Sociology FINAL*****!!!!!!!!!
Which of the following applies to the practice of "calling" as a form of dating?
-A young man and a young woman would it in a parlor (or similar room) together, usually with the supervision of a family member -A young woman would have specific hours/days when she would receive callers -A young man would arrive at a young woman's house and ask if he could see her
What kind of economic forces helped create the modern practice of "dating"?
-The emergence of "leisure" activities (restaurants, movie theaters, amusement parks) -Women entering the paid workforce -Rapid urbanization
Based on the information in the video, which of the following statements is accurate about the modern practice of "dating"?
-The social practice of dating is intertwined with our economic system, including systems of inequality -Modern dating is expensive; it requires spending money (at restaurants, movie theaters, etc.) -The rise of the internet and smartphones is transforming the norms and rituals of dating
Which of the following is true about religious beliefs and practices in the US, based on survey and other data?
. Religious belief and practice is higher in the US than in other countries, but is also recently in decline.
Social conflict theorists are interested in how religion is related to existing social inequalities, or even as an agent of stratification. Which of the following is NOT an example of how conflict theorists might study religion?
A study of how different denominations have conflict over how to interpret key biblical passages, such as the Sermon on the Mount
Why are Jews referred to as "the people of the book"?
After the Romans conquered their homeland and destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem, Judaism transformed from a religion of temples, priests, and sacrifices to one that emphasized reverence of scriptures and the associated symbols and rituals.
Which of the following is NOT true about America's civil religion?
America's civil religion offers a path to salvation in the afterlife.
American sociologist Robert Wuthnow argues that America's civil religion has two variants. The "priestly" (or conservative) variant emphasizes ____.
America's greatness
American sociologist Robert Wuthnow argues that America's civil religion has two variants. The "prophetic" (or liberal) variant emphasizes ____.
America's obligations
Which of the following is NOT a reason why people practice communal sleeping?
As a way to help prevent the spread of disease
Which of the following statements is NOT supported by historical data on divorce in the US?
Divorce rates are higher for low-income, less-educated people.
Which of the following is NOT a way in which race and gender inequalities affect education in the US?
Dress codes and other "morality" behavioral standards are less strict for female students than they are for male students
When did the practice of teenagers dating emerge?
During the economic boom of the 1950s
The higher cost of college education is primarily driven by fast-rising tuition rates.
False
Which is NOT one of the positive functions of American civil religion, according to Mark Galli?
Giving every individual a sense of moral purpose and answers to questions about the afterlife
Which of the following is an NOT an economic benefit of a better educated population?
Higher levels of patriotism
In his animated presentation on changing education paradigms, Ken Robinson cites a study on lateral intelligence that studied a group of children over time. What did the study find?
In kindergarten, 98% of children scored "genius" level. That figured quickly dropped over years, as the students acquired more education.
Which of the following is NOT a basic element of the definition of "public" education?
It's done in a single language of instruction
Which of the following is NOT one of the Five Pillars of Islam?
Jihad (or "holy war") against unbelievers
Why is it difficult for many families to meet the expectations of giving each child a separate bedroom?
Large homes are expensive to buy and maintain
What is an important reason why the quality of schools reflects the socioeconomic inequalities between neighborhoods in the US?
Because local schools are primarily funded by property taxes, schools in low-income neighborhoods and communities (where the prices of homes are lower) tend to have fewer economic resources.
Of the two theories that explain why college graduates earn more, which is consistent with the data?
Both signaling theory and human capital theory
Abrahamic religions are those can trace their origins to Abraham and share the Old Testament as a common sacred text. Which of the following is NOT an Abrahamic religion?
Buddhism
Which of the following is NOT a common function of religion identified by sociologists using the structural functionalist paradigm.
Religion helps orient the soul to a good relationship with God and God's creation.
Discussions about American civil religion, many often to point to Thanksgiving as a great example of a secular ritual that epitomizes the "founding" of our country in a way that evokes religion. Which religious story most closely resembles Thanksgiving?
The Exodus story of how the Israelites fled Egypt and arrived in the Promised land given to them by God
What "event" is credited with setting in motion cultural changes in society, including the emergence of modern "dating"?
The Industrial Revolution
Which of the following is NOT one of the major factors explaining why children are expected to have their own bedrooms?
The important socialization benefits that children acquire by learning to be independent
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors driving up the cost of college education?
