sociology final
The distinction between high culture and popular culture is based mostly on
the social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern
what is the term for a basic image of society that guides thinking and research?
theoretical approach
By linking specific facts together to give us meaning, we create a
theory
Today's baby boomers are often called the "sandwich generation" because
they spend time caring for both children and aging parents.
According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is
to radically alter a person's personality or behavior.
religion is best defined as a social institution involving
beliefs and practices concerning what is sacred
The special contribution of schooling to the socialization process includes
exposing the child to people whose backgrounds differ from their own.
The text states that cultural change is set in motion in three general ways:
invention, discovery, and experimentation
If you were trying to measure the "social class" of various people, you would have to keep in mind that
it is necessary to specify exactly what you are measuring
Child-rearing varies by class: typically, lower-class parents stress __________, while well-to-do parents stress __________.
obedience; creativity
In deciding what questions to ask as they begin research, sociologists are guided by
one or more theoretical approaches
The statement that the sociological perspective shows us "the strange in the familiar" means that sociology
rejects the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives
Which of the following is generally true of researchers setting out to conduct fieldwork?
researchers may begin without a specific hypothesis in mind
One concern about the great importance most people in the United States give to romantic love as the basis of marriage is that
romantic love can fade, which may contribute to our nation's high divorce rate.
"the systematic study of human society"
sociology
The concept "cultural lag" refers to the fact that
some cultural elements change more quickly than others.
The theoretical approach in sociology that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the
structural-functional approach
George Herbert Mead considered the self to be
the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image.
Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization?
Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned ways.
Which term refers to "a mental construct that represents some part of the world"?
a concept
Science can be defined as
a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.
Critical sociology can best be described as
an activist approach
In many traditional societies, especially in rural areas, marriage is
arranged by the parents of the people to be married.
Research shows that growing up in a single-parent family
can disadvantage children.
The concept "counterculture" refers to
cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.
The concept "subculture" refers to
cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population.
Which of the following concepts refers to the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together constitute a people's way of life?
culture
Sam had unpleasant and even frightening experiences when he encountering a strange way of life while visiting another country over spring break. His experiences can be called
culture shock
The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called
diffusion
The family is a social institution that is found in
every human society.
The concept "empty nest" refers to
families whose children have grown and left the home.
interpretive sociology is sociology that
focuses on the meaning people attach to behavior
Failing to consider the possible importance of gender in a sociological study describes the problem called
gender blindness
Peter Berger described using the sociological perspective as seeing the __________ in the __________.
general ; particular
Which is the first type of society to generate a material surplus?
horticultural and pastoral
a social-exchange analysis of family life might consider
how individuals select partners who offer about as much as they do
In his study of prison behavior, Philip Zimbardo was trying to learn
if prisons themselves create violence
By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind
imagining a situation from another person's point of view.
Using which of the following methods would a researcher be most likely to reveal information about herself to her subjects?
interview
The concept "ethnocentrism" refers to
judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.
unrecognized and unintended consequences of the social structure are called
latent functions
The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as
manifest functions
By what process does a researcher determine the value of a variable?
measurement
according to the structural-functional approach, the family
might be called the backbone of society
A system of marriage that unites two partners is called
monogamy.
Culture acts as a constraint on human freedom because
much culture is habit and cultural patterns are repeated again and again.
Drawing conclusions about all of humanity based on information drawn only from males describes the problem called
overgeneralization
Cultural transmission refers to the process of
passing cultural patterns from one generation to another.
Sociologists use the concept "empirical evidence" to refer to information
people can verify with their senses
When Charles Horton Cooley used the term "looking-glass self," he was referring to the fact that
people see themselves as they think others see them.
Horticultural societies are those in which
people use simple hand tools to raise crops
A major advantage of using existing data is
saving time and money
It would be correct to say that critical sociology
seeks to increase social equality
High-income nations tend to have cultural values that emphasize
self-expression
Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society. What concept refers to these negative consequences?
social dysfunctions
The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the
social-conflict approach.
Which of the following concepts refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?
socialization
An idea in Freud's thinking that has special importance to sociology is his assertion that
society demands that individuals become less self-centered.
What would a sociologist be most likely to say about why an individual chooses a particular person to marry?
society guides human behavior more than most people realize
Which theoretical approach asserts that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people?
structural-functional approach
The theoretical approach that highlights the way any cultural pattern helps meet human needs is the
structural-functional approach.
Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview?
survey
Which of the following phrases best describes the focus of the structural-functional approach?
the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society
According to George Herbert Mead, social experience is based on
the exchange of symbols.
The method of sociological research best suited to identifying cause-and-effect relationships is
the experiment
A symbolic-interaction approach to health and medicine emphasizes
the meanings people attach to health and illness
the basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is
the reality people construct as they interact with one another
Two variables are said to display correlation if
they vary together
According to the social-conflict approach, schooling in the United States
transforms social privilege into personal merit
the structural-functional approach helps us to
understand "what makes society tick"
Studying the meaning people attach to their everyday lives is the search for
verstehen or understanding
Ageism refers to
Ageism refers to
What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by animals or more powerful energy sources?
agrarian
the social conflict approach is sometimes criticized for
being clearly political
Which of the following concepts refers to relatively stable patterns of social behavior?
social structure
Horticultural and pastoral people have
a religious life that includes belief in God as creator of the world.
The concept "patrilocality" refers to
a residential pattern by which a married couple lives near the husband's family.
A small number of people used by researchers to represent an entire population is called
a sample
Which of the following concepts refers to an exaggerated description that somebody applies to every person in a category of the population?
a stereotype
Multiculturalism is defined as
an educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions.
Compared to an industrial society, a postindustrial society is based on
an information-based economy
When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in
anticipatory socialization.
Sociologists define a symbol as
anything that carries a meaning to people who share a culture.
If you have been criticized for "androcentricity" in your research, you have
approached the subject from a male perspective
Unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations
are offered fair-mindedly with an interest in the truth.
Social-conflict analysis points out that all of the world's religions
are patriarchal
Based on the symbolic-interaction approach, we would study how religion and religious ideas
are socially constructed
The concept "cultural integration" suggests an important fact, which is that
change in one cultural pattern is usually linked to changes in others.
the social-conflict approach might lead sociologists to highlight
class differences in high school graduating rates
Jean Piaget's focus was on
cognition, which means how people think and understand.
Survey research suggests that the single most important factor in being defined an adult is
completing schooling.
A social-conflict analysis of sports might emphasize
how sports reflect social inequality
Mounting research suggests that cohabitation
may actually discourage marriage because people get used to low-commitment relationships.
A commonly used statistic that results from adding all scores and dividing by the number of scores is called the
mean
The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher
must try to be personally neutral about the outcome of the research
Which of the following concepts refers to an individual person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?
personality
A system of marriage that unites three or more people is called
polygamy
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as
popular culture
Which of the following is true of hunting and gathering societies?
population is small; people are nomadic
From a social-conflict point of view, capitalism fails to support human health because
quality of health care depends on income.