Sociology Final; Adams '

Hijra, xanith, and berdache are all examples of a(n) __________.

"third sex"

Research indicates that young people in the United States between the ages of 12 to 17 spend an average of almost __________ hours a month watching video on television.

100

In Stanley Milgram's experiments, none of the "teachers" challenged the process before they had applied _____ volts.

300

in 2014, the wealthiest 20 percent of households in the United States received approximately _____ of the total income of pie

50%

In postindustrial societies such as the United States, approximately __________ of adult women are in the labor force.

60%

Which of these is the best example of a secondary group?

A Sociology Class

The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on _____.

A division of labor

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of _____.

A self-fulfilling prophesy

____ poverty refers to the condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life

Absolute

__________ is the term for policies or procedures designed to promote equal opportunity for categories of people who have previously been excluded from equality in education,​ employment, and other fields on the basis of characteristics such as race or ethnicity.

Affirmative action

People in which of these racial/ethnic groups have been the most overrepresented in official crime statistics?

African Americans

______ is the term for the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.

Agent of socialization

A(n) _____ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.

Aggregate

Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of _____.

Aggregates

Durkheim used the term _____ for the condition in which social norms are weak, conflicting, o absent.

Anomie

Durkheim used the term __________ for the condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society.

Anomie

A(n) _____ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age and gender.

Ascribed

Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and -if he lives long enough- will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered _____ statuses.

Ascribed

__________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.​

Assimilation

A open inexperienced backpackers are preparing to settle in for the night when they realize that someone is the group is missing. The _____ style of leadership would be most effective in this situation.

Authoritarian

When a label of deviance is based on a person's intentional or inadvertent actions, it is considered _____.

Behavioral

​__________ occurs when members of one group marry those of other social or ethnic groups.

Biological assimilation (amalgamation)

__________ is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body; it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge.​

Body consciousness

The national crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) was developed by the _____.

Bureau of Justice Statistics

A(n) _____ is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personal matters.

Bureaucracy

Most government , businesses, education, and religious organizations are _____ in form.

Bureaucratic

A(n) _____ is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender).

Category

The least amount of interaction between members occurs in a(n) _____.

Category

Women with blue eyes, people who wear contact lenses, people over 7 feet tall, and college men who belong to a fraternity are each an example of a(n) _____.

Category

The sociologists who first defined the differences between primary an secondary groups is _____.

Charles H. Cooley

Sociologist Erving Goffman's term _____ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object or particular attention.

Civil Inattention

A(n) _____ I an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.

Coalition

People do not voluntarily become members of _____ organizations.

Coercive

Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of _____ organizations.

Coercive

From the _____ perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.

Conflict

_____ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. they emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.

Conflict

_____ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination.

Conflict

_____ suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that not all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met.

Conflict theorists

__________ analyze power and economic differentials between the dominant groups and subordinate groups in society.​

Conflict theorists

A young woman graduates from high school with honors, and attends a prestigious university, where she completes her degree; she gets a good job; she married and starts planning for the future. This woman's behavior is an example of _____.

Conformity

According to Merton's strain theory, _____ occurs when people accept culturally approved goals and pursue them through approved means.

Conformity

Sociologists refer to. the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group as _____.

Conformity

Criminologists use the term _____ to refer to the greater number of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people accused or convicted of criminal offenses.

Corrections

__________ occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominant-group traits, such as language, dress, values, religion, and food preferences.​

Cultural assimilation (acculturation)

We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the _____, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust out attitudes and actions accordingly.

Definition of the Situation

Leaders using the _____ style fo leadership may be praised by their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis.

Democratic

Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tönnies both _____.

Developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies

_____ is the term for any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

Deviance

A group of protestors appeals their arrest on the grounds that police officers overstepped their authority. The case goes to court. This scenario best illustrates which of these functions of deviance.

Deviance clarifies rules

According to functionalists, acts of civil disobedience (including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts) exemplify which function of deviance?

Deviance promotes social change.

Sutherland's _____ theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently interact with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.

Differential Association

_____ argues that deviant behavior is learned in personal interaction with friends and family.

Differential Association

Criminologist Ronald Akers created the _____ theory, which combines the differential association with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are earned through the same social processes.

Differential reinforcement

__________ refers to actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group.​

Discrimination

A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. A corporate executive need not be able to program the department's computer system. These examples illustrate _____ in a bureaucratic organization.

Division of labor

The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called _____.

Dramaturgical Analysis

In which of these types of groups is the participation of all members crucial to the survival of the group?

Dyad

Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a(n) _____.

Dyad

______ pioneered sociobiology, arguing that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior, including war and peace, envy and concern for others, and competition and cooperation.

Edward Wilson

__________ is the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society; this coexistence occurs when groups share elements of the mainstream culture while remaining culturally distinct from both the dominant group and other social and ethnic groups.​

Ethnic pluralism

__________ refers to the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other groups are seen as inferior.​

Ethnocentrism

According to _____, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you and the person with whom you are speaking will take turns speaking?

Ethnomethodologists

_____ leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and when harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed.

Expressive

_____ leadership provides emotional support for members.

Expressive

_____ needs are met by opportunities of self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers.

Expressive

Erving Goffamn coined the term _____ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation.

Face-saving behavior

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of _____ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.

Feeling Rules

Which of the following would be classified as a status offense?

Fifteen-year-old Ivy runs away from home.

A _____ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

Formal Organization

Ferdinand Tönnies used the term _____ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

Gemeinschaft

__________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."​

Gender

__________ consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.

Gender bias

__________ is a person's perception of the self as female or male. Typically established between eighteen months and three years of age, it is a powerful aspect of our self-concept.​

Gender identity

__________ refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.​

Gender role

__________ refers to the interactive effect of racism and sexism on the exploitation of women of color.​

Gendered racism

_____ seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling a fear of punishment to the general public.

General deterrence

Which of these sociologists first suggested that small groups have interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups?

Georg Simmel

Sociologist __________ divided the self into the "I" and the "me."

George Herbert Mead

Ferdinand Tönnies used the term _____ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values.

Gesellschaft

________ refers to the fact that the lives of people everywhere are intertwined closely so that one nation's problems are part of a much larger global context.