The increasingly high salaries paid to faculty and campus staff
What is a major factor causing the slowdown in population growth in most countries?
Women are having fewer children than they did in the past
American education policy tends to give preference to ____, giving it higher levels of funding.
college and university education
The term "kinship" describes social bonds based on ____.
common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
A sociologist who studies families as a way to understand how social inequalities (particularly gender inequalities) are perpetuated in society is working within the ____.
conflict theory
Pierre Bourdieu argued that parents with more resources are able to give their children ____, which gives them advantages in school and later in life.
cultural capital
Lutherans, Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians are all examples of ____ within Christianity.
denominations
Globally, fertility rates are ____.
dropping
The Hindu principle of "dharma" is that ____.
each of us has a duty to our place in society, and shouldn't worry about the outcome
In the classic 1967 film Guess Who's Coming to Dinner Joanna Drayton, a white woman from an upper-class San Francisco family brings home her fiancé, John Prentice (played by Sidney Poitier), a widowed black physician. The marriage between Joanna and John is an example of ____.
exogamy
According to years of research on successful marriages, passion is one of the most important factors in maintaining stable relationships.
false
Historically, marriage has been based on romantic love.
false
Thalia grew up with a single-parent father, her grandmother, and her two brothers. This was her ____.
family of orientation
As an adult, Thalia marries Bruce. Together with Bruce and his daughter, Barbara, from a previous relationship, Thalia has created a ____.
family of procreation
Buddhism's solution to overcoming the problem of human suffering begins with ____.
following a "middle way" (or balance) between luxury and poverty
Students tend to take on higher student loan debts at ____.
for-profit colleges and universites
According to the "human capital" theory, college graduates tend to earn higher wages (on average) because ___.
going to college actually teaches you skills (both in and out of the classroom) that help you land higher-income jobs
According to the "signaling" theory, college graduates tend to earn higher wages (on average) because ___.
going to college signals to potential employers that you are smart and hard-working
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons families today tend to have fewer children than in the past?
he high rate of infant mortality discourages people from having children
The "compression of morbidity" in wealthy nations reflects that ____.
people are healthier for most of their lives, then experience rapid health decline in old age
Throughout history, many cultures have practiced and recognized different forms of marriage. A marriage involving two or more men and one woman is a form of ____.
polygamy
When economics consider education as a _____ they mean that it's a benefit enjoyed by a third party as a result of economic transaction.
positive externality
Traditionally (prior to the late 1800s at least), education was ____.
primarily for the elite
In developing a sociological understanding of religion, Émile Durkheim called the things that make up the mundane, everyday parts of life as ____.
profane
Catholics lighting candles before entering the sanctuary, speaking in tongues in Pentecostal denominations, and the removal of shoes and hand and foot washing before Friday prayers by Muslims are all examples of religious ____.
rituals
In developing a sociological understanding of religion, Émile Durkheim called the things that society sets apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe, and deserving reverence as ____.
sacred
The term "senescence" describes ____.
the process of becoming old, including the mental and physical deterioration that comes with age
The term "demographic transition" is used to mean ____.
the process of moving from a young, growing population to an older, stable population
A sociologist using the structural-functionalist paradigm would emphasize ____.
the social functions that schools serve in society
In sociology, "education" refers to ____.
the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including norms and values
Based on what you know about how "calling" works, which social class was largely excluded from this practice?
the urban working class
Symbolic interactionists who study religion may focus on significant objects, such as the cross, crescent, or Star of David. They refer to these symbols as ____.
totems
In the 1950s and 1960s, TV sitcoms regularly showed married couples sleeping in separate beds.
true
Sociologists use the term "age stratification" to describe how ____.
wealth, power, and status are unevenly distributed among people of different ages
Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism are all examples of churches. Sociologists define "churches" as ____.
well-established religious faiths that are well-integrated into society
Siddhartha, the founder of Buddhism, began with a quest to understand ____.
why humans suffered
Which of the following is NOT a recent trend in family patterns in the US?
The average age in which people are getting married is declining steadily.
Which of the following is NOT a statement that reflects belief in America's civil religion?
The belief that the procedural niceties of the Constitution can be ignored when popular majorities want to
In his animated presentation on changing education paradigms, Ken Robinson suggests that rote memorization, standardized tests, and other aspects of modern education leave many students alienated. This reflects the thinking of which major sociological thinker?
Marx and his theory of alienation of labor
Which of the following founders of a religion is NOT considered to be divine by the religion's adherents?
