective definition of reality
Control theory, as developed by Travis Hirschi, argues that young people are much more likely to conform to society's rules if their
a. attachment level to friends and family is high. b. involvement level in conventional activities such as athletics is high. c. belief in conventional values and ideas about morality is strong ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
Groups are
a. constructed realities. b. not tangible things. c. a clear application of the Thomas Theorem. ALL ARE CORRECT
Genital mutilation of females in several countries is typically undertaken to
a. ensure virginity. b. eliminate sexual sensation for women. c. make women more marriageable. ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
Overall, new management strategies over the past 30 years
a. have emphasized a lessening of hierarchy and authoritarianism. b. have emphasized an increase in worker participation and workplace decision making. c. still sometimes revert to a direct authoritarian mode. ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
Nonverbal communication
a. includes body language. b. includes paralanguage. c. is considered to make up the bulk of all our communication experience. ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
By 2004, women
a. increased their numbers in the U.S. Senate from 9 to 14. b. increased their representation in the House from 49 to 60. c. constituted a majority of voters. ALL ARE CORRECT
The U.S. Congress defines acts of terror as acts that appear to be intended to
a. intimidate or coerce a civilian population. b. influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion. c. affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping. ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
The word computer
a. is a symbol. b. is part of a powerful code that helps us deal with the world around us. c. becomes a vehicle of communication because a group of people view the symbol and the object as linked. ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
Based on research conducted with chimpanzees, which of the following is a specific behavior found among some chimps?
a. leaf clipping b. drumming c. nut-cracking ALL ARE CORRECT
Index crimes are those that are
a. most widely covered by the mass media. b. most feared by the public at large. c. most denounced by political officials. ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
The earliest national poverty programs in the U.S. were
a. oriented toward children, the disabled, and the elderly. b. developed as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "New Deal" in the 1930s. c. partially replaced by the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program in President Clinton's recent welfare reform package. ALL CHOICES ARE TRUE
In a number of modern societies,
a. political change has reduced the legal basis of patriarchy. b. patriarchal elements persist. c. women and children still take the last name of the husband and father. ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
Observation becomes a scientific technique when it
a. serves a clear research objective. b. is done in a systematic manner. c. is carefully recorded. ALL ARE CORRECT
Helen Keller gained entrance to social life because
a. she grasped the significance of symbols. b. she eventually could "see" the association between a word and an experience. c. she could conceive of things apart from their actual presence. ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
A 2002 study showed _________ was a major contributor to death and disease around the world?
a. smoking b. practicing unsafe sex c. eating improperly ALL ARE CORRECT
In a 2002 survey, respondents ranked protecting the environment as a lower legislative priority than
a. terrorism b. the economy c. education ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
Social change involves fundamental alterations in
a. the patterns of culture. b. structure. c. social behavior. ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
When women work full-time outside the home,
a. they bring home more than twice the share of family income than part-timers do. b. they still maintain the primary responsibility for household tasks and childcare. c. they are more likely than fathers to take time off if their children become ill. ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
Most Americans believe
a. they have a good chance of getting ahead. b. they have a better standard of living than their parents. c. their children will have a better chance of succeeding than they had. ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
The reference group concept helps to explain the behavior of the
a. upper-class revolutionary. b. renegade Catholic. c. reactionary union member. ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
W. E. B. Du Bois
a. was a leading African-American sociologist. b. was one of the founders of the NAACP. c. helped promote the importance of investigative field work in sociology. ALL ARE CORRECT
Which of the following is NOT a factor in making college entrance and completion difficult for minority youth?
a. weaker academic preparation b. less emotional and financial support from home. c. fewer on-campus role models ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT
Deviance depends to some extent on
a. who does the defining. b. who has the power to make the definitions stick. c. the time and place in which the deviance occurs. ALL THE CHOICES ARE CORRECT
Societies with open social stratification systems have a greater reliance on
achieved statuses
Sociologist Talcott Parsons suggested that societies tend to become increasingly differentiated in their structures and functions, leading to
adaptive upgrading
The social loafing effect suggests that there is
an inverse relationship between group size and individual motivation
According to Durkheim, a social condition in which people find it difficult to guide their behavior by norms they experience as weak, unclear, or conflicting is called
anomie
The ideal conditions for rumors to occur are typified by
anxiety and tension.
In a research investigation that focused on nannies, sociologist Julia Wrigley combined _____________ research methods.
archival, legal case studies, and state agency records
HMOs and PPOs
are managed care health care systems.
The number of single-person households
are outpacing the growth of most other household types and more than doubled between 1970 and 1996
In regard to value-free sociology, Max Weber
argued for objectivity and control of personal biases
Hirschi's research showed that
attachment to school and having positive attachments to teachers reduces the chances of becoming delinquent.
Since the 1960s, hospitals have come to be
big, for-profit businesses.