Global interdependence

A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of _____.

Goal Displacement

In 2010, concern about cost overruns and staying on schedule kept executives of BP, Halliburton, and Transocean from sharing information and concerns with each other. The result was a shared assumption of safety that ultimately resulted in the explosion of a BP oil rig and an unprecedented environmental disaster. the failure to express concerns and confront potential risk is an example of _____.

Groupthink

The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem that some group members believe will have negative results. Instead of discussing their concerns, they do not want to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. The group has experienced _____.

Groupthink

_____ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.

Groupthink

British sociologist __________ translated and condensed Comte's work and was noted for her study of social customs in Great Britain and the United States

Harriet Martineau

A school district is run by a board of elected officials, which hires a superintendent, who in turn selects principals for its schools and other administrative staff. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of _____.

Hierarchy of authority

Which of these is an example of a utilitarian organization?

High school

Social inequality and poverty have both economic and structural sources. According to your text, a great deal of poverty in the United States is due to ________

High unemployment and the low wages paid for many jobs

Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status?

Homeless

Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists?

How do we know how to interact in a given situation?

Differential association explains _____.

How one may be socialized into deviance

Which of these statements is the best description of the role of culture in human life?

Humans choose their behaviors and ideas from a cultural "tool kit."

Which of these is an example of an achieved status?

Husband

The symbolic interactionist approach to deviance includes all of the following except the _____ theory.

Illegitimate opportunity

_____ is based on the assumption that offenders who are detained in prison or are executed will be unable to commit additional crimes.

Incapacitation

__________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.​

Individual

_____ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones, are products of these societies.

Industrial Societies

__________ in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that was increasingly performed by men and unmarried girls.​

Industrialization

The "grapevine" spreads information (with varying degrees of accuracy) much faster than do official channels of communication, h=which tend to be slow an unresponsive. Within a bureaucracy, the "grapevine" is an example of _____.

Informal Structure

______ are norms considered to be less important, are unwritten, and are commonly understood standards of behavior among people who share an identity.

Informal norms

A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime in order to but some clothes she wants. This teenager's behavior is an example of _____.

Innovation

According to Merton's strain theory, _____ occurs when people accept societies goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.

Innovation

Merton described how people adapt to cultural goals and the approved ways of achieving them through _____

Innovation

Organized crime is generally not associated with _____.

Insider Trading

Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group?

Interactions are emotion-based

_____ social control takes place through the socialization process.

Internal

​__________ occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group in a particular society.

Internal colonialism

_____ crime refers to illegal acts committed online, such as FBI-related scams, nonauction of merchandise, and overpayment fraud.

Internet

Social psychologist _____ examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S. history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity.

Irving Janis

All of these statements about social structure are true, except _____.

It is not essential for individual well-being

In 1947, __________ broke the "color line" to become the first African American in Major League Baseball.

Jackie Robinson

_____ refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people.

Juvenile Delinquency

Which of these is not likely to constitute a reference group for a person who strongly believes in the value of human rights and equal opportunity?

Ku Klux Klan

Based on the symbolic interactionist theory of Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the _____ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, one to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

Labeling

A teacher gives students ideas for an assignment, but encourages them to be creative and pick their own subject and format. The teacher is using a(n) _____ leadership style.

Laissez-faire

Leaders using the _____ style of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.

Laissez-faire

The supervisor of the office has been informed that Sarah consistently extends her lunch hour by 30 minutes. he chooses to take a passive approach to this problem, hoping that it will fix itself. This particular supervisor is exhibiting which style of leadership?

Laissez-faire

__________ is the term for a killing carried out by a group of vigilantes seeking revenge for an actual or imagined crime by the victim.​

Lynching

Media stories that focus on the lack of education or work history among the homeless and not on structural factors such as economic recession or the lack of affordable housing fail to account for the _____ of the situation.

Macro View

At the _____, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.

Macrolevel

In the early twentieth century, drug laws were actively enforced in an effort to control immigrant workers, especially the Chinese, who were being exploited by the railroads and other industries. This example supports the perspective of _____.

Marxist/critical theory

Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is her _____ status.

Master

One's occupation is an indicator of level of education and income and may also reflect family background. In the United States, occupation is an important determinant of social position. This makes occupation a likely _____ status.

Master

The model of the American class system based on the work of __________ is based on three elements: education, occupation of family head, and family income.

Max Weber

Unlike others who believed that values could not be separated from the research process, German social scientist __________ emphasized that sociology should be value free—conducted in a scientific manner to exclude the researcher's personal values and economic interests.

Max Weber

Which of these sociologists applied ideal type analysis and borrowed from the field of economics to study bureaucracies?

Max Weber

The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority _____.

May be more common than most people would like to believe

Durkheim used the term _____ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

Mechanical Solidarity

A _____ is a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year in jail.

Misdemeanor

Maintaining eye contact during conversation is _____.

More common for women than for men

In terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and health, which of the following is the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the United States?​

Native Americans

The bureaucratic tendency toward rule by the few is termed _____.

Oligarchy

The concept of _____ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

Organic Solidarity

_____ crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.

Organized

Organized crime drives primarily because _____.

Organized crime drives primarily because _____.

Walter Reckless suggested that many people do not resort to deviance because of _____, which may include supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others.

Outer containments

Cody is a member of the L.A. Crips. the other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Cody feels very antagonistic toward the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. For Cody, these two rival gangs would be considered _____.

Outgroups

__________ is the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker.​

Pay equity

In discussing primary and secondary groups, the text points out that _____.

People in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group

contemporary Marxian (or conflict) theorists examine class in terms of _____

People's relationships with others in the production process

The term _____ refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government in efforts to usurp power.

Political crime

_______ consists of activities, products, and services, such as rock concerts, spectator sports, movies, and television soap operas and situation comedies, that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes.

Popular culture

__________ are societies in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.

Postindustrial societies

Which type of theorist is most likely to note the scripted nature of interaction in contemporary society (for example between employees and customers in a fast-food restaurant)?

Postmodern theorists

_____ are most likely to emphasize that the study of deviance reveals how the powerful exert authority over the powerless by taking away their free will to think and act as they might choose.