Muhammad
In his animated presentation about changing education paradigms, Ken Robinson argues that the modern educational system resembles factories. Why does he say that?
Students are divided into "batches" corresponding to their birth years and move together through the school day and year on a set schedule acquiring knowledge divided into subject categories
Which of the following is NOT true about the relationship between educational outcomes and social inequalities in the US?
Students from wealthy backgrounds are less likely to receive college scholarships.
The video about why children have their own bedrooms illustrates what important sociological principle?
That cultural norms vary across time and across different societies, and are often shaped by changing ideas and/or changes in the mode of production
Which of the following is NOT of a cultural aspect of aging?
The process of mental deterioration that comes with old age
Which of the following is NOT a latent social function of public schools?
They provide important credentials necessary for the workforce or for admission to higher education
Historically, what has been the main purpose (or "social function") of "calling" and/or "dating"?
To select a suitable mate in order to start a family
Americans owe $1 trillion in student loan debts. That's more than Americans owe in credit card debts or car loans.
True
The term "family" describes ____.
a group of people who are related by genetics, marriage, or choice, and who share material, emotional, and economic resources
Which of the following does NOT describe a "nuclear family"?
a husband and wife, with no children
The term "marriage" describes ____.
a legally recognized relationship usually involving economic, social, emotional, and sexual bonds
The practice of arranged marriage has been common across many cultures, especially in the past. An arranged marriage is ____.
a marriage negotiated between two families, usually in order to create strong bonds between them
Sociologists define "religion" as ____.
a social institution that involves a unified system of beliefs and practices that recognize the sacred
The term "meritocracy" means ____.
a system in which individual hard work and talent is recognized and rewarded
Many advocates for publicly-funded education open to all argued that ____.
a well-educated population was essential for democracy
In his animated presentation about changing education paradigms, Ken Robinson argues that traditional ways of thinking about education divide people into two basic types, ____.
academic vs. non-academic
Most advertisements feature young, vibrant people. Some sociologists might point to this cultural obsession with "youth" as an indication of ____.
ageism
The early Christian practice of a shared meal (or "communion") was in part a way to ____.
illustrate Jesus' "kingdom of God" in which outcasts, sinners, and saints ate together as equals
Large families with multiple children were most common ____.
in pre-industrial America, around the 1800s
Using natural experiments to study the effects of school financing, Kirabo Jackson, Rucker Johnson, and Claudia Persico concluded that ____.
increasing school funding tends to improve student outcomes
Children sleeping separately from their parents ____.
is a cultural norm that has only taken hold in the US since the 1800s, and is not a universal practice
Hindus believe that when a person dies, he or she ____.
is reincarnated, based on how well they lived their life (karma)
The term "school-to-prison pipeline" was coined after statistical evidence shows that ____.
minority students are more likely to be disciplined in school, and often receive harsher punishments
In his animated presentation about changing education paradigms, Ken Robinson argues that the idea that intelligence is marked by the capacity for deductive reasoning and knowledge about "classic" texts reflects a specific ____.
model of the mind
Because various social pressures emphasize the importance of economic or social compatibility in marriage, ____.
most people marry someone from a similar socioeconomic background
America's civil religion is ____.
the implicit religious values of a nation, as expressed through public rituals, symbols, and ceremonies on sacred days and at sacred places
In his animated presentation about changing education paradigms, Ken Robinson argues that one important function of schools is to pass on culture and give students a cultural identity. A sociologist would say this reflects the fact that ____.
schools are agents of socialization
A bedroom's primary function is ____.
sleep
A sociologist who studies the role families play in socializing children or how families help society regulate sexual activity is working within the ____.
structural-functional paradigm
In his animated presentation about changing education paradigms, Ken Robinson's argument that schools serve to prepare students for the economy of tomorrow and to pass on culture reflect the ____.
structural-functionalism paradigm
Horace Mann advocated for the creation of taxpayer-funded public schools in the United States. The Prussian "factory school model" public school system he promoted reflects a ____ approach to education.
structural-functionalist
Despite their many differences, what all religions have in common is that they are ____.
systems of belief that have developed or evolved over time to answer questions about meaning of human
The term "family life cycle" describes ____.
the developmental stages that a family passes through over time
One important feature of the modern educational system that supports Ken Robinson's argument that schools reflects an "industrial" approach to education is ____.
the emphasis on standardization