A majority of Liebow's "streetcorner men" were
employed
Today, a college degree
brings a middle-class status with middle-class pay and may be helping to produce a two-tiered society due to the earnings gap between those with a college education and those without are correct
Sociologists define a(n) _____________ as a collection of people who share a characteristic that is deemed to be of social significance.
category
Sociologists, like other scientists, assume that ________________ relationships dominate the universe.
cause-and-effect
Karl Marx focused on ______________ as a primary cause of the evolution of history.
class conflict
The women of Hull House are credited with using _________ as research procedures?
community case studies and demographic mapping
Symbolic interactionists say that we experience the world as a(n) __________ reality.
constructed
Modernization assumes social patterns where
convergence produces societies that are increasingly urban, the division of labor is more specialized, and the knowledge base becomes larger and more complex.
Data on index crime, released in 2001, showed that
crime continued to decline.
When the cultural elements of one group change in the direction of another group, it is called
cultural assimilation and acculturation.
According to the text, the greater number of ________________ increases the frequency of discovery and invention.
cultural elements on which innovators may draw
The Trobriand Islander's calendar system highlights the importance of the principle of
cultural relativism
When social scientists examine the practice of the Inuits leaving their elderly to perish in the cold, they typically evaluate the behavior pattern in the context of the Inuit culture. This is an example of
cultural relativism
The learned patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting, which are transmitted from one generation to the next, are referred to as
culture
Individuals learn deviance primarily in intimate groups of deviant others, such as small groups of friends. This view typifies
differential association theory.
Lower-class people are more likely to drink beer, eat frozen pizza, and watch more television than are middle-class people. This is an example of
differing styles of life
A view of the mass media presented in the text is that the media
discharge products, ideas, and values into a passive and susceptible population who are therefore manipulated by the media and provide a "marketplace of ideas" for an enlightened public are correct.
Urban gentrification
displaces the poor into other neighborhoods, resulting in more deterioration.
Karl Marx believed the key to social stratification is the
division between those who own and operate the means of production and those who sell their labor in capitalist societies.
In 2001, the largest category of all arrests was
drug abuse violations
The alternative "essentialist" view argues that homosexual orientation is
either inborn or is fixed very early in one's development and is an inherent part of what an individual is.
Women gained ground in achieving higher pay for their work primarily by
entering college in higher numbers than men and moving into higher-paying fields traditionally dominated by men are correct.
Functionalists argue that
ethnic differentiation may be dysfunctional because it reduces consensus and increases the chances of conflict.
The often unavoidable process of judging the behavior of others by our standards and tending to see "them" as inferior to "us" is called
ethnocentrism.
The family that consists of oneself and one's spouse and children constitutes what sociologists refer to as the
family of procreation
Three microlevel theories of socialization
focus on how socialization occurs and include social learning theory, cognitive developmental theory, and symbolic interactionism are correct.
Fashions and fads represent short-term
folkways
The _______ theoretical perspective of sociology views society as a system.
functionalism
Which theoretical perspective focuses on the essential tasks performed by families?
functionalist
The stage at which a child begins to learn how to assume and play many different, but complementary, roles in George H. Mead's theory is the
game stage
Two or more people who share a sense of unity and who are bound together in relatively stable patterns of social interaction are known as a
group
The new form of urban organization referred to as edge cities
has been facilitated by the development of a service-based economy that is electronically based through the use of computers.
Polygyny
has been practiced by over 80 percent of the societies around the world.
Individuals whose reproductive structures are sufficiently ambiguous that it is difficult to define them exclusively as male or female are called
hermaohrodites
Recent interest in the roles of nature and nurture in the development of human personality centers on the issue(s) of
how specific hereditary and environmental factors interact
One factor that is essential for a successful social movement is a(n)
ideology.
The Thomas Theorem states that
if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
According to Goffman's dramaturgical view of human interaction, when we dress up for a special event such as a job interview, we are engaging in
impression management
If we take special steps to influence how another person views us, Goffman would say we probably are engaging in
impression management
Durkheim found that
individuals enmeshed in a web of social bonds are less inclined to suicide than individuals who are weakly integrated into group life.
The number of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births is called the
infant mortality rate.
The _______ theoretical perspective focuses on the "micro" or small-scale aspects of social life.
interactionism
When individuals incorporate within their personalities the standards of behavior prevalent within the larger society, the process is called
internalization
Comparison of an individual's social status over time is known as ________________ mobility.
intragenerational
Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination
involves behavior that includes the outright denial of power, privilege, and prestige to members of a minority group.
The authors of the text suggest that the state
is a relatively recent institution.
Structural assimilation
is commonly called integration and occurs when members of different ethnic groups participate with one another in the major institutional patterns of a society, such as work and school.
In much of the world, adolescence
is not a socially distinct period in the human life course.
Correlation
is not necessarily the same as causation
Conflict theory suggests that gender inequality exists because
it benefits men
The advantage of the self-placement approach to measuring social class is that
it can be applied to large populations
The most important symbols are found in
language
Native Americans make up __________ percent of the total U.S. population.
less than 2
In the Trobriand Islands, where gardening is a major focus of people's lives, the calendar is based on
lunar cycles
________________ refers to the rapid dissemination of behaviors involving contagious anxiety that is usually associated with some mysterious force.
mass hysteria
Race, class, and gender are prime examples of
master status
the vesting of power in women for family decision-making is called
matriarchal.