Postmodern theorists

To many _____, groups and organizations are generally characterized by superficiality and deathlessness in social relationships.

Postmodernists

larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. In most of these comes, the primary motive is to obtain money or some other desired valuable.

Property

_______ state what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable. Laws that prohibit drinking and driving and "netiquette" that preclude you from typing e-mails in all caps are examples.

Proscriptive norms

___ is a socially constructed concept used by many people to specify groups of people based on physical characteristics such as skin color.

Race

__________ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.​

Racism

The _____ argues that women's crime originates in patriarchy (male domination over females). This approach focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences and shows how exploitation may trigger deviant behavior and criminal activities.

Radical feminist approach

The _____ theory if deviance states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of deviant behavior and concludes that the benefits outweighs the risks.

Rational Choice

Weber's term _____ refers to the process by which traditional informal and spontaneous methods o social organization are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

Rationality

According to Merton's strain theory, _____ occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them yet advocate an alternative set of goals or means.

Rebellion

A(n) _____ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

Reference Group

Jocelyn is a senior at the local university and plans to attend graduate school to study sociology. During her last semester, she has been using graduate sociology student papers as standards in evaluating her own writing skills. For Jocelyn, the graduate sociology students have become her _____.

Reference group

_____ seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational or educational training. offenders are treated, not punished, so that they will not continue their criminal activity.

Rehabilitation

Applying Merton's strain theory, skid-row alcoholics and drug addicts illustrate the concept of _____.

Retreatism

Sociologists _____ suggested that, for deviance to occur, people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures- circumstances tat provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin

Sometimes people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them; Merton termed this _____.

Ritualism

The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a _____.

Role

It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of _____.

Role Ambiguity

_____ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.

Role Ambiguity

Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening, Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing _____.

Role Conflict

Recent research indicates that female student-athletes have they own ay of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox," which is an example of _____.

Role Conflict

When _____ occurs, we may feel pulled in different situations. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider. to be most important. or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.

Role Conflict

A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of _____.

Role Distancing

_____ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance.

Role Distancing

_____ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.

Role Exit

For any particular status, _____ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role.

Role Performance

Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 GPA. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing _____.

Role Strain

Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to _____ for both men and women.

Role Strain

Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of _____ groups.

Secondary

Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They study together and pool their notes. Otherwise, they see each other only occasionally when their oaths cross between classes. Sociologists would term them a(n) _____.

Secondary Group

Cooley coined the term _____ for a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

Secondary Group

Sociologists define a(n) _____ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

Secondary Group

A person may shoplift an item from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then go shoplift more in the future. Tis future behavior is an example of _____.

Secondary deviance

__________ refers to the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion.​

Segregation

Which of these statements about the self or self-concept is false

Self-concept is fixed in childhood and unchanging after.

__________ refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.

Sex

__________ is the term for the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.​

Sexism

__________ refers to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).

Sexual orientation

The basic assumption in the psychoanalytic approach of __________ is that human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within the individual

Sigmund Freud

The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is _____.

Significant others

_____ is an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others. It is a closed system in which people are treated as property and have little or no control over their lives

Slavery

Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the _____, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.

Social Construction of Reality

The sociological term for the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance is _____.

Social Control

A(n) _____ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, an have a feeling of interdependence.

Social Group

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass, media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of _____.

Social Institutions

The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is _____.

Social Interaction

_____ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.

Social Marginality

The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is _____.

Social Network

When Darlene takes a seat at the local diner, the server approaches the table and says, "Hi, I'm Matt.I'll b taking care of you today." This is an example of _____.

Social Script

_____, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.

Social Solidarity

Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that _____.

Social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society

Which of these statements about social networks is false?

Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.

______ focus on how humans design their own culture and transmit it from generation to generation through socialization. By contrast, __________ assert that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.

Sociologists; sociobiologists

A _____ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.

Status

Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her _____.

Status Set

Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owing a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of _____.

Status Symbols

Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are all examples of _____.

Statuses

The sociological term for a spoiled or devalued social identity is _____.

Stigma

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is _____.

Stigma

Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible disability are all examples of _____.

Stigmas

According to Merton's _____ theory, people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.

Strain

__________ occurs when members of subordinate racial or ethnic groups gain acceptance in everyday social interaction with members of the dominant group, but do not necessarily make close friends or intermarry.​

Structural assimilation (integration)

Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in _____, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.

Studied Nonobservance

In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that _____.

Subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one-third (33%) of the time

__________ refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing.​

Subsistence

__________ is the term for racist behavior that may be hidden from sight and more difficult to prove.​

Subtle racism

__________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.​

Symbolic interactionists

Which of these is an example of a coalition?

Teachers in a school district who work together to demand better wages

_____ is defined as "the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective."

Terrorism

According to Lemert, some people engage in _____ deviance, which occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as non deviant.

Tertiary

A branch of the conflict perspective, Marxist/critical theory views deviance and crime as a result of _____.

The capitalist economic system

In contemporary societies, the primary mechanism of external social control is _____.

The criminal justice system

After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that _____.

The degree of social cohesion felt by participant is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure

In the late 1970s, sociologist Diana Pearce coined the term __________to refer to the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.​

The feminization of poverty

Which of these is the best example of a primary group?

The people working together in the same department

one of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of flexibility. In a closed system of stratification _______

There is little or no social mobility

In regard to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that _____.

This research raises some questions concerning research ethics

Several employees at a fast-food restaurant call in sickout the last minute. The manager tries to fill in but doesn't know how to run the drive-through intercom or broiler. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of _____.

Trained Incapacity

The _____ is compiled by the FBI and is the major source of information on crimes reported in the United States.

Uniform crime report

​What is it that sets peer groups apart from schools and families as agents of socialization?

Unlike schools and families, peer groups allow children a degree of freedom from authority.

We voluntarily join _____ organizations when they can provide us with a material reward we seek.

Utilitarian

_____ are values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive, meaning that achieving one makes it difficult, if not impossible, to achieve another.

Value contradiction

Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure?

