Sociology final

Based on both the Harlows' research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude

long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.

Social stratification refers to

ranking categories of people in a hierarchy.

Sociologists use what term to refer to behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?

role

Joan is an excellent artist, but finds she cannot devote enough time to her family.

role conflict.

In general, we see the __________ as a means to an end; we see the __________ as an end in itself.

secondary group; primary group

What is the term for the biological distinction between males and females?

sex

The Thomas theorem states that:

situations defined as real are real in their consequences.

What is the lifelong social experience by which human beings learn culture?

socialization

The term "cultural lag" refers to the fact that:

some cultural elements change more quickly than others.

What is Erving Goffman's term for a powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity?

stigma

Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview?

survey

The most difficult transition in married life is typically

the death of a spouse.

Which of the following is every society's most important primary group?

the family

Gender refers to:

the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female and male.

Solomon Asch's research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed

the power of group membership to generate conformity.

Take time to plan, to improve on everything. "Sharpen ________"

the saw

The distinction between high culture and popular culture is based primarily

the social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern.

A statement of how and why specific facts are related is called a

theory

In the 1950s in the United States, the rate of teenage pregnancy was actually higher than the rate today.

true

No sexual practice--even the incest taboo--is found everywhere in the world.

true

Of Race, Class and Gender: Class is the most important determinant of Social Status.

true

Prejudice and discrimination always occur together

true

Sociobiologists point out that, in every society on earth, people are attracted to youthfulness.

true

The effect of the sexual counterrevolution was to encourage people to limit their number of sexual partners or, in some cases, to abstain from sex entirely.

true

There was no distinct category of "homosexual" people until about a century ago

true

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called:

value

Prostitution is regarded by criminal law as a

victimless crime.

A minority is defined as a category of people who are

visible and disadvantaged

Which of the following attributes is NOT characteristic of secondary groups?

warm, personal interaction

The common ideology of a class system states that __________ becomes a sign of personal talent and effort, while poverty is viewed as a result of

wealth; personal

The survey of the life course in the text leads the reader to conclude that

while life-course stages are linked to biology, they are largely a social construction.

The "beauty myth"refers to the idea that:

women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance.

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime

Which of the following is typically true of a social network?

Networks are "fuzzy" groups containing people we "know of" rather than those we "know."

Here are two assertions about the social foundation of deviance; select the one that is FALSE.

People become deviant as others define them that way.

Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization?

Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages.

"Just Do It!". "Be _______________.

Proactive

We can fix him and bring him back to society changes as a good" citizen.

Rehabilitation

__________ refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person.

Sexual orientation

Which term is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behavior?

Social functions

__________ defines who and what we are in relation to others.

Status

"__________ Win/Win

Think

In Young Adulthood the challenge is Intimacy.

True

The challenge to Old Age is Integrity.

True

"Seek first to Understand, Then to be________________.

Understood

What is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue caused by group conformity?

groupthink

Describing the lives of working-class women, Lillian Rubin reported that the typical woman said she wanted a husband who

had a steady job and was not violent.

It is correct to say that the development of more complex technology:

has both positive and negative effects.

The weight of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is caused mostly by

human biology, although society plays some role.

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of

id.

By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind

imagining a situation from another person's point of view.

"Begin with the end ___________".

in mind

Sociologists use the term "empirical evidence" to refer to

information people can verify with their senses.

What is the term for a social group that commands a member's esteem and loyalty?

ingroup

The text states that cultural change is set in motion in three general ways:

invention, discovery, and diffusion.

Ethnocentrism refers to:

judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.

The text defines which of the following terms as "a mental construct that represents some part of the world in a somewhat simplified form"?

a concept

Science can be defined as

a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.

What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another ?

a social group

"Comparable worth" refers to the idea that:

all jobs should be rewarded equally.

Comparative research indicates that

although sex has a biological foundation, it varies from place to place as an element of culture.

When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in

anticipatory socialization.

Sociologists define a symbol as:

anything that carries a meaning to people who share a culture.

A family unit is defined as two or more people who

are related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

Core cultural values:

are sometimes in conflict with one another.

The adoption of the English language by Mexican immigrants to the United States is an example of

assimilation.

While prejudice is a matter of __________, discrimination is a matter of __________.

attitudes; behavior

The activity that sets the family apart from other social institutions is its focus on

bearing and rearing of children.

Jessie Bernard claimed that marriage

benefits men more than women.

While race refers to __________ considered important by a society, ethnicity refers to __________.

biological traits; cultural traits

Research shows that growing up in a single-parent family

can disadvantage children.

Cultural integration refers to the fact that:

change in one cultural pattern is usually linked to changes in others.

Sociologists claim the main reason that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion is

cultural inconsistency in defining this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike.

Counterculture refers to:

cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.

A subculture refers to:

cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population.

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that, together, constitute a people's way of life?

culture

In terms of human freedom, the chapter on socialization leads to the conclusion that

All of the above are correct.

The significance of Alfred Kinsey's research on sexuality in the United States in the 1940s was

All of the above are correct.

Which statement reflects Simmel's understanding of the dyad?

Dyads are less stable than groups with many members.

The Death Penalty will scare criminals from killing other people.

deterrence

Which of the following sociological terms refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms?"

deviance

Stereotypes are

exaggerated descriptions applied to everyone in some category.

The special contribution of schooling to the socialization process includes

exposing the child to a bureaucratic setting.

In most rape cases the victim does not know the attacker

false

The sociological perspective reveals that people's lives are mostly a result of what they decide to do.

false

Peter Berger described using the sociological perspective as seeing the __________in the __________.

general; particular

What is the term that refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions?

glass ceiling

Wrong-doing such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity is an example of violating:

mores

The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher

must adopt a stance of personal neutrality toward the outcome of the research.

As a part of human culture, religion is an example of:

nonmaterial culture

In the nature versus nurture debate over what shapes human behavior, most social scientists believe that

nurture is far more important than nature.

Cultural transmission refers to the process of:

passing cultural patterns from one generation to another.

What is the term for a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

personality

Which of the following terms refers to a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity?

pluralism