Societies trace descent and pass on property from one generation to the next in one of three ways. The patterns are
matrilineal, patrilineal, and bilineal.
Instrumental ties are
means-ends oriented to achieve some sort of goal
Men and women both engage in acts of family violence, but
men do more physical damage than their female partners.
Cross-cultural research found that one of the least preferred or least ideal types of marriage around the world is
monogamy
More than a third of all deaths of 15- to 19-year-olds results from
motor vehicle crashes
Today, _______ percent of women with children under six years of age are employed outside the home.
nearly 60
The __________ rate is the increase or decrease per 1,000 members of the population in a given year that results from people entering or leaving a society.
net migration
Multinational corporations
no longer need a geographical center.
In the ____________ family, spouses and their offspring constitute the core relationship.
nuclear
The simplest and cheapest approach to identifying social class is usually provided by the
objective method
We ___________ a status and ____________ a role.
occupy; play
The type of society in which people can change their social status is a(n)
open system
A researcher must take abstract concepts and translate them into a form that allows them to be measured. This is the development of a(n)
operational definition
Developmental social psychologists, like Erik Erikson and Daniel Levinson, emphasize the
passage through stages that must each be resolved before successful advancement to the next stage
History shows that
passing anti-discrimination laws does not immediately translate into equal treatment for all.
The term society refers to
people living within a common territory and people who share some degree of a common culture are correct.
In reference to the economic integration of less developed nations into the structures of a world economy, __________ regions consist of areas that provide raw materials and are exploited by other regions.
periphery
The "underclass" refers to persons exhibiting
persistent poverty
Research shows that social class is associated with mortality due to
preventable causes
Expressive ties tend to be more prevalent in
primary group relationships.
From Merton's perspective, those who reject both culturally approved goals and means and substitute new norms are
rebels
We use ____________ to appraise and shape our attitudes, feelings, and actions.
reference groups
deviance is
relative
According to the functionalist perspective, which of the following is not a function of education?
reproducing society's power structure
Behavior prescribed by rules dictating how people should act in the presence of the sacred are called
rituals
The actual behavior of the person who occupies a status is termed
role performance.
Conflict is a basic source of
social change.
__________ involves aspects of social life that have to do with order, stability, and social organization that allow societies and groups to hold together and endure.
social status
Sociologists define _________ as the ranking or grading of individuals and groups into hierarchical layers.
social stratification
The process of social interaction through which people acquire the knowledge, attitudes, values, and behaviors essential for effective participation in society is called
socialization
Giving advantages in housing, taxes, scholarships, and recreation to single as opposed to married people illustrates __________ of population reduction?
societalist perspective
While culture provides the meanings that allow people to interpret their daily lives, _____________ is the concept that represents the networks of social relations that develop among a group of people.
society
Durkheim concluded that when religion is imperiled and not replaced by a satisfying substitute,
society itself is jeopardized.
According to the text's discussion of cheating among college students,
some studies suggest that the percentage of students who cheat in college is at least 90 percent and may be as high as 99 percent
In modern societies, the ___________ is the mechanism by which a good many norms - laws - are enforced.
state
Max Weber's term verstehen describes an approach for understanding
subjective meanings people attach to their actions
__________ is the difference between the value that workers create (as determined by the labor-time embodied in a commodity that they produce) and the value that they receive (as determined by the subsistence level of their wages).
surplus value
Married couples who have sex infrequently
tend to have relationships that last as long as those who have sex frequently.
Robert Michels suggests that the reasons for oligarchical tendencies found in formal organizations include
the advantages that organization officials have over the other group members.
The development of the settlement on Pitcairn Island serves as an example of
the development of a new culture
Factors that promote a social climate favorable to a stable democracy include
the existence of conflict associated with a competitive struggle over positions of power and a strong social organization of mediating groups, networks, and institutions that sustain the public life outside the worlds of the state and the economy are correct.
_________, a common but important idea that we use to understand social life, originated in the work of Max Weber.
the protestant ethic
William J. Wilson contends that the "underclass" exists primarily due to
the sharp climb in inner-city joblessness due to loss of lower-skill jobs.
Robert Axelrod found that the simplest and most effective strategy for playing the prisoner's dilemma game is one he called
tit for tat.
Regarding rape, sociologists
turn to explanations that emphasize culture, socialization, and social structure.
Decency, justice, worth of the individual, and equal opportunity illustrate basic American
values
Values provide us with
ways to evaluate people, objects, and events as to their relative worth, merit, beauty, or morality
Many nonconformist patterns do not occur to us because
we are culture bound
When George H. Mead explained the process of role taking, he asserted that
we are, at the same time, the subject doing the viewing and the object being viewed.
Internalization occurs when
we understand and believe in the norms
Which of the following are factors that make entrance to college difficult for minority youth?
weak academic preparation and the cost of higher education are correct.
When we speak about the "things" that people own, we are referring to their
wealth
Labeling theory does not explain
what initially contributed to the occurrence of the deviant behavior.
While status symbols may affect adult status, the core of adult status is symbolized primarily by
where one lives, the nature of one's occupation, the roles one plays and the people with whom one associates
We tend to select marital partners
who are similar in physical attractiveness to ourselves.