Values and Beliefs

______ provide ideals of beliefs about behavior but do not state explicitly how we should behave; __________ are established rules of behavior or standards for conduct

Values; norms

_____ crime refers primarily to actions such as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault and involves force or the threat of force against others.

Violent

As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interested in the question:

What holds societies together?

​​a lack of clear law governing the rights of all parties involved in artificial insemination and other forms of reproductive technology

Which of these is the best example of the concept of cultural lag?

Almost 70 years ago, Sutherland coined the term _____ for what is now called occupational crime.

White-collar crime

From a sociological perspective, definitions of deviance originate _____.

With the people who witness or judge the behavior

Research shows that _____ are more likely to be perceived as members of the dangers classes and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts.

Young, single, urban males

In contemporary societies, women's child-care responsibilities have __________ on their participation in careers and professions.​

a great impact

Which of these is not an example of a total institution?

a university residence hall

_____ is the most likely to have life-threatening consequences, such as when a homeless person freezes to death on a park bench

absolute poverty

Equalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which ethnic groups coexist in equality with one another. This pattern is also referred to as __________.​

accomodation

A(n) _____ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

achieved

Occupation is an example of a(n) _____ status.

achieved

_______ is reinforced by negative images regarding older persons

ageism

We are exposed to many __________ throughout our lifetime. According to the text, the most pervasive ones in childhood include the family, the school, peer groups, and the mass media.

agents of socialization

Sociologist Karl Marx believed that workers are exploited as capitalists maximize their profit by paying the workers less than the resale values of what they produce. Marx believed that this resulted in a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement that he called __________.

alienation

​A young woman decides that she wants to become a professional basketball player. She joins her school basketball team, reads articles about the best basketball players, and attends basketball camps. This is an example of _____

anticipatory socialization

Durkheim believed that the limits of social behavior __________

are socially based, not biologically based

During which life stage does one's focus tend to shift from the physical and active dimensions of self toward the social and psychological aspect

between early and late childhood

Marx used the term __________ for those who own the means of production—the land and capital necessary for factories and mines.

bourgeoisie

According to Forbes magazine, the richest people in the world are Bill Gates (cofounder of Microsoft Corporation) and Amancio Ortega (founder of the Zara clothing line). In Wright's Marxian model, these men would be members of the __________ class.

capitalist

Both Karl Marx and Max Weber identified ___________ as an important determinant of social inequality and social change.

class

The open stratification system based on the ownership and control of resources, as well as the type of work people do, is termed __________.​

class

​Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to the relative location of a person or group within the larger society, based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources.

class

Marx believed that the exploitation of workers by the capitalist class would ultimately lead to __________, or the struggle between the capitalist and working classes.

class conflict

Compared to quantitative research, qualitative research is more likely to ________

collect and analyze the data simultaneously

According to the __________ perspective, groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.

conflict

Analyzing the coal industry, which theoretical perspective would most likely look at the conflict of interests between coal companies and public health?

conflict

_______ theorists emphasize that socialization reaffirms and reproduces the class structure in the next generation rather than challenging the conditions that presently exist.

conflict

​Internal colonialism, the split-labor-market theory, and gendered racism are theories that are rooted in the __________ perspective.

conflict

The basis for Marx's theory of society is the belief that ______________

conflict between different economic classes is necessary to produce social change

In a study of homelessness in American society, __________ would emphasize the struggle between social classes, especially how the policies of the wealthy protect their interests while pushing certain groups into unemployment and homelessness.

conflict theorists

According to Kohlberg's framework of moral development, most adults are governed by concern for how they are viewed by others and whether or not they will be punished for their behavior. This is termed the __________ level of moral development.

convential

George Herbert Mead breaks down the development of the self into three stages. Which of these is not one of them?

convential

"The Order," a white supremacist group, is opposed to most of the values shared by a majority of mainstream Americans. The Order has purchased weapons with the purpose of going after its enemies. This group is an example of a __________.​

counterculture

A __________ is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks an alternative lifestyle.

counterculture

A _____ is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.

crime

Theft, assault, and drug dealing are all violations of ________

criminal law

The popularity of piñatas in China, Italy, Spain, Mexico, the United States, and other nations is an example of _____

cultural diffusion

A potential danger of applying __________ is that taken to its extreme it may be used to justify practices that violate human rights.

cultural relativism

The term __________ refers to the belief that the behaviors and customs of any society must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards.

cultural relativism

Anthropologist George Murdock compiled a list of over seventy __________, which are customs and practices that occur across all societies.

cultural universals

Cooking, games, and clothing are examples of __________.​

cultural universals

_______ refers to the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society

culture

​Sociologists use the term __________ for the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own that challenge their own taken-for -granted assumptions about life.

culture shock

Corporations have been disinvesting in the United States, displacing millions of people from their jobs. Economists refer to this displacement as the __________ of America.

deindustrialization

Computers and other technologies perform a great deal of work today, reducing the need for workers with special expertise. As a result, high-paying positions have been replaced with low-paying positions. This process has been termed __________.​

deskilling

In a six-square-block tract of downtown Boston, it is possible to purchase a bagel with cream cheese, dine on raw fish in a sushi bar, or grab a slice of pizza from a street vendor. This variety of food choices illustrates the process of _____

diffusion

In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. Applying the typology of Joe Feagin, these policies are an example of __________ discrimination.

direct institutionalized

​Sociologists use the term __________ for a group that is advantaged by greater power and access to resources in a society.

dominant group

Sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois observed that a dual heritage creates conflict for people of color: an identity conflict of being black and American. Du Bois referred to this duality as __________

double-consciousness

A __________ of education in the United States is the perpetuation of gender, racial, and class inequalities, which contributes to a waste of potential talent and benefit for society

dysfunction

Automobiles provide transportation and independence. They also cause a great deal of air pollution and contribute to global warming. Merton would consider these negative impacts to be __________

dysfunctions

Marx predicted that when workers realized that capitalists were the source of their oppression, they would overthrow the capitalists and take over the government, creating a(n) __________ society.

egalitarian

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on innate pleasure-seeking drive

ego

During the mid-1970s, advocates of _____ theory predicted that women's crime rates would increase significantly as a result of the women's liberation movement.

emancipation

In a caste system, marriage is __________, meaning that people are allowed to marry only within their own group.

endogamous

According to a recent study of female athletes, in order to deal with the contradictory statuses of "woman" and "athlete," women__________________________.

engage in apologetic behavior after a game to soften their behavior

Sociologist Max Weber placed categories of people who have a similar level of wealth and income in the same class. He referred to the privileged commercial class of wealthy bankers, ship owners, professionals, and merchants who possess similar financial resources as __________.

entrepreneurs

A functionalist study has determined that __________ support was the most important factor in whether Air Force personnel experienced severe suicidal ideation.

esteem

The sociological term for a group of people distinguished by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural characteristics or national origin, is __________.​

ethnic group

Sociologists use the term __________ for the practice of judging all other cultures by one's own culture, assuming that one's own way of life is superior to all others.

ethnocentrism

​In a study of Amish behavior, a researcher moves into an Amish community and lives and works there for a year, participating in the residents' daily lives. This is an example of _________

ethnography

In an experiment, the __________ contains the subjects who are exposed to an independent variable to study its effect on them.

experimental group

A __________ is a temporary but widely copied activity followed enthusiastically by large numbers of people. Most are short-lived novelties.

fad

One of the primary agents of gender socialization is _______

family

in recent years, some parents have begun carrying their infant children on their backs or chests in special slings rather than in strollers or in their arms. This is an example of a(n) __________ in child rearing.

fashion

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An XX chromosome pairing is associated with a __________.

female embryo

_______is the study of social life in its natural setting: observing and interviewing people where they live, work, and play.

field research

According to the text, one of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of ______

flexibility

When you meet your new supervisor for the first time, you neglect to extend your hand to her for a handshake. Which of these cultural components has your behavior violated?

folkway

In the United States, __________ might include using underarm deodorant and brushing one's teeth every day.

folkways

_______ are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture. They provide rules for conduct but are not considered to be essential to society's survival.

folkways

​Internment camps for Japanese Americans during World War II are an example of __________.

forced migration

Not all norms are of equal importance; __________ are written down and involve specific punishments for violators. Laws are the most common type; they have been codified and may be enforced by sanctions.

formal norms

The basic assumption in the psychoanalytic approach of __________ is that human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within the individual

freud

Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered _____.

front stage

One study found that as the economic conditions worsened in the South, whites aimed their anger toward African Americans, who then became a scapegoat. As a result, there was an increase in the lynching of African Americans. This illustrates __________ theory.

frustration-aggression

From the perspective of __________, social inequality is not only inevitable, but it is also an essential part of any healthy society.

functionalism

_________ states that societies develop social structures, or institutions, that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy.

functionalism

From a _____ perspective, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs.

functionalist

Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. This statement reflects the________________ perspective on socialization and society.

functionalist

_____ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society.

functionalist

_____ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.

functionalist

_____ theorists have conducted most of the research on "core" values in the United States

functionalist

​__________ perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system composed of interrelated parts, each of which (ideally) contributes to the overall stability of the society.

functionalist

According to __________, human capital acquired by education and job training is the source of a person's productivity so that what a person earns is a reflection of his or her individual choices.​

functionalists

In a study of education in the United States, __________ would look at the role the schools play in maintaining the social system as a whole; how education provides the young with skills they need later in life; and how education transmits cultural values from one generation to the next.

functionalists

The term __________ refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with sex differences.

gender

In the United States, males are traditionally expected to demonstrate aggressiveness and toughness, whereas females have been expected to be passive and nurturing. This illustrates the concept of __________.​

gender role

Sociologists use the term __________ for the specific messages and practices that teach what it means to be female or male in a specific group or society

gender socialization

​Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls typically are assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This is an example of __________.

gender socialization

Gender socialization in sports generally results in______________________.​

girls being socialized to play games that emphasize cooperation and involve minimal competitiveness

People throughout the world share the same biosphere; environmental pollution in one area may have an adverse effect on people in other places. This makes environmental problems an example of _________

global interdependence

In a definitive study of sexuality in the mid-1990s, researchers at the University of Chicago established three criteria for identifying people as homosexual or bisexual. Which of the following is not one of the criteria they identified?

having engaged in a homosexual encounter at a young age

​In the "nature versus nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to ___

hereditary

Some nations, such as the United States, are referred to as __________, which means that they include people who are dissimilar in regard to social characteristics such as religion, income, or race/ethnicity.

heterogeneous societies

Most cross-dressers are __________.​

heterosexual men

Some nations, such as Sweden, are referred to as __________, which means that they include people who share a common culture and who are typically from similar social, religious, political, and economic backgrounds.

homogeneous societies

A factory worker is promoted to the position of foreman in the factory. She relieves a small increase in pay. This person has experienced ______ mobility

horizontal

______ occurs when people experience a gain or loss in position and/or income that does not produce a change in their place in the social structure

horizontal mobility

In __________ societies, a steady source of food becomes available. People grow their own food using simple hand tools, such as the digging stick and the hoe.​

horticultural

In which of these types of societies do women have relative equality with men?

hunting and gathering

The earliest known type of division of labor between women and men is found in __________ societies.​

hunting and gathering

​Sociologists conducting research may formulate a(n) __________, which is a statement of the relationship between two or more variables

hypothesis

A(n) _____ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy).

ideal type

A(n) _____ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.

in-group

__________ is the term for economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (government aid), and ownership of property.​

income

When designing a study, the researcher considers the __________ to be the cause of the relationship or outcome

independent variable

LeBron has developed the hypothesis that the stress felt by single parents increases the probability of child abuse. Stress would be considered the __________ variable and child abuse would be considered the __________ variable.

independent; dependent

A landlord refuses to rent to someone of a different race. This is an example of __________ discrimination.​

individual

A(n) __________ is one in which factory or mechanized production has replaced agriculture as the major form of economic activity.​

industrial society

​Interest in the systematic study of people's behavior and ideas took hold during the nineteenth century primarily in response to ________

industrialization and urbanization

Most women who made the Forbes magazine wealthiest list __________.

inherited their wealth or acquired it through marriage

A bank consistently denies loans to people of color. This is an example of __________ discrimination.​

institutional

_____ leadership is goal- or task- oriented.

instrumental

_____ needs cannot always be met by one person, so being in a group enables one to complete tasks or fulfill a specific goal.

instrumental

People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term _____ to refer to this.

interaction order

_____ mobility is the social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next

intergenerational

​In the United States, indigenous groups lost property, political rights, aspects of their culture, and often their lives. The effects of past __________ are reflected today in the number of Native Americans who live on government reservations.

internal colonialism

​Breanna believes that Jarrod is upset with her because she interprets his tone of voice as angry. Although Jarrod states that he is not angry, from a symbolic interactionist perspective it is Breanna's __________ of the situation that is most real or believable to her.

interpretation

A chromosomally normal (XY) male was born with a penis just one centimeter long and a small opening similar to that of a female vagina. This individual would be referred to as __________.​

intersexed

the data collection in which a researcher asks a respondent questions and records the answers

interview

Camryn started her career as a high-tech factory worker and, through increased experience and taking specialized courses in her field, became an entrepreneur and started her own highly successful business. Camryn's advancement is an example of __________ mobility.​

intragenerational

A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination.​

isolate

Sociologist Joe Feagin distinguishes four different categories of discrimination. He uses the term __________ for harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant-group member against a member of a subordinate group, with or without the support of other members of the dominant group in the same social context.​

isolate discrimination

​__________ is the term for the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions, which contributes to women having separate and unequal jobs.

labor market segmentation

Most sociologists are in agreement that__

language influences perception

When students go away to college they often make lifelong friends and may even find their spouse. According to Robert Merton, this would be a(n) __________ function of education.

latent

When formal, standardized norms are enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions, they are termed ____

laws

In the perspective of __________, gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity.​

liberal feminism

Sociologist Max Weber's term __________ refers to the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care.

life chances

​A __________ analysis examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems.

macrolevel

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An XY chromosome generally means a __________.

male embryo

______ consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.

material culture

of the two categories of people who work for wages, Weber called the white-collar workers, public officials, managers, and professionals the ______

middle class

Becker coined the term _____ to refer to those who use their own perspectives on "right" and "wrong" to create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior.

moral entrepreneurs

Jeffery Dahmer was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison for this offense. He also practiced cannibalism on his victims. In this situation, the act of murder could be described as the violation of __________, while cannibalism could be described as the violation of a ________

mores; taboo

Sociologists use the word __________ to refer to what is biologically determined, and _____ for what results from the social environment.

nature; nurture

During a classical music performance, a concert-goer talks loudly to the person sitting next to her. A man in another seat turns around, frowns at her, and says "Shh." This illustrates a _________

negative informal sanction

The definition of races as distinct biological categories first emerged in the __________.

nineteenth century, in efforts to justify slavery

Democracy, belief in a Supreme Being, and understanding English are all examples of _____

nonmaterial culture

Political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent-teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities are all examples of _____ organizations.

normative

We voluntarily join _____ organizations when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member.

normative

_____ is the term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority.

obedience

The purchase of "pet rocks" in the 1970s was an example of a(n) _______

object fad

What do most men consider to be their master status?

occupation

In sports, calling a player of color a derogatory name, participating in racist chanting during a sporting event, and writing racist graffiti in a team's locker room are examples of __________ racism.​

overt

Sexism is interwoven with __________, which is a hierarchical system of social organization where cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.​

patriarchy

​According to feminist theorists, we live in a(n) __________, a system in which men dominate women and in which things that are considered to be "male" or "masculine" are more highly valued than those considered to be "female" or "feminine."

patriarchy

Occupational segregation contributes to the __________, which refers to the disparity between women's and men's earnings.​

pay gap

​A __________ is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age

peer group

One couple's inability to keep their marriage intact may be an example of a __________, whereas widespread divorce as a result of changes in the economy or other social factors is an example of a __________.

personal trouble; public issue

Cory is four years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from The Penguin. According to sociologist George Herbert Mead's theory, he is in the __________ stage of self-development.

play

During the Olympics, competition and a spirit of nationalism and patriotism encourage people to think of their own nation as "the best." This is an example of __

positive ethnocentrism

French philosopher Auguste Comte's philosophy, the belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry, became known as __________

positivism

In __________, the division of labor in paid employment is increasingly based on whether people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast-food restaurant counter help or health care work.

postindustrial societies

According to the __________ perspective, the classical theories have been unsuccessful in explaining social life in contemporary societies that are characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications.

postmodern

according to sociologist Max Weber's systems of stratification, ____ is the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others

power

Wright Mills used the term __________ in referring to a small clique composed of the top corporate, political, and military officials who hold the most power in society

power elite

A football coach dislikes African Americans but still hires black players because he thinks they will enhance the team's ability to win. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this coach is a(n) __________.​

prejudiced nondiscriminator

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, in the __________ stage of self- development, interactions lack meaning and children largely imitate the people around them.

preparatory

The dimension of Weber's system of stratification that helps determine one's class consists of the respect or regard that a person is given by others and is called __________.

prestige

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store but not be apprehended or labeled as a deviant. The person may subsequently decide to forgo such behavior in the future. This example illustrates what stage of deviance?

primary

According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. _____ deviance refers to the initial act of rule breaking.

primary

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term _____ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

primary group

Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advise. They are an example of a(n) _____.

primary group

_____ include our family, close friends, and school- or work- related peer groups.

primary groups

At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by __________, the genitalia used in the reproductive process.​

primary sex characteristics

Marx used the term __________ to refer to those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive.

proletariat

For most people in the United States, wealth is invested primarily in _______

property that generates no income

According to Mills, the sociological imagination enables one to distinguish between personal troubles that must be solved within the immediate social setting and __________ that affect large numbers of people and often require solutions at the societal level.

public issues

_____ crimes include offenses such as prostitution, illegal gambling, and pornography.

public order

With __________ research, interpretative description (words) rather than statistics (numbers) are used to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships

qualitative

​Researchers in one study systematically analyzed the contents of the notes of suicide victims to determine recurring themes, such as feelings of despair or failure. They hoped to determine if any patterns could be found that would help in understanding why people might kill themselves. This is an example of __________.

qualitative research

​__________ is the term for a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.

race

People may claim to be law-abiding yet still engage in behaviors that are illegal. This behavior is an example of_____________ culture, which refers to the values and standards of behavior that people actually follow.

real

A minister who is opposed to war conducts a nonviolent protest at a local military installation, thus committing trespassing violation. Applying Merton's typology. from strain theory, this behavior is an example of _____.

rebellion

In most hunting and gathering societies, ___________________________.

relationships between women and men tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian

__________ poverty exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.

relative

Soledad develops a scale to assess job satisfaction among temporary workers. She is afraid that workers in her study will each interpret the scale items in a different way. Soledad is concerned about the __________ of her scale

reliability

Sociologists obtain their knowledge of human behavior through __________, which is the process of systematically collecting information for the purpose of testing an existing theory or generating a new one.

research

Anything valued in a society, such as money, property, and education, is called __________.

resource

_________ are people who provide data for analysis through interviews or questionnaires.

respondents

for analysis through interviews or questionnaires.

respondents

According to Merton's theory, _____ occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them.

retreats

​According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, __________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view.

role-taking

_______ are rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior.

sanctions

The __________ suggests that language not only expresses our thoughts and perceptions but also influences our perception of reality.

sapir-whorf hypothesis

Asher wants to do a study of the effectiveness of the Gardasil vaccine but lacks the time and money to gather his own data. Consequently, he analyzes data on this topic that were gathered by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this case, Asher is conducting __________.

secondary analysis

​In __________, researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others.

secondary analysis

At puberty, an increased production of hormones results in the development of __________, the physical traits (other than reproductive organs) that identify an individual's sex.​

secondary sex characteristics

Inequalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which specific ethnic groups are set apart from the dominant group and have unequal access to power and privilege. This pattern is also referred to as __________.​

segregation

​Barbara was born female, which refers to her __________; she acts very feminine, which refers to her __________.

sex; gender

Luther's pastor is a very important influence in his life. Many of Luther's actions are attempts to win the approval of his pastor. Sociologist George Herbert Mead would suggest that the pastor is one of Luther's _____

signifigant others

German sociologist Georg Simmel analyzed how social interactions vary depending on the __________. He concluded that interaction patterns differed between a dyad and a triad.

size of the social group

A small group of white students, without the support of other students or faculty members, defaces a professor's office with racial epithets. Joe Feagin would label the behavior of these students __________ discrimination.​

small-group

Based on British social theorist Herbert Spencer's theory, __________ is the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, that are the most adapted to their environment will survive and prosper, whereas those that are poorly adapted will eventually die out.

social Darwinism

Hirschi's control theory is based on the importance of _____ in determining the likelihood of deviant behavior.

social bonding

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to _____

social influence

Children are not "naturally" prejudiced. Prejudice and discrimination are reinforced when relatives and friends reward children with smiles and laughs for telling derogatory jokes or making negative comments about outgroup members. This is the basic framework of the __________.

social learning theory

the sociological term for the movement of individuals or groups from on level in a stratification system to another is ________

social mobility

____ is the sociological term for the hierarchal arrangement of social groups based on the control of basic resources

social stratification

_________ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

socialization

The cases of Anna and Genie are presented in the text in order to illustrate the point that_____________

socialization is essential for normal human development

A __________ is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

society

Sociologists use the term __________ for a large social grouping that occupies the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.​

society

_______ is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.

sociobiology

Sociologists often use the term ______ to refer to a classification that reflects a combination of factors such as income, occupation, and education

socioeconomic status

Sociologist C. Wright Mills coined the term __________ for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.

sociological imagination

Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________, which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.​

stereotypes

Clay is a high-ranking executive of Harley-Davidson Company. He is a member of the Free Wheelers, a motorcycle group. On the weekends, the Free Wheelers go camping and fishing and often sponsor community service programs. Clay would be considered a member of a(n) _____

subculture

In the month of December, many Jewish families celebrate Chanukah (the Festival of Light), during which special foods are served and families engage in ritual activity unique to their religious faith. In this context, members of the Jewish faith would represent a ________

subculture

The "I" is the __________ element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person.

subjective

Sociologists use the term __________ for a group whose members are disadvantaged by physical or cultural characteristics, are subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.​

subordinate group

according to Marx, the capitalist class maintains its position at the top of the class structure by control of the society's _______ , which is composed of the government, schools, church, and other social institutions

superstructure

A(n) __________ is the method most commonly used to study people's behavior and beliefs.

survey

A __________ is anything that meaningfully represents something else and includes signs, gestures, written language, and shared values.

symbol

A(n) __________ can be anything that meaningfully represents something else.

symbol

According to the __________ perspective, society is the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups.

symbolic interactionist

From the __________ perspectives, people create, maintain, and modify culture as they go about their everyday activities, thereby continually negotiating their social realities.

symbolic interactionist

Meredith studies how waiters are treated by diners at a country club in order to learn about the daily structure of inequality and how these patterns are enacted and replicated. Meredith is a __________.​

symbolic interactionist

The __________ perspective emphasizes how people change culture through interaction with others; whereas the __________ perspective emphasizes that no single perspective can grasp or explain the complexity and diversity of the social world.

symbolic interactionist; postmodern

In a study of education in the United States, __________ would emphasize the daily activities and the various forms of communication between teachers and students. They would also examine the influence of peer groups and look at the reaction when school rules are either broken or followed.

symbolic interactionists

The "thumbs up" sign means something is good in some places, but is an obscene gesture in other places. This illustrates that__________

symbols may have different meanings among different groups of people

Caste systems and slavery are both __________.

systems where status is determined at birth

The strongest mores are referred to as __________. They are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.

taboos

Marx's theory had important insights into capitalist societies; for example, he recognized ________________.

the economic basis of class systems

In a series of laboratory experiments, psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow attempted to demonstrate _____

the effects of social isolation on nonhuman primates raised without contact with others of their own species

The best-documented consequence of gender-segregated work is __________.​

the gender pay gap

The text uses the expression "bureaucracy's other face" to refer to _____.

the informal activities within a bureaucracy

One of the characteristics of agrarian societies that contribute to gender inequality is _________________________.

the need for legitimate heirs for private property

Each of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic in men except:

the penis

Parents are involved in gender socialization through______________________.​

the purchase of children's toys that reflect the parents' gender expectation

​Indirect institutionalized discrimination occurs when__________________________.

the school system has a program for gifted and talented students in which all of the students are from high-income families

​According to __________, we cannot form a sense of self without intense social interaction with others.

the symbolic interactionist approach

What is the best definition of diffusion?

the transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another

Each of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic in women except:

the vagina

A __________ is defined as a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events.

theory

Sociologist Ann Swidler coined the expression __________ to refer to human culture or "symbols, stories, rituals, and world views, which people may use in varying configurations to solve different kinds of problems."

tool kit

The text used the term _____ for the trafficking across nations; borders in drugs, weapons, and nuclear weapons.

transactional

Which of these is not considered to be a social institution?

travel

A group imposed of three members is termed a(n) _____.

triad

According to the text, three factors are important in determining the gendered division of labor in a society, including the ________________________.

type of subsistence base

In addition to unemployment, structural problems contribute to __________, where people work at jobs that do not pay a living wage and lack security.​

underemployment

A restaurant owner in the 1950s does not feel negatively toward African Americans but refuses to serve them in his restaurant because he fears that doing so would offend customers. According to Robert Merton's typology, the restaurant owner is a(n) _____.

unprejudiced discriminator

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic, political, or social interests.​

unprejudiced discriminators

In the model of American social classes based on Weber's theory, the __________ is made up of prominent families that have held great wealth for several generations.

upper-upper

_________ is the extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.

validity

Brenda gives generously to a number of local charities; however, she also strongly believes in the value of hard work and "earning your own keep." Sociologists would characterize Brenda's thinking as a _____

value contradiction

____ are collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.

values

Age is a factor that can change and varies from person to person. Age is an example of a ______

variable

Lijuan's mother is an architect, and her father is a college professor. Lijuan left home at age 16 to live with her boyfriend. When their relationship ended, Lijuan no longer communicated with her parents and did not return to high school. After working briefly at a fast-food restaurant, Lijuan resorted to asking passersby at a local shopping area for money. Lijuan's story illustrates the concept of __________.

vertical mobility

_____ occurs when people experience movement either up or down the class structure

vertical mobility

__________ in the social world is/are gendered.​

virtually everything

Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, there will be silence for eight hours a day and fasting from food on a regular basis. Joe will experience ______ resocialization.

voluntary

______ is the value of all a personals or family economic assets including income, personal property, and income producing property

wealth

The median of an individual committing _____ is typically older than of those committing other types of crimes.

white-collar crime

Marx described workers as alienated for a variety of reasons, including that __________.

workers are alienated from the goods they produce because they use their creativity and labor to produce them but do not own them

Social critic and journalist Barbara Ehrenreich demonstrated that people in the __________ use strategies like help from relatives and continually changing residences in order to survive.​

working poor

​African Americans Which of the following would best be described as an ethnic subculture?

​African Americans

According to the contact hypothesis, contact between members of divergent or opposing groups will lead to more favorable attitudes under certain conditions. Which of these is not one of the necessary conditions?​

​Members are severely reprimanded for negative behavior and comments.

_______ norms state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable. For example, persons making a certain amount of money are expected to file a tax return and pay any taxes they owe.

​Prescriptive

Members of the upper classes must be trained to appreciate and participate in high culture. This knowledge, called __________, is symbolic of being upper class, and excludes members of lower classes.

​cultural capital

Although some people see a globalized culture emerging, others fear that Western culture is dominating everywhere. This Westernization is a form of ________

​cultural imperialism

All parts of culture do not change at the same pace. Sociologist William Ogburn referred to this disparity as __________, which is the gap between the technical development of a society and the development of its moral and legal institutions.

​cultural lag

Prior to the Civil Rights Act, Jim Crow laws in the U.S. South mandated the systematic physical and social separation of whites and African Americans in all areas of public life. This is an example of __________.​

​de jure segregation

The assignment of chores to children by parents typically results in ______________________.​

​girls being more often responsible for caring for younger brothers and sisters

​Sociologist Kingsley Davis was interested in the case of Anna, a child who was kept in an attic‑like room in her grandfather's house, because _______

​he wanted to know more about what happens when a child is raised in isolation

Sociologists emphasize that race____________________________.​

​is a socially constructed reality

The case of Genie, a neglected and abused child, illustrates that ___

​it is not possible for children who experience extreme social isolation and neglect to ever achieve their full human potential

A major criticism of Spencer's theory of social Darwinism is that ___________

​it may be used to justify racial/ethnic, gender, and class inequalities in society

Gender-appropriate behavior is __________.​

​learned through the socialization process

According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, the __________ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

​looking-glass self

In discussing peers and gender socialization, the text points out that _____________________.​

​male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do "masculine" things than female peer groups place on girls to do "feminine" things

Marx termed the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society the __________

​means of production

According to the text's discussion of peers and gender socialization, _____________________.​

​peer groups on college campuses are organized largely around gender

The basis for Durkheim's theory of society is the principle that __

​people are the products of their social environments

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands, or a desire for profits.​

​prejudiced nondiscriminators

Comte believed that societies are made up of social statics, or forces for order and stability, as well as __________ or forces for social change.

​social dynamics

In her work, sociologist Harriet Martineau was a strong advocate for ______

​social equality and reform

From a contemporary __________ perspective, children are active and creative agents, not just passive recipients of the socialization process. From this view, children construct their own peer culture by borrowing from adult culture.

​symbolic interactionist

Sociology is defined as the _________

​systematic study of human society and social interaction

According to the conflict perspective on gender stratification,______________________.​

​the gendered division of labor within families and in the workplace results from male control of and dominance over women and resources

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others.​

​unprejudiced nondiscriminators

​A combination of three factors qualifies people for the __________ class: university degrees, authority and independence on the job, and high income.

​upper-middle

According to the human capital model, women as a category earn less money than men because______________________.​

​women diminish their earning capacity when they leave the labor market to engage in childbearing and child-care activities